Geography: Chapter 12
Forest are under pressure from ____ activities:
1. Cattle ranching 2. Fuelwood gathering 3. Commercial lumbering
Conservation of resources can be achieved through:
1. Decreasing consumption 2. Preserving quality 3. Avoiding wasteful use
Desertification is caused by human activities such as ____
1. Deforestation for biofuel 2. Overgrazing 3. Clearing of vegetation for cultivation
Which of the following are considered to be the costs of hyrdoelectric dam:
1. Displacement of people and wildlife 2. Reduction of silt supplies downstream 3. Disruption of downstream ecologies
Factors that determine the practicality and profitability of mining a specific deposit of a mineral:
1. Distance to the market 2. Land acquisition costs 3. The value of the deposit 4. The richness of the ore
Steps of mineral exploitation:
1. Exploration 2. Extraction 3. Concentration 4. Refining 5. Transportation 6. Manufacturing
Which of these occurred in response to the 1970s oil crisis:
1. Improved fuel economy 2. Oil exploration in non-OPEC countries 3. Recession
Which of these are properties of copper that make it a desirable commodity?
1. It conducts electricity 2. It conducts heat 3. It is malleable 4. It resists corrosion
Which two regions have the largest gas reserves?
1. Middle East 2. Russia
Examples of nonrenewable resources:
1. Natural gas 2. Coal 3. Gold 4. Copper
Match the three forest belts with the dominant use of their resources:
1. Northern coniferous forest: Construction lumber and pulp for paper 2. Temperate hardwood forest: Flooring and furniture 3. Tropical lowland hardwood forest: Fuelwood and charcoal
Match the three forest belts with the types of trees:
1. Northern coniferous forest: Pine, spice, and fir. 2. Temperate hardwood forest: Oak, maple, and birch 3. Tropical lowland hardwood forest: Teak and mahogany
Soil erosion can be accelerated by:
1. Overgrazing 2. Deforestation 3. Poor farming practices
Most abundant elements in the Earth's crust
1. Oxygen 2. Iron 3. Silicon 4. Magnesium 5. Calcium 6. Sodium
Common uses of copper:
1. Plumbing fittings 2. Electrical wire 3. Cookware 4. Coinage
Which of the following are secondary benefits of dams that are built to generate hydroelectric power:
1. Recreational opportunites 2. Flood protection 3. Water storage for irrigation
Which of the following are advantages of sugarcane ethanol when compared with corn ethanol?
1. Sugarcane is cheaper to process 2. Sugarcane requires less land than corn 3. Sugarcane is more energy efficient
Which three countries contain the largest coal reserves?
1. United States 2. Russion Federation 3. China
___ resources, such as solar and wind energy, are those that come from sources that are virtually inexhaustible. ____ ____ resources, such as soil and groundwater, can be destroyed if used carelessly.
1. perpetual 2. potentially renewable
Nuclear power currently supplies approximately _____ of the world's electricity
16%
Which of the following is not a principle of sustainable development? A. New mineral deposits must be found and exploited B. Forest destruction can't exceed forest regeneration C. Fish catches can't exceed the capacity of fisheries D. Soil erosion can't exceed soil formation
A. New mineral deposits must be found and exploited
What proportion of commercial energy is supplied by crude oil?
Almost 40%
_____ _____ is any organic material produced by plants, animals, or microorganisms that can be burned directly as a heat source or converted into a liquid or gas.
Biomass fuel
The country of _____ has become the focus of international attention because it has both the largest area of tropic rainforest and one of the highest rates of clearing
Brazil
Much of the world's oil sand resources is located in ____
Canada
Which of the following is not a common use of copper:
Dental fillings
Which of the following is not considered a biofuel mass: A. Manure B. Wood C. Ethanol D. Peat E. Lignite
E. Lignite
_____ is an alcohol, which can be produced from a variety of plants and can be added to gasoline.
Ethanol
______ countries tend to contain more mineral resources
Larger
_____ is the fossil fuel that has the least impact on the environment
Natural gas
_____ _____ creates energy by forcing deuterium and tritium to combine to form helium
Nuclear fusion
_______ ________ are semiconductor devices made of silicon that convert solar rays directly to electricity.
Solar cells
_____ _____ is the use of natural resources in such a way as to satisfy current needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable development
The currently estimated 1200 billion barrels of proved oil reserves are mostly located in ________
The Middle East
The world's leading producers of wind-powered energy are ____ and ____
The United States and Germany
The United States has 155 national forests that are owned by the public and managed by the _________
U.S. Forest Service
Which country is the world's largest consumer of oil?
United States
_____ make excellent sources of eletrical power as they do not use any fuel, can be built and erected quickly, and are relatively inexpensive.
Wind mills
Although hydroelectric power is generated in 47 U.S. states, most of the power generation is concentrated in a few locations that have ______ and ______
abundant water and elevation changes
Geothermal fields are usually associated with ___
areas of recent volcanic activity
Which of these is not one of the 5 factors that determine the practicality and profitability of mining a specific deposit of a mineral:
availability of water
Which of the following is not one of the eight most abundant elements in the Earth's crust:
carbon
The fuel base of the Industrial Revolution was ____
coal
Two major categories of wetland:
coastal and inland
____ is the expansion or intensification of areas of degraded soil and vegetation cover
desertification
The most important natural resources of the modern age are those that provide us with ____
energy
The ___ of a coal is determined by its content of waste materials
grade
The second most commonly used source of renewable energy (worldwide) is
hydroelectric
Considered a biomass fuel:
manure, wood, ethanol, peat
____ resources exist in finite amounts or are generated in nature so slowly that for all practical purposes, the supply is finite.
nonrenewable
Power production by ______ _______ involves the control splitting of the nucleus of an atom of uranium-235, which releases heat
nuclear fission
____ is a fine-grained sedimentary rock rich in organic material called kerogen
oil shale
An ____ is a mineral deposit that is concentrated enough to make mining economically feasible.
ore
A ____ is the quantity of a resource that can be extracted profitably from known deposits
reserve
A ___ is a naturally occurring, exploitable material that a society perceives to be of economic value
resource
_____ is the concentration of salts in the topsoil as a result of the evaporation of surface water
salinization
A logging practice known as _______ ________, in which medium and large trees are cut, but smaller trees are left for later harvesting.
selective cutting
____ ____ is the ultimate origin of fossil fuels, plant life, water power, and wind power.
solar energy
The ____ of renewable energy sources for oil and gas is one of the strategies of sustainable development.
substitution
Natural biogas is produced using ________
the anaerobic digestion of waste
If a coal deposit is located beneath a thick overburden of soil and rock, it is extracted using _____ mining techniques.
underground
___ are vegetated land surfaces that are periodically or permenantly covered by or saturated with standing water
wetlands
The most common form of biomass fuel is:
wood