Geography: Chapter 12

Forest are under pressure from ____ activities:

1. Cattle ranching 2. Fuelwood gathering 3. Commercial lumbering

Conservation of resources can be achieved through:

1. Decreasing consumption 2. Preserving quality 3. Avoiding wasteful use

Desertification is caused by human activities such as ____

1. Deforestation for biofuel 2. Overgrazing 3. Clearing of vegetation for cultivation

Which of the following are considered to be the costs of hyrdoelectric dam:

1. Displacement of people and wildlife 2. Reduction of silt supplies downstream 3. Disruption of downstream ecologies

Factors that determine the practicality and profitability of mining a specific deposit of a mineral:

1. Distance to the market 2. Land acquisition costs 3. The value of the deposit 4. The richness of the ore

Steps of mineral exploitation:

1. Exploration 2. Extraction 3. Concentration 4. Refining 5. Transportation 6. Manufacturing

Which of these occurred in response to the 1970s oil crisis:

1. Improved fuel economy 2. Oil exploration in non-OPEC countries 3. Recession

Which of these are properties of copper that make it a desirable commodity?

1. It conducts electricity 2. It conducts heat 3. It is malleable 4. It resists corrosion

Which two regions have the largest gas reserves?

1. Middle East 2. Russia

Examples of nonrenewable resources:

1. Natural gas 2. Coal 3. Gold 4. Copper

Match the three forest belts with the dominant use of their resources:

1. Northern coniferous forest: Construction lumber and pulp for paper 2. Temperate hardwood forest: Flooring and furniture 3. Tropical lowland hardwood forest: Fuelwood and charcoal

Match the three forest belts with the types of trees:

1. Northern coniferous forest: Pine, spice, and fir. 2. Temperate hardwood forest: Oak, maple, and birch 3. Tropical lowland hardwood forest: Teak and mahogany

Soil erosion can be accelerated by:

1. Overgrazing 2. Deforestation 3. Poor farming practices

Most abundant elements in the Earth's crust

1. Oxygen 2. Iron 3. Silicon 4. Magnesium 5. Calcium 6. Sodium

Common uses of copper:

1. Plumbing fittings 2. Electrical wire 3. Cookware 4. Coinage

Which of the following are secondary benefits of dams that are built to generate hydroelectric power:

1. Recreational opportunites 2. Flood protection 3. Water storage for irrigation

Which of the following are advantages of sugarcane ethanol when compared with corn ethanol?

1. Sugarcane is cheaper to process 2. Sugarcane requires less land than corn 3. Sugarcane is more energy efficient

Which three countries contain the largest coal reserves?

1. United States 2. Russion Federation 3. China

___ resources, such as solar and wind energy, are those that come from sources that are virtually inexhaustible. ____ ____ resources, such as soil and groundwater, can be destroyed if used carelessly.

1. perpetual 2. potentially renewable

Nuclear power currently supplies approximately _____ of the world's electricity

16%

Which of the following is not a principle of sustainable development? A. New mineral deposits must be found and exploited B. Forest destruction can't exceed forest regeneration C. Fish catches can't exceed the capacity of fisheries D. Soil erosion can't exceed soil formation

A. New mineral deposits must be found and exploited

What proportion of commercial energy is supplied by crude oil?

Almost 40%

_____ _____ is any organic material produced by plants, animals, or microorganisms that can be burned directly as a heat source or converted into a liquid or gas.

Biomass fuel

The country of _____ has become the focus of international attention because it has both the largest area of tropic rainforest and one of the highest rates of clearing

Brazil

Much of the world's oil sand resources is located in ____

Canada

Which of the following is not a common use of copper:

Dental fillings

Which of the following is not considered a biofuel mass: A. Manure B. Wood C. Ethanol D. Peat E. Lignite

E. Lignite

_____ is an alcohol, which can be produced from a variety of plants and can be added to gasoline.

Ethanol

______ countries tend to contain more mineral resources

Larger

_____ is the fossil fuel that has the least impact on the environment

Natural gas

_____ _____ creates energy by forcing deuterium and tritium to combine to form helium

Nuclear fusion

_______ ________ are semiconductor devices made of silicon that convert solar rays directly to electricity.

Solar cells

_____ _____ is the use of natural resources in such a way as to satisfy current needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Sustainable development

The currently estimated 1200 billion barrels of proved oil reserves are mostly located in ________

The Middle East

The world's leading producers of wind-powered energy are ____ and ____

The United States and Germany

The United States has 155 national forests that are owned by the public and managed by the _________

U.S. Forest Service

Which country is the world's largest consumer of oil?

United States

_____ make excellent sources of eletrical power as they do not use any fuel, can be built and erected quickly, and are relatively inexpensive.

Wind mills

Although hydroelectric power is generated in 47 U.S. states, most of the power generation is concentrated in a few locations that have ______ and ______

abundant water and elevation changes

Geothermal fields are usually associated with ___

areas of recent volcanic activity

Which of these is not one of the 5 factors that determine the practicality and profitability of mining a specific deposit of a mineral:

availability of water

Which of the following is not one of the eight most abundant elements in the Earth's crust:

carbon

The fuel base of the Industrial Revolution was ____

coal

Two major categories of wetland:

coastal and inland

____ is the expansion or intensification of areas of degraded soil and vegetation cover

desertification

The most important natural resources of the modern age are those that provide us with ____

energy

The ___ of a coal is determined by its content of waste materials

grade

The second most commonly used source of renewable energy (worldwide) is

hydroelectric

Considered a biomass fuel:

manure, wood, ethanol, peat

____ resources exist in finite amounts or are generated in nature so slowly that for all practical purposes, the supply is finite.

nonrenewable

Power production by ______ _______ involves the control splitting of the nucleus of an atom of uranium-235, which releases heat

nuclear fission

____ is a fine-grained sedimentary rock rich in organic material called kerogen

oil shale

An ____ is a mineral deposit that is concentrated enough to make mining economically feasible.

ore

A ____ is the quantity of a resource that can be extracted profitably from known deposits

reserve

A ___ is a naturally occurring, exploitable material that a society perceives to be of economic value

resource

_____ is the concentration of salts in the topsoil as a result of the evaporation of surface water

salinization

A logging practice known as _______ ________, in which medium and large trees are cut, but smaller trees are left for later harvesting.

selective cutting

____ ____ is the ultimate origin of fossil fuels, plant life, water power, and wind power.

solar energy

The ____ of renewable energy sources for oil and gas is one of the strategies of sustainable development.

substitution

Natural biogas is produced using ________

the anaerobic digestion of waste

If a coal deposit is located beneath a thick overburden of soil and rock, it is extracted using _____ mining techniques.

underground

___ are vegetated land surfaces that are periodically or permenantly covered by or saturated with standing water

wetlands

The most common form of biomass fuel is:

wood