Geol Final Practice exam ch.13 & 14

A stream begins at an elevation of 200 meters and flows a distance of 400 kilometers to the ocean? What is the average gradient?

0.5m/km

geyser

A hydrothermal vent that periodically or occasionally erupts a column of steam and hot water is called a ________.

A stream is said to be a losing stream when ________.

A stream is said to be a losing stream when ________. the channel bottom is above the local water table

Which one of the following statements correctly describes how stream terraces can form?

A temporary base level is eliminated; the stream downcuts upstream from the old temporary base level, and the former floodplain is left well above the present elevation of the stream.

________ account(s) for the largest usage of groundwater in the United States.

Agriculture and irrigation

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning unconfined aquifers in urbanized coastal areas?

Any salty water in the aquifer will rise if the water table is lowered by pumping.

distributaries

At the head of a delta, the major channel splits into smaller channels that follow different paths to the sea. These smaller channels are known as

dripstone

Depositional features created by dripping of water over great spans of time are called ________.

What is the relationship between drawdown and the cone of depression associated with a pumping well?

Drawdown is the distance between the original water table and the water level in the well.

Moving from the headwaters to the mouth, in most streams, which of the following is true?

Flow velocity generally increases.

aquitard???

Highly impermeable layers such as compacted clay or shale are known as ________. not aquifer

Which of the following best describes a graded stream?

It is basically in equilibrium, neither eroding nor depositing material.

Entrenched meanders are evidence for what sequence of geologic events?

Land uplift was followed by stream downcutting.

Many larger rivers in the Colorado Plateau region meander in deep, narrow canyons and have no floodplains. How could this happen?

Original, old age streams downcut as the land gradually rose.

Which one of the following statements is correct? Sea level drops when water is added to the oceans through increased rainfall and increased inflow from rivers. Sea level drops when water is released from ice sheets and continental glaciers. Sea level drops when evaporation rates increase over the oceans and when this extra, atmospheric moisture falls on land as rain. Sea level drops when water is stored in expanding ice sheets and continental glaciers.

Sea level drops when water is stored in expanding ice sheets and continental glaciers.

________ are specific features of karst topography.

Streams flowing into depressions and continuing underground

hydrologic cycle

The ________ describes the movement of water through Earth's hydrosphere.

Which of the following can logically be concluded by speleothems/dripstone hanging from a cave roof?

The cave roof was above the water table when the speleothems formed.

discharge

The volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time is called ________.

Which one of the following statements is TRUE for an artesian aquifer?

The water table in the recharge area is at a higher elevation than the top of the aquifer in the subsurface.

Which one of the following statements is TRUE for an artesian aquifer? Which one of the following statements is TRUE for an artesian aquifer?In deep, stream-cut valleys, many springs are fed from artesian aquifers.The water table in the recharge area is at a higher elevation than the top of the aquifer in the subsurface.The pressure at any point in the aquifer is considerably less than the weight of the water column between the point and the top of the aquifer.Upward flow from a permeable aquitard is prevented by a confining aquifer.

The water table in the recharge area is at a higher elevation than the top of the aquifer in the subsurface.

Which one of the following statements is TRUE concerning natural levees?

They are most fine sand and silt that build up during floods

laminar flow

When water moves in nearly straight-line paths parallel to the stream channel, in slow moving streams, this is called ________.

Where are the most extensive geothermal features in the world?

Yellowstone National Park, United States

capacity

________ describes the total sediment load transported by a stream.

oxbow

________ is an abandoned, cutoff, meander loop.

porosity

________ is the volume of voids or open space in a rock or unconsolidated material.

A perched water table develops when ________.

a horizontal aquitard above the regional water table lies below an aquifer

Smooth, rounded cobbles and pebbles are found in streams a result of

abrasion

________ refers to sediments deposited from streams.

alluvium

The ________ River has the largest discharge of any in the world.

amazon

Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.aquitardporosityaquiferpermeability

aquitard

Which common, rock-forming mineral or mineral group is most readily dissolved by groundwater?

calcite

________ is not part of the hydrologic cycle. Water infiltrating into the soil and bedrock Water moving into creeks and streams following a rainstorm Calcium carbonate dissolving in soil water and groundwater Water evaporating from a lake

calcium carbonate dissolving in soil water and groundwater

describes the total sediment load transported by a stream.

capacity

Saltation

describes the particle transport mode in streams intermediate between suspension and rolling along the bottom.

Darcy's law allows for the calculation of ________.

discharge

Which example best demonstrates groundwater's power as an erosional agent?

dissolution of limestone leading to sinkholes and caverns

At the head of a delta, the major channel splits into smaller channels that follow different paths to the sea. These smaller channels are known as ________.

distrubutaries

Depositional features created by dripping of water over great spans of time are called ________.

dripstone

________ in a delta are essentially cross strata inclined toward deeper water.

foreset

What term describes a stream which receives water through the inflow of groundwater through the stream bed?

gaining stream

A hydrothermal vent that periodically or occasionally erupts a column of steam and hot water is called a ________.

geyser

The slope of a stream channel, expressed as the vertical drop of a stream over a specified distance, is called the/a________.

gradient

After ice sheets and glaciers, ________ contain(s) the next highest percentage of Earth's freshwater.

groundwater?

________ are characteristics found in all good aquifers.

high porosity and high permeability

The majority of freshwater on Earth is located where?

in glaciers and ice sheets

recharge of water to the soil and groundwater systems?

infiltration

How does urbanization (paving, etc.) affect runoff and infiltration in a small, previously forested, drainage basin?

infiltration decreases, runoff increases

How does urbanization (paving, etc.) affect runoff and infiltration in a small, previously forested, drainage basin?

infiltration decreases; runoff increases

Which of the following areas is underlain by karst topography?

kentucky

The unsaturated zone ________.

lies above the water table

The hot spring deposits at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, are travertine. What rock probably lies somewhere beneath the hot springs?

limestone

Which of the following geologic materials would have the highest groundwater velocities and be least effective in removing unwanted pollutants from the water?

limestone; numerous solution channels and fractures widened by dissolution

A cross-sectional view of a stream from its source area to its mouth is called its ________.

longitudinal profile

Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. channelization dams artificial levees floodplains

maybe floodplains

Which one of the following does not apply to stream turbulence and average velocity?

maybe laminar flow? NOT channel shape

Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. waterfall point bar oxbow lake cut bank

not cut bank... maybe waterfall

________ would have the largest capacity to naturally remove sewage pollutants. Fractured graniteLimestone with solution channels and cavernsWell-sorted, coarse gravelSlightly clayey sand

not gravel

Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. aquitard aquifer porosity permeability

not permeability

Where is erosion concentrated along a meandering stream?

on the outer parts of the meander loops or bends

________ is another name for the zone of saturation.

phreatic zone

Why is a bird-foot delta like that of the present-day Mississippi below New Orleans likely to change naturally toward one with the shape of an equilateral triangle like the upper-case, Greek letter delta (ΔΔ)?

potential, new, major distributary channels have steeper gradients than existing channels

The removal of blocks from the bed of a stream channel is known as ________.

quarrying

A drainage pattern comprised of streams that diverge from a central area like spokes is called ________.

radial

________ describes the particle transport mode in streams intermediate between suspension and rolling along the bottom.

saltation

A network of recharge wells can help correct the problem of ________.

saltwater intrusion

Which of the following must result in a lower base level for rivers and streams?

sea levels fall, land rises

The type and amount of material carried in suspension are controlled by flow velocity and ________.

settling velocity

Which is the correct term for water that flows in a channel, regardless of size?

stream

________ generally constitutes the highest percentage of the annual sediment load moved by a stream.

suspended load

The term karst topography was first used in ________.

the Republic of Slovenia, a province of the former Yugoslavia

A stream is said to be a losing stream when ________

the channel bottom is above the local water table

Which of the following is the correct definition of stream gradient?

the drop in elevation of a stream divided by the distance the water travels

porosity

the percentage of open space or voids in a material

Excessive groundwater withdrawals can cause ________.

the water table drops or declines in elevation

A rectangular drainage patter in which tributary streams are nearly parallel to one another, and which forms in areas underlain by alternating bands of resistant and less-resistant rock, is called a ________ pattern.

trellis

Karst development occurs more rapidly in ________ climates.

tropical

Which of the following is located in the headwaters region of a river system?

zone of sediment production