Geol Final Practice exam ch.13 & 14
A stream begins at an elevation of 200 meters and flows a distance of 400 kilometers to the ocean? What is the average gradient?
0.5m/km
geyser
A hydrothermal vent that periodically or occasionally erupts a column of steam and hot water is called a ________.
A stream is said to be a losing stream when ________.
A stream is said to be a losing stream when ________. the channel bottom is above the local water table
Which one of the following statements correctly describes how stream terraces can form?
A temporary base level is eliminated; the stream downcuts upstream from the old temporary base level, and the former floodplain is left well above the present elevation of the stream.
________ account(s) for the largest usage of groundwater in the United States.
Agriculture and irrigation
Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning unconfined aquifers in urbanized coastal areas?
Any salty water in the aquifer will rise if the water table is lowered by pumping.
distributaries
At the head of a delta, the major channel splits into smaller channels that follow different paths to the sea. These smaller channels are known as
dripstone
Depositional features created by dripping of water over great spans of time are called ________.
What is the relationship between drawdown and the cone of depression associated with a pumping well?
Drawdown is the distance between the original water table and the water level in the well.
Moving from the headwaters to the mouth, in most streams, which of the following is true?
Flow velocity generally increases.
aquitard???
Highly impermeable layers such as compacted clay or shale are known as ________. not aquifer
Which of the following best describes a graded stream?
It is basically in equilibrium, neither eroding nor depositing material.
Entrenched meanders are evidence for what sequence of geologic events?
Land uplift was followed by stream downcutting.
Many larger rivers in the Colorado Plateau region meander in deep, narrow canyons and have no floodplains. How could this happen?
Original, old age streams downcut as the land gradually rose.
Which one of the following statements is correct? Sea level drops when water is added to the oceans through increased rainfall and increased inflow from rivers. Sea level drops when water is released from ice sheets and continental glaciers. Sea level drops when evaporation rates increase over the oceans and when this extra, atmospheric moisture falls on land as rain. Sea level drops when water is stored in expanding ice sheets and continental glaciers.
Sea level drops when water is stored in expanding ice sheets and continental glaciers.
________ are specific features of karst topography.
Streams flowing into depressions and continuing underground
hydrologic cycle
The ________ describes the movement of water through Earth's hydrosphere.
Which of the following can logically be concluded by speleothems/dripstone hanging from a cave roof?
The cave roof was above the water table when the speleothems formed.
discharge
The volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time is called ________.
Which one of the following statements is TRUE for an artesian aquifer?
The water table in the recharge area is at a higher elevation than the top of the aquifer in the subsurface.
Which one of the following statements is TRUE for an artesian aquifer? Which one of the following statements is TRUE for an artesian aquifer?In deep, stream-cut valleys, many springs are fed from artesian aquifers.The water table in the recharge area is at a higher elevation than the top of the aquifer in the subsurface.The pressure at any point in the aquifer is considerably less than the weight of the water column between the point and the top of the aquifer.Upward flow from a permeable aquitard is prevented by a confining aquifer.
The water table in the recharge area is at a higher elevation than the top of the aquifer in the subsurface.
Which one of the following statements is TRUE concerning natural levees?
They are most fine sand and silt that build up during floods
laminar flow
When water moves in nearly straight-line paths parallel to the stream channel, in slow moving streams, this is called ________.
Where are the most extensive geothermal features in the world?
Yellowstone National Park, United States
capacity
________ describes the total sediment load transported by a stream.
oxbow
________ is an abandoned, cutoff, meander loop.
porosity
________ is the volume of voids or open space in a rock or unconsolidated material.
A perched water table develops when ________.
a horizontal aquitard above the regional water table lies below an aquifer
Smooth, rounded cobbles and pebbles are found in streams a result of
abrasion
________ refers to sediments deposited from streams.
alluvium
The ________ River has the largest discharge of any in the world.
amazon
Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.aquitardporosityaquiferpermeability
aquitard
Which common, rock-forming mineral or mineral group is most readily dissolved by groundwater?
calcite
________ is not part of the hydrologic cycle. Water infiltrating into the soil and bedrock Water moving into creeks and streams following a rainstorm Calcium carbonate dissolving in soil water and groundwater Water evaporating from a lake
calcium carbonate dissolving in soil water and groundwater
describes the total sediment load transported by a stream.
capacity
Saltation
describes the particle transport mode in streams intermediate between suspension and rolling along the bottom.
Darcy's law allows for the calculation of ________.
discharge
Which example best demonstrates groundwater's power as an erosional agent?
dissolution of limestone leading to sinkholes and caverns
At the head of a delta, the major channel splits into smaller channels that follow different paths to the sea. These smaller channels are known as ________.
distrubutaries
Depositional features created by dripping of water over great spans of time are called ________.
dripstone
________ in a delta are essentially cross strata inclined toward deeper water.
foreset
What term describes a stream which receives water through the inflow of groundwater through the stream bed?
gaining stream
A hydrothermal vent that periodically or occasionally erupts a column of steam and hot water is called a ________.
geyser
The slope of a stream channel, expressed as the vertical drop of a stream over a specified distance, is called the/a________.
gradient
After ice sheets and glaciers, ________ contain(s) the next highest percentage of Earth's freshwater.
groundwater?
________ are characteristics found in all good aquifers.
high porosity and high permeability
The majority of freshwater on Earth is located where?
in glaciers and ice sheets
recharge of water to the soil and groundwater systems?
infiltration
How does urbanization (paving, etc.) affect runoff and infiltration in a small, previously forested, drainage basin?
infiltration decreases, runoff increases
How does urbanization (paving, etc.) affect runoff and infiltration in a small, previously forested, drainage basin?
infiltration decreases; runoff increases
Which of the following areas is underlain by karst topography?
kentucky
The unsaturated zone ________.
lies above the water table
The hot spring deposits at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, are travertine. What rock probably lies somewhere beneath the hot springs?
limestone
Which of the following geologic materials would have the highest groundwater velocities and be least effective in removing unwanted pollutants from the water?
limestone; numerous solution channels and fractures widened by dissolution
A cross-sectional view of a stream from its source area to its mouth is called its ________.
longitudinal profile
Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. channelization dams artificial levees floodplains
maybe floodplains
Which one of the following does not apply to stream turbulence and average velocity?
maybe laminar flow? NOT channel shape
Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. waterfall point bar oxbow lake cut bank
not cut bank... maybe waterfall
________ would have the largest capacity to naturally remove sewage pollutants. Fractured graniteLimestone with solution channels and cavernsWell-sorted, coarse gravelSlightly clayey sand
not gravel
Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. aquitard aquifer porosity permeability
not permeability
Where is erosion concentrated along a meandering stream?
on the outer parts of the meander loops or bends
________ is another name for the zone of saturation.
phreatic zone
Why is a bird-foot delta like that of the present-day Mississippi below New Orleans likely to change naturally toward one with the shape of an equilateral triangle like the upper-case, Greek letter delta (ΔΔ)?
potential, new, major distributary channels have steeper gradients than existing channels
The removal of blocks from the bed of a stream channel is known as ________.
quarrying
A drainage pattern comprised of streams that diverge from a central area like spokes is called ________.
radial
________ describes the particle transport mode in streams intermediate between suspension and rolling along the bottom.
saltation
A network of recharge wells can help correct the problem of ________.
saltwater intrusion
Which of the following must result in a lower base level for rivers and streams?
sea levels fall, land rises
The type and amount of material carried in suspension are controlled by flow velocity and ________.
settling velocity
Which is the correct term for water that flows in a channel, regardless of size?
stream
________ generally constitutes the highest percentage of the annual sediment load moved by a stream.
suspended load
The term karst topography was first used in ________.
the Republic of Slovenia, a province of the former Yugoslavia
A stream is said to be a losing stream when ________
the channel bottom is above the local water table
Which of the following is the correct definition of stream gradient?
the drop in elevation of a stream divided by the distance the water travels
porosity
the percentage of open space or voids in a material
Excessive groundwater withdrawals can cause ________.
the water table drops or declines in elevation
A rectangular drainage patter in which tributary streams are nearly parallel to one another, and which forms in areas underlain by alternating bands of resistant and less-resistant rock, is called a ________ pattern.
trellis
Karst development occurs more rapidly in ________ climates.
tropical
Which of the following is located in the headwaters region of a river system?
zone of sediment production