GGS

12. What is the relationship between coastal upwelling and nutrient supply?

...

14. Describe the relationship between the coral and the algae in a coral reef. Why is this important?

...

14. How does salinity affect distribution of marine life?

...

16. How do osmotic processes work in marine fish vs. fresh water fish?

...

16. How would you describe the transfer of energy between trophic levels?

...

18. What are some problems with marine fisheries management?

...

3. Which microscopic zooplankton is one of the most numerous multicelled organisms on the planet?

...

Bycatch

...

Subduction zone seep biocommunity

...

What are the differences between the toothed whales and baleen whales and what are examples of each?

...

Which nutrients limit photosynthesis?

...

hydrothermal seep biocommunity

...

hydrothermal vent biocommunity

...

hypersaline seep biocommunity

...

hypersaline vent biocommunity

...

deep scattering layer

A sound reflecting layer made up of many organisms that migrate daily from mesopelagic to epipelagic

Holdfast

A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself

coral reef

A structure of calcite skeletons built up by coral animals in warm, shallow ocean water.

Precipitate

A substance precipitated from a solution.

Viscosity

A substance's internal resistance to flow

Food web

A system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.

diurnal tide

A tidal cycle of one high tide and one low tide per day. (Southeast Asia, Gulf of Mexico, 24H & 50M)

Flagella

A whiplike tail found in single-celled organisms to aid in movement.

Calcite

A white or colorless mineral consisting of calcium carbonate.

Meanders

A winding, looping curve in the course of a river on soft, flat flood plain

Eustatic sea level change

A worldwide raising or lowering of the sea.

This interior physical layer of the earth is 'plastic' in nature, in that it is capable of flowing over long time scales.

ASTHENTHOSPHERE

Ghost fishing

Abandoned fishing equipment that poses a threat to marine animals

Antarctic Divergence

Abundant marine life and divergence between the East and West Wind Drift currents

Flat depositional areas that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins

Abyssal Plain

Red clay

Abyssal clay that contains oxidized iron giving it a red-brown color.

Algae

Aquatic, eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms, ranging in size from microscopic single cells to large organisms like giant kelp.

2. What are the 3 major domains of life?

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

Eutrophic

Area of high chlorophyll concentrations; found in shallow-water coastal regions, areas of upwelling, and high-latitude regions.

Oligotrophic

Area of low chlorophyll concentrations; found in open oceans of the tropics.

Carbon dioxide

GHS that results from the burning of fossil fuels (related to human activities)

Rigid gas container

Gas chamber of a fish for buoyancy

Atmosphere

Gaseous envelope surrounding earth

Decompression sickness (the bends)

Gases in the blood (nitrogen) start to form bubbles if you ascend too quickly (formed by a release of pressure)

Tsunami

Giant wave that occurs when earthquake displaces a large volume of seafloor

Texture

Grain size is measured using the Wentworth scale of grain size; in order of largest to smallest are the following: Boulders Cobbles Pebbles Granules Sand Silt Clay

zenith

Greatest gravitational pull

Current east of Greenland

Greenland Current

What is the worlds fastest current

Gulf stream

Layer of rapidly changing salinity with depth is called the

Halocline

Tsunami means

Harbor wave(s)

Who proposed the Sea-Floor Spreading Process?

Harry Hess

Overfishing

Harvesting fish too fast where majority of population is sexually immature and cannot reproduce.

plunging breaker

Has a curling crest that moved over an air pocket (best for surfing)

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Amount of energy transferred from one body to another due to a difference in temperature (proportional to average kinetic energy)

Heat

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree centigrade

Heat capacity

How did geologists discover hydrothermal vents?

Heat differences in the ocean.

Wintertime beach

Heavy wave activity, narrow rocky berm and overall flattened beach face

Second Trophic level:

Herbivores

Type of caudal fin that produces significant lift and is asymmetrical (sharks)

Heterocercal

Consumers

Heterotrophic; Categorized as herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, or bacteriovorus.

Latent means what?

Hidden

1000 meters (3300 feet)

How deep does sunlight penetrate in the ocean?

224,445

How many marine species exist,

Beach starvation

Human activities that block supply of sand to the beaches

Methylmercury

Human exposure occurs due to eating fish and shellfish, can biomagnify through the food chain.

_______ bonds give water its unique properties such as high heat capacity and unusual density.

Hydrogen

Weaker bonds between molecules (occur BETWEEN)

Hydrogen bond

The continual movement of water on above and below the surfaces of earth

Hydrological cycle

Macroscopic biogenous sediment

Large enough to be seen with the naked eye; includes shells, bones, and teeth of large organisms; relatively rare

Macroplankton

Large floaters such as jellyfish or Sargassum

Cage doors

Large scary teeth on deep sea fish are the equivalent of what?

Marginal seas

Large semi isolated bodies of water

When water vapor of cooled it releases this

Latent heat of condensation

Energy needed to break intermolecular bonds that hold water molecules rigidly in place (ice crystals)

Latent heat of melting

Amount of heat that's needed to be added to a substance at its boiling point to break intermolecular bonds (change state from liquid to gas)

Latent heat of vaporization

Current west of Australia (NOT THE WEST AUSTRALIAN CURRENT)

Leeuwin Current

Which direction do southeast trade winds tilt?

Left

13.700 M (22,000KM)

Length of the gray whale migration

fall bloom

Less dramatic than a spring bloom, yet more phytoplankton form still

Why does the presence of a thermocline produce less nutrients?

Less mixing (therefore rich deep cold water stays where it is and does not mix with the warmer surface water)

Summertime beach

Light wave activity, wide sandy berm and steep beach face

What is the primary factor that limits life on the deep-ocean floor?

Limited food supply

Coral reefs

Prominent oceanic features composed of hard, limy skeletons produced by coral animals; usually formed along edges of shallow, submerged ocean banks or along shelves in warm, shallow, tropical seas.

Mixotrophs

Protists that combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition (algae)y

iron hypothesis

Putting iron into the oceans to decrease carbon dioxide in atmosphere (combat global warming)

Give some examples of microscopic zooplankton.

Radiolarian, Foraminifers, Copepods

Wave Speed (S)

Rate a which a wave travels (Wave length- L over Period - T)

coastal waters

Shallow water areas that adjoin continents or islands

Eastern boundary currents

Shallow, slow moving, cooler bodies of water that are to the east of the ocean gyres.

Eastern boundary currents

Shallow, slow moving, cooler bodies of water that are to the east of the ocean gyres. Transport cool water from the poles

eccentricity

Shape of the orbit

Depositional shores

Shore gradually subsiding, barrier island and sand deposits more common (Southeast US Atlantic)

Emerging shorelines

Shorelines rising above sea level

Submerging shorelines

Shorelines sinking below sea level

Food chains/webs

Shows the flow of energy in an ecosystem (CHAIN = SIMPLE & WEB = COMPLEX)

Spring bloom

The sun rises higher in the sky during spring than winter so compensation depth for photosynthesis deepens; A middle-latitude bloom of phytoplankton that occurs during the spring, but nutrients become limited as summer approaches.

Polar oceans

Productivity peak during the summer and is limited by sunlight during the rest of the year (where?)

Middle latitude oceans

Productivity peaks during spring/fall and is limited by lack of solar radiation in the winter and a lack of nutrients in the summer

Argo

Program used to measure deep sea currents

East Wind Drift

Surface current propelled by the polar easterlies

V. Walfrid Ekman

Swedish physicist who developed the Ekman Spiral theory in 1905

7. What are nekton? What are some examples of nekton?

Swimmers: move independently of ocean currents; capable of long migration. Ex. Adult fish, squid, reptiles, marine mammals

Zooxanthellae

Symbiotic photosynthetic microscopic algae in coral tissues

(T or F) Cold water holds more dissolved carbon dioxide

T

(T or F) algae beds and coral reefs have productive values that average about the same to those of tropical rainforests

T

Direct measure of the AVERAGE kinetic energy of the molecules that make up the substance

Temperature

Evaporate minerals

Termed "salts," but not all really salt. Includes halite (NaCl) and it is actually salty, Anhydrite (CaSO4), gypsum (CaSO4*H2O) are not.

Carnivora, Sirenia, Cetacea

The 3 Marine mammal groups are:

supralittoral zone

The splash zone above the highest high tide; not technically part of the ocean bottom.

Continental slope.

The steeply sloping region of the continental margin descends at a rate greater than 1 ft for every 40 ft.

Why do most fish and marine mammals have the same torpedo-like, streamlined shape?

The streamlined shape minimizes the energy expended to move through the water

Paleoceanography

The study of how the ocean, atmosphere and land have interacted to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology and climate; Relies on sea floor sediments

Define Paleonmagnetism.

The study of the orientation of the magnetic particle in the rock. Pangea.

Continental margin.

The submerged edge of the continent transitions between continent and ocean floor.

Continental shelf.

The submerged flat part of the continental margin, where you stand when you are ankle deep.

Protoplasm

The substance that makes up the living parts of cells

Fall bloom

The sun lowers in sky breaking thermocline of summer causing nutrients to return; a bloom of phytoplankton occurs, but less dramatic than spring bloom because sunlight becomes limiting factor as winter approaches.

Red muscle tissue

Type of muscle tissue that is good for long intervals of sustained activity (higher concentration or oxygen)

White muscle tissue

Type of muscle tissue that is good for quick bursts of energy but tires fast

Commensalism

Type of relationship in which one species benefits but the other is neither harmed nor helped

Mutualism

Type of relationship where both species are helped

Parasitism

Type of relationship where one species benefits on the expense of another (parasites)

Of Earth's total number of species, why are the fewest in the marine pelagic realm?

Uniform conditions make it difficult to create new species

euphotic zone

Upper layer of a body of water through which sunlight can penetrate and support photosynthesis.

Upwelling

Upward movement of cold deep and nutrient water to the surface

Phosphorite

Used for fertilizer and is much more abundant on the ocean floor than on land deposits

Submarine canyon.

V-shaped cuts in the continental shelf.

Tsunami are caused by

Vertical fault movement

Picoplankton

Very small floaters such as bacterioplankton

Bacterioplankton

Very small, very abundant

Virioplankton

Viruses that are plankton and are poorly understood

Abyssal storms

Warm and cold core eddies of surface currents that affect certain areas

secchi disk measures

Water clarity

Speed of shallow water waves is influenced by what?

Water depth and gravitational acceleration

Ebb Currents

Water drains from bay or river as tide goes out

flood currents

Water rushes up a bay or river with incoming tide

Internal waves

Water-water interference (associated with pycnocline)

Things that happen as a wave encounters shallow water

Wave speed decreases, wavelength decreases, wave height increases, and an increase in wave steepness (which causes it to break)

Beach

Wave-washed sediment along a coast

Transitional waves

Waves entering water with a depth between 1/20 the wavelength and 1/2 the wavelength

Deep-water waves

Waves in water deeper than their wave-base

Shallow water waves (or long waves)

Waves in which depth is less than 1/20 of the wavelength

Carnivorous feeding

Way of feeding where organisms directly capture and eat other animals (either passively or actively)

Deposit feeding

Way of feeding where organisms eat food items that occur as deposits

Suspension feeding

Way of feeding where organisms use specially designed structures to filter plankton from seawater

Nadir

Weakest gravitational pull

Conditions of the atmosphere at a certain place or time

Weather

sources of the dissolved ions found in seawater

Weathered and eroded rocks Rocks dissolved by rivers and streams Solid/gaseous materials that escaped from the earth's crust through volcanic vents

Pacific Warm Pool

Wedge of warm water on the western side of the Pacific Ocean caused by trade winds

Erosional shores

Well-developed cliffs / normally in areas of tectonic uplift (US Pacific coast)

Agulhas current

Western boundary of Indian subtropical Gyre

Gulf stream

Western boundary of N Atlantic Subtropical gyre

Kuroshio Current

Western boundary of N pacific subtropical gyre

Brazil current

Western boundary of S Atlantic subtropical Gyre (splits from the south equatorial current)

East Australian Current

Western boundary of S pacific subtropical gyre

Japan

What country is whaling for research?

Intergovernmental panel on climate change

What does IPCC stand for? (Published assessments since 1990)

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

What is the IPCC?

Territorial Seas

What is the seas that measure from a distance of 3 miles extending seaward 9 miles. (3-12 miles)?

Middle latitude oceans

What region of ocean is the most productive?

Alvin (1977)

What submarine discovered the first hydrothermal vent biocommunities?

Cruisers

What type of carnivorous fish hunt actively?

Lungers

What type of carnivorous fish hunt passively?

1938

What year did the International Whaling Treaty ban the taking of gray whales?

Chalk

When a coccolith dies, it disaggregates and makes coccolith-rich ooze. It then lithifies, forms a white deposit

Cold fronts

When a cold air mass moves into area occupied by warm air

School

When a large number of fish (same species) come together in a group

warm fronts

When a warm air mass moves into area occupied by cold air

circular orbital motion

as a wave travels, the water passes the energy along by moving in a circle; decreases with depth

kelp forest

attached to the bottom, home to many organisms (brown seaweed)

Organisms that can photosynthesize and produce their own food are called what?

autotrophic

Phytoplankton and an example

autotrophic (makes own food by photosynthesis). Ex. Algae

Sun is directly overhead of the equator and the season is progressing into fall (September)

autumnal equinox

4. What factors affect primary productivity?

availability of nutrients and solar radiation

Mysticeti

baleen whales (largest)

Groins

barriers built at a right angle to the beach that are designed to trap sand

Breakwaters

barriers that break the force of waves

Name some different types of soft stabilization techniques for coastal regions.

beach nourishment: expensive, moving structures die, erodes sand quicker

subtidal zone

below low tide shoreline

The _____________ environment is home to 98% of marine species.

benthic bc of the environmental variability

calcareous ooze

biogenous

Mutualism

both organisms benefit

benthic

bottom

What are Benthos?

bottom dwellers (live on the ocean bottom)

Food web

branching network of feeding relationships among many organisms

What is the roles of decomposers and what are some examples?

break down detritus. Ex. bacteria

The two most common chemical compounds in biogenous sediments are

calcium carbonate and silica.

Heterotrophic

cannot produce food

13. Know the types of marine mammals and their characteristics?

carnivora, Sirenia, cetaceans

The fin most commonly used to propel high-speed fish is called the:

caudal fin

16. What is coral bleaching and how does it occur?

caused by removal or expulsion of symbiotic algae under stress of higher sea surface temperatures

mixed tidal pattern

characteristics of both semi and diurnal patterns

Chemosynthesis

chemical reaction

3. What is chemosynthesis and where in the ocean does it occur?

chemical reactions (hydrothermal vents)

Hydrothermal vents communities produce food by the process of _____________

chemosynthesis

Which process produces food for organisms in hydrothermal vent communities?

chemosynthesis

What is the primary difference between pelagic environment zones below the photic zone?

increasing pressure with increasing depth

Wentworth scale of grain size

indicates that particles can be classified as boulders, cobbles, pebbles, granules, sand, silt or clay

stranded beach deposits

indication that former shoreline has risen above sea level

12. What is a Polyp?

individual coral

Polyps

individual corals

PCBs

industrial pollutants that build up in animal tissue and can cause disease and birth defects

Scyphozoan

jellyfish

Name some different types of hard stabilization techniques for coastal regions.

jetties, groins, sea walls: lead to beach erosion, starvation and longshore current issues

10. What are some examples of organisms that live on subtidal rocky bottoms?

kelp, spiny lobsters, maine lobster, oyster beds

bar-built estuary

lagoon separated from the ocean by sand bar or barrier reef

During the summer months, monsoon winds over the indian ocean flow from _______ to _______ and are ______.

land to sea and are wet

Macroplankton and an example

large floaters. Ex. jellyfish

Baleen

largest whales in the world

Commensalism

less dominant organism benefits without harming host

Hypotonic

less salty than sea water, drink water, excrete salt through gills, small amounts of urine

Food chain

linear feeding relationship between producers and one or more consumers

quartz silt

lithogenous

The earth's tectonic plates are pieces of the

lithosphere

The earths tectonic plates consist of _____________ which is cool rigid and solid layer of the earths crust and upper mantle.

lithosphere

Nektobenthos

live along the bottom but occasionally move into the water column

Infauna

live buried in sediments

How do meiofauna differ from other infauna?

live in spaces between sediment particles.

Nekton

live on the bottom; swim or crawl through water above sea floor

Epifauna

live on the surface of sea floor

Epifauna

live on the surface of the sea floor

swells

long crested waves that are uniform and have traveled out of their point of origin

barrier islands

long offshore sand deposits that parallel the coast

Gray whale

longest migration of any mammal

15. Describe migration of gray whales?

longest migration of any mammal, arctic (summer) mexico (winter)

Tropical oceans have high or low productivity

low

Coral reefs thrive in warm tropical oceans with high or low nutrient levels.

low bc of the mutualism of algae (symbiosis)

oligotrophic

low chlorophyll=dark blue=open ocean

1. In which regions of the oceans is benthic biomass highest and lowest?

lowest = subtropical gyres; highest = shelf areas

Cetacea

mammals best adapted to life in the open ocean (whales)

2. What are some different types of epifauna?

marine algae, crabs, snails

Maximum sustainable yield

maximum catch that can be taken without overfishing; fishery ecosystem can still be maintained

Organisms that only spend part of their life cycle as plankton are referred to as what?

meroplankton

Archaea

microscopic, bacteria-like creatures; prefer environments of extreme temperature and pressure

osmotic pressure

pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane

Air that descends in subtropical regions to higher altitudes are called the

prevailing westerly wind belts

Chemosynthesis

process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates

nucleus is composed of _____ and _____

protons and neutrons

Radiolarian

protozoans; heterotroph

A rapid change in the density of seawater with increased depth is called

pycnocline

Arctic Amplification

the Arctic warming nearly twice as rapidly as the entire Northern Hemisphere

supratidal zone

the area above the intertidal zone up to the sand dunes

Barycenter

the center of mass is the balance point between two orbiting bodies.

biogeochemical cycle

the circulation of substances through living organisms from or to the environment

The CCD controls

the depth below which calcium carbonate readily dissolves in the water column, and therefore is not deposited on the ocean floor.

Sediment grain size is proportional to

the energy needed to lay down the sediment deposit

The longer the wavelength...

the faster the wave travels

Jetties

type of wall built out into water to protect a coastline or restrain currents

Tropical cyclones are called what in the western pacific?

typhoons

marine terraces

uplifted wave cut platforms

Middle layer of the ocean (density-wise)

upper water

Echolocation

used to determine size, shape, internal structure, and distance of objects; helps find prey

Weak Forces significant only when molecules are close together

van der Waals forces

Progression of a season when the sun is directly above the equator in March

vernal equinox

wave height (H)

vertical distance between crest and trough

Seamounts and abyssal hills are ___________ in origin.

volcanic

13. What are the environmental conditions necessary for coral reef growth?

warm seawater, strong sunlight, strong wave or current action, lack of turbidity, salt water, hard substrate for attachment

There are more species in _____________ water but more biomass in _____________ water.

warm; cold

greenhouse effect

warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere

shoaling water

water becoming gradually more shallow

thermohaline circulation

water circulation produced by differences in temperature and/or salinity (and therefore density)

geostrophic current

water flow driven by gravity and modified by the Coriolis force

What is osmosis?

water molecules move from less to more concentration solutions through semi permeable membrane

Speed or deep-water waves depends on?

wavelength and other variables (gravitational attraction)

wave reflection

waves "bounce back" from an obstacle

orbital waves

waves at the ocean surface involving longitudinal and transverse waves

Consumer

whale, fish

quarter moon phase

when 1/2 of the moon is lit up (from our view)

Sea stacks form...

when continued erosion causes the span of the arch to collapse

interference patterns

when swells from different storms run together and waves clash these are formed

Lungers have _____________ muscle tissue.

white

ocean beach of barrier island

wide beach exposed to large waves and open ocean (no vegetation established)

Progression into winter when the Sun is directly over the Tropic of Capricorn in December

winter solstice

Euryhaline organisms

withstand large variation in salinity

Eurythermal organisms

withstand large variation in temperature

Stenohaline organisms

withstand only small variation in salinity

Stenothermal Organisms

withstand small variation in temperature

surf zone

zone of breaking waves near shore

Shore

zone that lies between the lowest die level and the highest elevation on land (that is effected by storm waves)

The earth is approximately how old?

~4.6 billion years old Correct

Omnivores

Consumers that eat both plants and animals.

Carnivores

Consumers that eat only animals.

Bacteriovores

Consumers that eat only bacteria.

Herbivores

Consumers that eat only plants.

Kingdom Animalia

Contains multicelled animals (complex and not, humans are included)

Areas less affected by the sea and therefore have a greater range of temperature experiences the

Continental effect

Environmental bioassay

Controlled dxperiment to assess how a particular pollutant impacrs marine organisms

Hadley Cell

Convection Currents that cycle between the equator, 30 degrees North and South.

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

12. What temperature of water has the most marine biomass?

Cooler seawater because of upwelling of nutrients

High sea surface temperatures

Coral bleaching is associated with:

Hermatypic coral

Coral that do build reefs

Ahermatypic coral

Coral that don't build reefs

(N. Hemisphere cyclone) Which direction does air move when it's going from high pressure to low pressure?

Counterclockwise

What direction do subpolar gyres in the N hemisphere go?

Counterclockwise

Which direction do subtropical gyres rotate in the S Hemisphere?

Counterclockwise

Strong bond between molecules (occur WITHIN)

Covalent bond

______ bonds form within water molecules while _______ bonds form between water molecules.

Covalent; hydrogen

Delta deposits

Created when sediments deposited by a river overload the river and it clogs itself.

Waxing Crescent

Crescent moon between the new moon and first quarter

On the side of the fault that moves upward, which part of the wave will lead?

Crest

Methane hydrates

Crystalline solid that consists of a methane molecule surrounded by a cage of interlocking water molecules.

Mousse

Frothy emulsion (mix of oil slick with water)

Current west of Greenland

Labrador Current

Melon

Organ or skull of dolphin

Carnivorous feeding

Organisms directly capture and eat other animals; predation can be active or passive.

Euryhaline organisms

Organisms that can tolerate large changes in salinity, usually coastal.

Stenohaline organisms

Organisms that can tolerate only small changes of salinity

Deposit feeding

Organisms that feed on deposits like detritus, sediment coated in organic matter; for example, segmented worm and amphipod.

Plankton are

Organisms that inhabit the water Column AND drift

Melton

Organisms that inhabit the water column AND swim

What are nektobenthos?

Organisms that live on the bottom but can swim or crawl through the water

Infauna

Organisms that live under the sediment of an ecosystem

Autotrophic

Organisms that make their own food

Heterotrophic

Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms.

Intertidal zonation

Organization of ecosystems relative to sea level

Fisheries management

Organized effort directed at regulating fishing activity with goal of maintaining a long-term fishery.

Where do most scientists think the water on our planet came from?

Out-gassing, water vapor and other gasses from the earth's interior

harmful algal blooms

Over abundance of algae

Climate

Overall weather in an area over a long period of time

Current above the N Pacific subtropical Gyre (above the Kuroshio current)

Oyashio Current

Where do the majority of tsunami occur?

Pacific

What is the PTWC?

Pacific Tsunami Warning Center

Disk shaped pieces of ice are called what

Pancake ice

Biogeochemical cycles

Process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another.

Weathering

Process in which rocks are broken down by agents such as water, temperature extremes, and chemical effects.

Primary treatment of sewage

Process where solids are allowed to settle and separate from the liquid

First trophic level:

Producers

wave-cut cliffs

originate in the cutting action of the surf against the base of coastal land

Luciferin produces light when combined with

oxygen

Downwellings

oxygen-rich water sinks where surface currents come together

Measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

pH scale

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as...

parallel to and symmetric about ocean ridges.

Parasitism

parasite benefits at expense of host

Biosphere

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

disruptive coloration

patterns that break up the outline of a body, making detection harder

low slack water

peak of each low tide with no current motion

Planktonic organisms would most likely be found in which zone of the ocean?

pelagic

new moon phase

phase when the moon is located directly between the earth and sun

What is the role of producers and what are some examples?

photosynthesis/chemosynthesis. Ex. algae, plants

Phytoplankton

photosynthetic drifters in upper surface waters

4. How are organisms classified? Who developed system of classification?

phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Linnaeus.

Subtropical Convergence

piling up of water in middle of gyre

What marine organism represents the vast majority of the ocean's biomass?

plankton

Meroplankton

plankton that spend only part of their larval stages as plankton

Dinoflagellates

plant-like protist that causes red tide

amphidromic point

point at which tides rotate about

Aphelion

point in a planet's orbit that is farthest from the sun

Productivity in _____________ oceans is limited by sunlight.

polar

11. What limits primary productivity in polar, temperate, and tropical regions?

polar = sunlight; tropical = nutrients; temperate = solar radiation & nutrients

Air moving away from high pressure poles that produce the

polar easterly wind belts

western boundary currents

poleward-flowing warm currents on the western side of all subtropical gyres

Foreshore

portion exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide

Are areas of low pressure dominated by precipitation or clear skies?

precipitation

How does water pressure change with depth?

pressure increases with depth

The Deep-ocean Assesment and Reporting of Tsunamis uses what to detect tsunami passage?

pressure sensors

One example of a cruiser would be _____________.

tuna

semidiurnal tides

two high tides and two low tides each day(Atlantic coast of US, 12H & 25M)

What does LIMPET stand for?

Land Installed Marine Powered Energy Transformer

Northern/Southern boundary currents

(30-60^) Made by prevailing winds,

Right whales (baleen)

(Long, Fine baleen, no dorsal fin)

Rorqual whales (baleen)

(Short, balaenopterids, megapterids)

Gray whales (baleen)

(Short, no dorsal fin, bottom feeder)

Lunger

(grouper) wait for prey

What organisms live in a rocky shore high tide zone?

(mostly dry) organisms with shells, marine algae

What organisms live in a rocky shore low tide zone?

(mostly wet) abundant algae, hidden animals

Cruiser

(tuna) actively seek prey

What organisms live in a rocky shore middle tide zone?

(wet and dry) soft bodied organisms, algae

middle tide zone

(wet and dry) soft bodied organisms, algae (ghost shrimp, bristle worm)

Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ's) reach out how many miles from the coast?

200 Nautical Miles

Alternatives to hard stabilization

1) construction restrictions 2) beach replenishment 3) relocation

4 major types of stabilization structures

1) groins /groinfields 2) jetties 3) breakwaters 4) seawalls

2 major components of beach compartments

1) rivers that supply beach sediment 2) beach itself 3) offshore submarine canyons

What are the four types of Oceanography? Define each.

1. Geological - Ocean floor and sediments 2. Chemical - Elements contained in ocean, H2O 3. Physical - Waves, Tides, and Energy 4. Biological - Organisms

For the different oceans, make sure you know which one is the: 1. Largest 2. Deepest 3. Shallowest

1. Pacific 2. Pacific 3. Artic (Pacific: Oldest, Atlantic: Youngest)

Identify the composition of the following layers: 1. Crust 2. Mantle 3. Core

1. Silicates - ocean-basalt, continents, granite 2. Magnesium and Iron, Melted 3. Iron & Nickel

How many Cataloged species are there on both marine and terrestrial environments

1.8M

What percentage of energy is available to the animal that consumes another?

10%

Redfield Ratio

106C:16N:1P

Typical wavelength of a tsunami is

125 miles (200 kilometers)

How old is the ocean floor.

180 million years old.

Ideal temperature for coral reefs

18C (64F)

DDT was banned from use in the US in ________.

1972

6. What are the functions of the different fins in fish?

2 sets of paired fins = pelvic and pectoral. Caudal or tail fins = propel through water

What are the coordinates of the Tropic of Cancer?

23.5 degrees north latitude

Coordinates of the Tropic of Capricorn

23.5 degrees south latitude

solar day

24 hours

Lunar day

24 hours and 50 minutes

How long is the lunar cycle?

29 and a half days

Where is the ferrel cell located?

30 and 60 degrees latitude

Where do salt marshes normally occur

30 and 65° latitude

Supermoons

30% brighter (and coincide with full moon phase)

Why are the waves in the Southern Hemisphere normally larger?

40-60* latitude reaches the highest average wind speeds, creating larger waves

Plane of moon's orbit is tilted how much?

5 degrees

NP Gyre, SP Gyre, NA gyre, SA Gyre & I Gyre

5 major Gyres of the world

How much litter enters the world's ocean's every year?

5.8 Million metric tons (13 billion pounds)

Antarctic circulation occurs in what latitude?

50 degrees south or lower

Where is the polar cell located?

60 and 90 degrees latitude

What is thee nuetral solution for pure water on the pH scale?

7.0

Oxygen minimum layer (OML) is at what depth?

700-1000M

What is the percentage of the number of marine species in the benthic zone?

98%

Neritic Province

<200 miles

Dredge

A bucket-like device used to scoop sediment from the deep-ocean floor in early explorations.

Symbiosis

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.

Aragonite

A crystalline structure that is not very stable and changes into calcite over time; used in the construction industry for cement and as calcium supplements.

Turbidity current.

A density driven flow of suspended materials

Foraminifers

A single-celled planktonic animal with a perforated chalky shell through which slender protrusions of protoplasm extend. Most kinds are marine, and when they die, their shells form thick ocean-floor sediments.

Diatomaceous earth

A soft, fine, porous deposit that is composed mainly of the skeletons of diatoms.

Eurythermal

A descriptive term for organisms with a high tolerance for a wide range of temperature conditions. (Will be found more in shallow coastal waters)

JOIDES Resolution

A drill ship that replaced the Glomar Challenger in 1985. It has a tall metal drilling rig to conduct rotary drilling.

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP)

A drilling program that replaced the Ocean Drilling Program in 2003 with a new drill ship that has riser technology, enabling cores to be collected from deep within Earth's interior.

Tropic level

A feeding stage is also called a

Secchi disk

A flat, white disc lowered into the water by a rope until it is barely visible; used to measures the clarity of the water. Device named after Angelo Secchi.

Angiosperms

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

centripetal force

A force that causes an object to move in a circle

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria.

Biotic community

A group of organisms that live together within a definable area or habitat

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

estuary

A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean.

Limestones

A hard sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium carbonate or dolomite, used as building material and in the making of cement.

Gravity corer

A hollow steel tube with a heavyweight on top used to collect cores. Used in later explorations.

REMEMBER...

A hotspot is thought to result from a thermal plume existing in the mantle underneath the plate that is relatively stationary and sustains volcanism on the surface of the crust, producing island chains like Hawaii as the plate moves slowly over the hotspot.

Why is the surface area to volume ratio important for phytoplankton?

A larger ratio provides higher resistance to sinking and less energy to stay afloat

Thermocline

A layer in a large body of water, that sharply separates regions differing in temperature so that the temperature gradient across the layer is abrupt.

Pycnocline

A layer of water in which there is a rapid change of density with depth.

Neap tide

A less than average tide occurring at the first and third quarters of the moon

Cnidarians

A macroscopic zooplankton that have soft bodies and tentacles armed with stinging cells (nematocysts)

Entropy

A measure of disorder or randomness.

Declination

A measure of how far north or south an object is from the celestial equator

Meteorite

A meteoroid that has hit earth's surface.

Coccoliths

A minute rounded calcareous platelet, numbers of which form the spherical shells of coccolithophores.

Bivalve

A mollusk that has two shells held together by hinges and strong muscles.

Harmful algae bloom

A population explosion of toxic algae caused by excessive nutrient concentrations.

Eutrophication

A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria. Can cause HABs and humans dumping fertilizer, sewage and animal waste contributes to this phenomenon.

Chemosynthesis

A process where certain organisms, such as bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates.

Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)

A program that replaced the Deep Sea Drilling Project in 1983, focusing on drilling the continental margins using the drill ship JOIDES Resolution.

Upwelling

A rising of seawater, magma, or other liquid.

How is a scientific theory different from a scientific hypothesis?

A scientific hypothesis is a tentative initial explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested, and a scientific theory is an explanation for a phenomenon that is very well established and substantiated by an abundance of evidence. C

peat deposits

Accumulation of organic matter in marsh environments y

Harmful algal blooms (HABs)

Accumulations of fast-growing, dense patches of harmful algae.

Pacific type margins.

Active margins that are seismically active.

Atmospheric waves

Air-air interference

Ocean waves are of what interference?

Air-water interference

The percentage of radiation that is reflected back into space (term)

Albedo

What is the continental drift? Who proposed the idea?

Alfred Wegener. Continents were once one lard land mass know as Tangea.

Kelp belongs to what type?

Algae

Green algae

Algae found in freshwater (chlorophyll)

Brown algae

Algae found in middle latitudes and colder water

Red algae

Algae that is most abundant and widespread coming in varied colors

Hydrosphere

All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans

Antinodes are:

Alternating crests and troughs

Census of Marine Life (CoML)

Ambitious 10 year program to map our shortcomings for knowledge on the ocean and the inhabitants

How is echolocation and sonar used to map out the ocean floor?

Amount of time the sonar wave takes to bounce back determines depth.

Ocean color is influenced by what factors?

Amount of turbidity and photosynthetic pigment

Define Supercontinent.

An aggregation of several continental land masses

Reversing current

An alternating current that moves into and out of restricted passages along a coast.

Bivalve

An animal with two hunted shells (clam or mussel)

fjord estuary

An estuary in a fjord, a steep, submerged, U-shaped valley.

Red tide

An harmful algal bloom that occurs in salt water

cultural eutrophication

An increase in biological productivity and ecosystem succession caused by human activities.

Swim bladder

An internal gas-filled organ that helps a bony fish stabilize its body at different water depths.

Cnidarian

An invertebrate animal that uses stinging cells to capture food and defend itself. (jellyfish and man of war)

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen

cold-core ring

An offshoot stream from an ocean current that forms a ring with a core of cold water.

Autotrophic

An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy.

Heterotrophic

An organism that cannot make its own food

mollusk

An organism with a soft body; had shell; clam, mussels

Petroleum

Ancient remains of microscopic organisms.

Echinoderms

Animals who have thick spiny skin that is reinforced by calcium carbonate plates

Crustaceans

Animals with paired jointed limbs and a hard exoskeleton

Protozoans

Any large group of single-celled, eukaryotic, usually microscopic organisms that are generally not photosynthetic.

poison runoff (non-point source pollution)

Any type of pollution that enters the ocean from multiple sources

Kingdom fungi

Consists of unicellular and multicellular organisms that cannot make their own food (heterotrophs)

Describe the process of Sea-Floor Spreading.

As plates move apart, new ocean crust is created at mid-ocean ridge and destroyed at deep-sea ridge due to subduction.

How does the Hawaiian Islands form?

As the plate moves over the hot spots, magma breaks through the crust and solidifies to create new land

Metal Sulfides

Associated with hydrothermal vents and black smokers along mid-ocean ridge. Transported via sea floor spreading to everywhere.

The plates that ride on top of each other of the weak zone in the mantle are called the _____________.

Asthenosphere

Define Pacific Type Margins.

At a plate boundary dominated by tectonic activity.

What current moves between the N and S Atlantic gyres?

Atlantic equatorial countercurrent

What are the four main oceans? And one more?

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Artic, Southern

Term for the atmosphere absorbing radiation

Atmospheric absorption

Clouds (cooling effect)

Audibly (to yourself) articulate an example of a negative feedback loop

Ice melting

Audibly (to yourself) articulate an example of a positive feedback loop

Phytoplankton

Autotrophic plankton

Producers

Autotrophic; Nourish themselves through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Decomposer

Bacteria

_____________ are simple living organisms that usually lack a nucleus.

Bacteria

What allows for organisms to live near hydrothermal vents?

Bacteria that use chemosynthia to produce food.

Suborder Mysticeti

Baleen whales (blue waggle and humpback)

Lagoons form in what type of estuary

Bar built estuary

Plankton are organisms that float. Why is a copepod, which can swim and propel itself through the water, classified as plankton?

Because of its small size, it cannot swim very far or fast so its location is determined by currents

Refraction

Bending of each wave crest as waves approach the shore

What is the most East current of the south Atlantic subtropical gyre?

Benguela current

Falkland current

Between South America and the Brazil current

Fourth Trophic level

Bigger Carnivores

PCB's and DDT have what characteristics?

Biologically active, toxic, persistent,

What is the difference between a black and white smoker?

Black has metals, white does not.

Temperature when boiling occurs

Boiling point

Benthos

Bottom dwellers

The Baltic Sea averages at 10% salinity and is considered

Brackish

Decomposers

Break down organic compounds that compose detritus.

Faculae

Bright patches that are visible on the Sun's surface, or photosphere.

Characteristics of passive continental margins include...

Broad continental shelves

What are some examples of macroscopic algae?

Brown algae, green algae, red algae

Atoms

Building blocks of matter

solar bulges

Bulges caused by the moon (half the size of lunar ones)

ocean acidification

CO2 dissolving in seawater lowers ocean pH

Isothermal

Constant temperature.

Plastics

Constitute the vast majority of marine debris

Carbonate

CO3 2-. Primarily formed from rock called limestone; most limestones contain fossil marine shells, others seem to be directly from seawater. Percolation of groundwater can dissolve limestone and create massive sinkholes/caverns.

This compositional layer of the earth is very thin and composed mostly of silicate rocks.

CRUST

Calcium carbonate

CaCO3. Deposits mostly come from algae called coccolithophores and protozoans called foraminifers. Make calcareous ooze.

_____________ ooze is found in shallow oceans with warm, surface water.

Calcareous

Producers (autotrophs)

Can nourish themselves and don't rely on other organisms

1. What is the definition of life?

Capture, store, transmit energy. Are capable of reproduction. Can Adapt to environment, Can change through time.

Threatens California's coastline (an invasive species)

Caulerpa taxifolia (tropical sea weed)

Ciguatera

Caused by eating fish that have fed on toxic dinoflagellates

positive feedback loop

Causes a system to change further in the same direction.

negative feedback loop

Causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving

Milankovitch Cycle

Changes in the shape earth's orbit and tilt that cause glacial periods and interglacial periods.

The most abundant ion in seawater is

Chloride

Coccolithophores

Circular shaped phytoplankton covered with small calcareous plates called coccoliths made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3); live in temperate warm surface waters and contribute to calcareous seafloor deposits.

The long term average of weather is called

Climate

What direction do subpolar gyres in the S hemisphere go?

Clockwise

Which direction do subtropical gyres rotate in the N hemisphere?

Clockwise

Which direction does the N Atlantic subtropical Gyre rotate?

Clockwise

Hydrothermal vent biocommunity

Communities created around hydrothermal vents

Biomass pyramid

Compares the biomass of different trophic levels within an ecosystem; Shows the mass of producers that are needed to support primary consumers, the mass of primary consumers required to support secondary consumers, and so on.

Eukarya Domain

Complex organisms that are multicellular

Hydrocarbons

Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen

Plankton nets

Cone-shaped nylon net used to capture plankton by being towed at a specific depth; direct method to get a measurement of primary productivity.

Kingdom Plantae

Consists of multicellular plants.

What are tropical cyclones called in the Indian Ocean?

Cyclones

Cores

Cylinders of sediment and rock.

Countershading of fish

Dark colored on top and light colored on bottom

Detritus

Dead organic matter.

Highly stratified estuary

Deep estuary and watch a bird layer salinity increases from the head to the mouth reaching a value close to that open ocean water

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Deep focus earthquake

Crusts

Deep ocean nodule and crusts = reliable source of cobalt.

Abyssal clay

Deep-ocean deposits containing at least 70% lithogenous sediment. Often oxidized and red in color, thus commonly termed red clay.

Active continental margins are characterized by...

Deep-sea trenches

Slightly stratified estuary

Deeper estuary in which salinity increases from the head to the mouth at any depth (two layers identified)

global engineering

Deliberately manipulating earth to counteract unwanted effects

Antarctic Bottom Water

Densest water in the world

Deep currents

Density driven circulation, moves vertically

Consumers (heterotrophs)

Depend directly or indirectly on other organic compounds for their energy

Pelagic Deposits

Deposits found in deep ocean basins. They are typically fine-grained, and can come from turbidite deposits of neritic sediment spilling over to the deep-ocean basin, but most come from fine-grained material from volcanic eruptions, windblown dust and fine material carried from deep ocean currents

Neritic Deposits

Deposits found on continental shelves and in shallow water near islands and generally coarse-grained; Includes beach deposits, continental shelf deposits, turbidite deposits, and glacial deposits

Lysocline

Depth in the ocean where pressure is high enough to dissolve calcium carbonate; below lysocline, dissolves at an increasing rate with depth; average depth at 4000 meters

Compensation depth for photosynthesis

Depth where light is so limited the net photosynthesis becomes zero

Calcite compensation depth (CCD)

Depth where rate of dissolving calcium carbonate stops; on average 4500 meters deep

Hydrogenous sediment

Derived from dissolved material in water.

Cosmogenous sediment

Derived from extraterrestrial sources! Compose very small portion of overall sediment on ocean floor, but two main types: Spherules and Meteors

Sessile

Describes an organism that remains attached to a surface for its entire life and does not move

Producer

Diatom

Siliceous ooze example would be a

Diatom

Diatomaceous earth

Diatom rich ooze that accumulates on the ocean floor and lithifies into lightweight white rock composed of diatom tests and clay.

Siliceous ooze

Diatomaceous ooze, Radiolarian ooze, Silicoflagellate ooze.

What are the three golden algae types?

Diatoms, coccolithophorids and dinoflagellates

_____________ are golden algae with tests made up of silica. _____________ are golden algae tests made up of calcium carbonate.

Diatoms; cocoolithosphores

Tectonic estuary

Forms when felting or folding of rocks creates a restricted down dropped area and to which the sea has flooded

Enough heat energy being removed from a liquid causes it to freeze to a solid, the temperature this occurs at is called the substance's:

Freezing point

Three distinct zones of a lagoon

Freshwater zone; transitional zone; salt water zone

factors/processes control the distribution of biogenous sediment on the ocean floor

Dilution (e.g., of biogenous oozes by lithogenous deposits in neritic environments) Productivity (i.e. how many living organisms there are in the surface waters above a potential sediment deposition site) Destruction (i.e. when the shells of organisms dissolve in the water column before being deposited on the ocean floor)

plankton nets

Direct at sea method to capture plankton

Floating device, propellor flow devices

Direct methods for measuring surface currents

How is it possible that ocean salinity is in steady state?

Dissolved ions that are being added to the ocean are counteracted by several processes that remove them from seawater.

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

Divergent, Convergent, Transform D = moving apart mid-A ridge C = towards each other, Eurasia and India T = Sliding past each other

18. How are marine organisms affected by high pressure at depth?

Do not have large internal air pockets that can be compressed

Boundary between trade winds along the equator

Doldrums

What caused birds (the inspiration for the Alfred Hitchcock movie) to go bezerk?

Domoic acid

Two pairs of fins most active swimming fish use to stabilize themselves:

Dorsal and anal

Turbidity currents

Downslope movements of dense, sediment-laden water

Features of submerged shorelines

Drowned beaches, drowned river valleys, submerged dune topography

Pregnant females

During gray whale migration, what group leaves the mating grounds first?

Trophic level

Each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy.

What does the Theory of Plate Tetonics state?

Earth's crust is divided into several plates that move independently of one another in response to the heat flow in crust.

West Australian Current

Eastern boundary of Indian subtropical Gyre

Canary Current

Eastern boundary of N Atlantic subtropical gyre

Canary current

Eastern boundary of N Atlantic subtropical gyre

California current

Eastern boundary of N pacific subtropical Gyre

Benguela Current

Eastern boundary of S Atlantic subtropical gyre

equatorial countercurrents

Eastward flow between N and S equatorial currents

Salt deposits

Economically useful salts include halite and gypsum. Halite is used as a common table salt and gypsum is used in plaster of Paris for casts and molds

Wetlands

Ecosystems in which the water table close to the surface

Visible light

Electromagnetic waves that are visible to the human eye.

Why are there fewer marine species than on terrestrial ones?

Environment (the oceans are more stable and thus produce less variability for organisms adapting)

8. What are the 3 types of benthos?

Epifauna, Infauna, Nektobenthos

What are the 4 biozones of the oceanic province?

Epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, abyssopelagic

Current that flows between the N and S equatorial currents

Equatorial counter current

Marine sediments

Eroded particles and fragments of dirt, dust and other debris that have settled out of the water and accumulated on the ocean floor.

Salt wedge estuary

Estuary in which a wedge of salty water intrusions from the ocean beneath the river water

The three domains of life are?

Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya

What are the 3 domains of life?

Eukaraya, archea, and bacteria

Davidson Current

Example of a local geostrophic current.

Low salt marsh

Extends from mean sea level to high neap tide line

Euphotic zone

Extends from surface to compensation depth for photosynthesis, which is approximately 100 m deep in the open ocean, but 20 m near the coast.

Outer sublittoral zone

Extends from the inner sublittoral zone to a depth of 200 meters

High salt marsh

Extends to highest spring tide line

Inner sublittoral zone

Extends to the depth at which marine algae no longer grow attached to the ocean bottom (160 FT)

The earth's continents have always been in the same position on the earth that they are today.

FALSE

True or False. Marine organisms are 10% of all species?

False, 14%

Abyssal fan.

Fan shaped sedimentary feature found at the base of submarine canyons.

Poikilothermic

Fancy term for cold blooded

Where is the greatest quantity of sediments found?

Farther away from oceanic ridge.

Carolus Linnaeus

Father of Taxonomy

Third Trophic level:

First carnivores

Abyssal plain.

Flat, featureless area of the sea floor

Guyots.

Flat-topped sea mounts.

Sea arches

Form when wave action continues to erode a sea cave, cutting completely through the rock

Another name for the Portuguese man o war is

Hydrozoan

The Red Sea averages at 42% salinity and is considered

Hypersaline

dead whale hypothesis

Hypothesis regarding new hydrothermal vent communities (dead organisms creating 'stepping stones'g

Gas hydrates

Ice-like crystalline minerals that form with low molecular weight gas.

Universal common ancestry

Idea that all organisms on earth share a common genetic heritage

500

If human-caused emissions remain at or near their current rate of increase, atmospheric carbon dioxide is expected to be about _____ parts per million sometime between 2050 and 2100,

ecliptic plane

Imaginary plane that contains the ellipse in which the earth orbits the sun

Ecosystem

Includes biotic community and environment which exchanges energy and chemical substances.

Eubacteria Domain

Includes simple life forms that lack a nucleus (purple bacteria, green nonsulfur bacteria)

Pressure gradients, radar altimeter, Doppler flow meter

Indirect methods for measuring surface currents

Plankter

Individual plankton organism

Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP)

Initiative in 1968 set up by JOIDES (Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling) to collect cores of sediment from around the ocean. Had a specially designed drill ship called the Glomar Challenger. Confirmed existence of sea floor spreading by noticing the following: 1. The age of the ocean floor increased with distance from mid-ocean ridge 2. The sediment thickness increased with distance from mid-ocean ridge 3. Earth's magnetic field polarity reversals were seen in ocean floor rocks

What is the long name for MARPOL?

International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships

The boundary called doldrums is also called the

Intertropical Convergence Zone

Bond created by oppositely charged ions

Ionic bond

Sea mounts.

Isolated volcanic mountains beneath the surface with a vertical height of 1000 meters

The density stratification of the interior layers of the earth tell us what important information about the early formation of the planet?

It tells us that in its early formation, the earth was completely molten.

Where did the most expensive tsunami occur?

Japan

Scyphozoan, or commonly more known as:

Jellyfish

Loudest sound on human record came from the explosion of what volcano?

Krakatau

2. Give some examples of macroscopic zooplankton.

Krill, cnidarians,

What is the world's first commercial-scale power plant?

LIMPET 500

Epifauna

Living on or attached to the seafloor

Stromatolites

Lobate structures of fine layers of carbonate, which form in salty, warm, shallow-water environments

Coral bleaching

Loss of color in corals (could be climate, zooxanthallae disappearance or lack of nutrition)

Type or caudal fin found on fast cruising fish (rigid and useless for maneuverability)

Lunate

1. Differentiate between lungers and cruisers. Which type of muscle tissue can be found in each?

Lungers = wait for prey, white muscle tissue (grouper); Cruisers = actively seek prey, red muscle tissue (tuna)

This interior layer of the earth is composed mainly of magnesium silicate rocks and some iron.

MANTLE

What is thought to cause Sea-Floor Spreading and Continental Drift?

Magnetic pull

Petroleum (oil)

Main type of pollutant

Kingdom Protista

Mainly single celled eukaryotic (has a nucleus) cells, Example: algae, amoeba

Subneritic Province

Major benthic province which is less than 200 meters deep (extends from spring high tide shoreline)

Suboceanic Province

Major benthic province which is more than 200 meters deep

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

Major tanker accident in Alaska in 1989, that resulted in a major oil spill in Prince William Sound.

Sirenia

Manatees and dugongs belong to the order:

What is the deepest part of the ocean? Part of what trench?

Mariana Trench.

Ability of oceans to moderate temperatures along coastlines and islands is the

Marine effect

Rogue waves

Massive solitary and spontaneous waves that can reach enormous heights (but occur around normal ocean waves)

photodegradable

Materials that will degrade in the presence of sunlight

Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

Maximum fishery biomass that can be removed yearly and still be sustained by ecosystem. According to UN, 80% of the 523 world marine fish stocks that were assessed were classified as exploited, overexploited, or depleted/recovering from depletion.

Sorting

Measures the uniformity of grain sizes and indicates selectivity of transportation process. All the same = well sorted. Not the same = poorly sorted

Temperature which melting occurs is a substances's :

Melting point

Meteors

Meteorite = materials debris from meteors; settles out around impact site and is either composed of silicate rock material or iron and nickel.

Counterillumination

Method of using bioluminescence on the underside of a fish to appear invisible

Rotary drilling

Method used today to collect cores from deep ocean.

state true differences between neritic and pelagic sediment deposits

Neritic deposits are found in shallower waters while pelagic deposits are found in deep-ocean basins. Neritic deposits are typically coarse-grained, while pelagic deposits are fine-grained. Pelagic deposits typically accumulate much more slowly than neritic deposits.

Tropical oceans

Productivity is low year round and limited by nutrients

Diatoms

Microscopic algae in shells made of opaline silica (SiO2) called tests.

Archaea Domain

Microscopic bacteria like creatures (prefer extreme temperatures or pressures)

Foraminifers

Microscopic to macroscopic single called protozoans

Phytoplankton

Microscopic, free-floating, autotrophic organisms that function as producers in aquatic ecosystems.

conveyer-belt circulation

Model "idea" combining that of thermohaline circulation and surface currents

3. What are the 5 kingdoms?

Monera, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protoctista

Perigee

Moon closest to the earth (higher tides)

Apogee

Moon most distant from earth (smaller tides)

western boundary currents

More intense than east boundary currents, up to 60 miles wide, very deep, transport warm water

Waning Gibbous

More than half of the left side of the moon is illuminated.

Remember....

Most calcareous oozes contain some siliceous material, but siliceous oozes rarely contain calcareous material.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (particles, nutrients & molecules)

Erosion

Movement of smaller pieces of rock produced as a result of weathering.

Osmosis

Movement of water molecules from higher solutions to lower solutions (ONLY WATER)

ebb tide

Moves water away from the shore

flood tide

Moves water into the shore

Ooze

Must contain at least 30% biogenous test material by weight and the rest is usually lithogenous clay. There is much more ooze than macroscopic biogenous sediment on ocean floor.

shorelines

My grades back-and-forth with the tide and has the waters edge

Plate-boundaries.

Narrow regions where plates meet.

Microscopic biogenous sediment

Need microscope to see; includes the tiny shells called tests which are produced by little organisms and then sink to bottom of ocean when they die

Driftnets (gillnets)

Nets that are dragged through the water and indiscriminately catch everything in their path. Monofilament that is virtually invisible to marine animals; as a result, have a lot of bycatch.

Nodes have:

No vertical movement

Walker Circulation Cell

Normal Conditions; air pressure across the equatorial pacific is higher in the eastern pacific.

Which hemisphere is the Arctic circle in?

North

North Atlantic Current

North boundary of N Atlantic subtropical gyre

South equatorial current (I)

Northern boundary of Indian subtropical Gyre

North Pacific current

Northern boundary of N pacific subtropical gyre

South Equatorial current (SA)

Northern boundary of S Atlantic subtropical gyre

South Equatorial Current (SP)

Northern boundary of S pacific subtropical Gyre (along equator)

Oligotrphic

Not nutrient rich (open ocean)

Frequency (f)

Number of wave crests passing through fixed location per unit of time

Eutrophic

Nutrient rich (upwelling and high latitude regions)

Two factors necessary for photosynthesis:

Nutrients and solar radiation

Why do colder regions have more plankton in them?

Nutrients brought by upwelling feed a higher plankton population

This interior physical layer of the earth is liquid.

OUTER CORE

Coral bleaching

Occurs when a coral becomes stressed and expels most of its colorful algae, leaving an underlying ghostly white skeleton of calcium carbonate

Splash waves

Occurs when landslide or iceberg crashes into ocean

destructive interference

Occurs when overlapping ways have the same characteristics but come together out of sync and cancel one another

Nitrogen narcosis

Occurs when the blood starts absorbing too much nitrogen and replaced oxygen

mixed interference

Occurs when waves of different lengths & heights overlap producing a complex wave pattern

Oceanic crust floats lower in the mantle than continental crust because

Oceanic crust is thinner and denser than continental crust. Correct

Foraminifer

One of a group of tiny single-celled organisms that live in surface waters and whose secretions and calcite shells account for most of the ocean's carbonate sediments.

What makes the Antarctic circumpolar current (West Wind drift) unique?

Only current to go around the entire planet, moves more water than any other

Celerity

Only used in relation to waves where no mass is in motion, only the waveform

Calcareous ooze

Ooze composed of mostly the hard remains of organisms containing calcium carbonate.

Atlantic meridional overturning circulation AMOC

Part of the conveyer belt in the North Atlantic

Atlantic type margins.

Passive margins that are not seismically active.

Define Atlantic Type Margins.

Passive margins.

High slack water

Peak of each high tide with no current motion

The two pairs of fins most active swimming fish use:

Pelvic and pectoral

Tides are

Periodic raising and lowering of sea level

Crepuscular

Pertaining to twilight

DDT is a type of

Pesticide

Western Intensification

Phenomenon that causes the west side of subtropical gyres to be more intense

Phosphates

Phosphorus bearing compounds occurring abundantly as coatings on rocks; mined since they are valuable as fertilizers.

Diatoms

Photosynthesizing phytoplankton; occupy upper, sunlit surface waters. It has silica protective covering with holes to absorb light and nutrients and also release waste.

Spring bloom

Phytoplankton rapidly develops

5. What are the different types of Plankton?

Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Holoplankton, Meroplankton, Macroplankton

Carnivora

Pinnipeds (walrus, seals, sea lions)are within which group of marine animals?

Fisheries

Places for catching fish and other sea animals commercially.

Zooplankton

Plankton that cannot make their own food

Name 3 pieces of evidence for continental drift.

Plant fossils: pangea, pantholassas Rocks, fossils, climate, puzzle like fit

Dinoflagellates

Plant-like protist that cause red tides.

Where are most vents located?

Plate boundaries.

Descending air at the poles creates high pressured regions called

Polar highs

Slight separation of charge in the geometry of a water molecule gives the molecule and electrical:

Polarity

Glacial deposits

Poorly sorted deposits mostly laid down from glaciers in the most recent ice age that melted.

Standing stock

Population which is the mass present in an ecosystem at a given time; successful fisheries leave enough individuals to repopulate the ecosystem after their harvest.

Coastal Upwelling

Primarily along the western coast of continents. Waters that move away from the coast are replaced by cold water from below that come up to the surface.

Define Archimedies Principle.

Principle stating that buoyant forces and floating objects are equal to the weight of the weight of the displaced fluid.

Primary productivity

Rate at which organisms store energy through the formation of organic matter (carbon based compounds), using energy derived from photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Eastern pacific garbage patch

Region in the North Pacific Gyre where trash collects (west of California)

Pollution

Release of harmful materials into the environment

Average length dissolved substances stay in the ocean and accumulate

Residence time

Which direction do northeast trade winds tilt?

Right

Rotary Current rotates what way in the N hemisphere?

Rotates counterclockwise

Type of Caudal fin that is flexible/useful for accelerating at slow speeds

Rounded

Manganese nodules

Rounded, hard lumps of manganese, iron and other metals typically 5 cm in diameter, but as large as 20 cm

Instrument used to measure seawater salinity

Salinometer

Studying the sea floor is studying what type of Earth process?

Sea floor spreading.

How does a hydrothermal vent form? Why are they beneficial?

Sea water seeps into cracks and is heated by the magma beneath the sea floor. The pressure from the heated water pushed the heated water up through vents in the sea floor.

Ciguatera

Seafood poisoning caused by the ingestion of certain tropical reef fish that have high levels of dinoflagellate toxins. Symptoms = gastrointestinal, neurological, and cardiovascular disorders. Causes the most seafood-related illnesses in humans worldwide.

Methane

Second most abundant green house gas (great warming per molecule, cattle, landfill decomposition)

Backshore

Section of the store above the high tide shoreline and is covered with water only during storms

Turbidite deposits

Sediment deposited by turbidity currents characterized by both horizontally and vertically graded bedding.

Lithogenous/terrigenous sediment

Sediment that begins as rocks on continents or islands

Biogenous sediment

Sediment that is made up of the skeletons and shells of marine organisms.

Subduction zone seep

Seep related to folded sedimentary rocks

Hypersaline seeps

Seeps that exist around areas where salt deposits are underneath the continental rise

Hydrocarbon seeps

Seeps where oil and gas deep (hydrogen sulfide and or methane)

Food chain

Sequence of organisms through which energy is transferred starting with an organism that is a primary producer, then herbivore, then one or more carnivore, and culminating with "top carnivore."

Vertically mixed estuary

Shallow low-volume estuary where the net flow always proceeds from the head of the estuary toward its mouth

Silicia

SiO2. Mostly comes from algae called diatoms and protozoans called radiolarians. Accumulation of siliceous tests results in siliceous ooze. Forms in cold environments, in areas of upwelling where deep-ocean water comes to surface to supply nutrients that stimulate biological productivity.

Quartz

SiO2. The most abundant, chemically stable and durable minerals in Earth's crust, and composes most lithogenous sediment.

Grunion

Silvery fish that come out of the water to spawn

Kingdom Archaebacteria

Simple and bacterialike; extreme pressures/temps, could be most ancient life forms on earth

Kingdom Eubacteria

Simple organisms; single called with no nucleus

Coccolithophores

Single celled and planktonic. Produce thin plates or shields made of calcium carbonate that overlap to make spherical tests. Photosynthesize. 10 to 100 times smaller than diatoms so called nannoplankton.

Radiolarians

Single-celled protozoans that are mostly planktonic; often times have long spikes or rays of silica protruding from siliceous shell. Eat external food. Typically have well-developed symmetry

Radiolarians

Single-celled protozoans with a test made of silica (microscopic)

Oolites

Small calcite spheres 2 mm or less in diameter that have layers like an onion and form in shallow tropical waters with high concentrations of CaCO3. Thought to precipitate around nucleus and grow when they roll on beach, but algae could aid their formations.

Nematocysts

Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators

Spherules

Small globular masses composed of silicate rock and show evidence of being formed by extraterrestrial impacts on Earth.

Meiofauna

Small marine organisms that live between sediment organisms (0.1-2 millimeters long)

Tektites

Small molten pieces of black, green, brown, or gray natural glass formed from terrestrial debris ejected during meteorite impacts; mostly iron or nickel

Nurdles

Small pieces of photodegraded plastic.

Micro plastics (micro beads)

Small plastic particles (every beach in the world, in a variety of products)

Subpolar gyres

Smaller gyres found in 60^ N or S latitude that rotate the opposite way

Cnidarians have

Soft bodied and stinging tentacles

Which direction does the S Atlantic subtropical Gyre rotate?

South

Which hemisphere is the Antarctic circle in?

South

What current splits off of the coast of Brazil

South equatorial current

What is the South most current of the South Atlantic Gyre?

South equatorial current

West Wind Drift (I)

Southern boundary of Indian subtropical gyre

North equatorial current (NP)

Southern boundary of N Pacific subtropical Gyre

West Wind adrift (SA)

Southern boundary of S Atlantic subtropical Gyre

West wind drift (SP)

Southern boundary of S pacific subtropical gyre

North equatorial current (NA)

Southern most border of N Atlantic subtropical Gyre

Photophores

Specialized organs that are vital for bioluminescence

Suspension feeding (Filter feeding)

Specially designed structures organisms use to filter plankton from seawater; for example, barnacles and clams.

Holoplankton

Species of zooplankton that spend their entire lives as plankton

Heat capacity per unit mass of body:

Specific heat

constructive interference are associated with what tides?

Spring tides

SeaWiFS

Stands for Sea-viewing Wide Field of View Sensor; Instrument used to collect ocean color.

narrow and deep valleys on continental slopes

Submarine canyon

Proxy

Substitute

Descending air at 30 degrees N and S latitudes (high pressure zones)

Subtropical highs

Quadrature

Sun earth and moon are in a 90 degree angle

Define Pangea.

Supercontinent; 255 million years ago

Name an example of nektobenthos

flat fish, octopuses, crabs, sea urchins

Bioaccumulation

The accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism.

Biotic community

The assemblage of organisms that live together within a definable area.

Grain size

The average grain diameter as determined from a random cross section.

Backwash

The backward movement of water down a beach when a wave has broken

Ecosystem

The biotic community plus the abiotic

395

The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide is currently ______ parts per million and is increasing by about 2 parts per million each year.

Weather

The condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place.

Photosynthesis

The conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Lithosphere.

The crust and part of the upper mantle.

Compensation depth for photosynthesis

The depth at which net photosynthesis becomes zero.

Subduction.

The down thrusting of one plate beneath another.

Berm

The dry, gently sloping zone on the backshore of a beach at the foot of the coastal cliffs or dunes.

What is one theory for how earth's early (and more permanent) atmosphere formed?

The earth's early atmosphere formed from the outgassing of water vapor, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and other gases from the earth's interior.

Disturbing force

The energy that causes ocean waves to form

Eutrophication

The enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients

Cryosphere

The frozen parts of the earth (sea glaciers, ice, and permafrost)

If 18.25 mL of an 0.0020 M iodate solution is rquired to titrate a 10.00 mL sample of vitamin C solution, What is the molarity of the ascorbic acid in the solution?

The individual oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, etc.) on the earth are physically cut off from one another by land barriers that prevents the mixing of waters between different ocean basins.

constructive interference

The interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with a larger heighth

Troughs

The low points on a wave

Biomass

The mass of living organisms in a given area

Waxing Gibbous Moon

The moon is increasing in light between a first quarter moon and a full moon.

Water vapor

The most important (and abundant) greenhouse gas

Upwelling

The movement of deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to the surface. Note: Highly productive areas tend to be found along the western margins of continents, where surface currents are moving towards the equator; Ekmans transport causes surface water to move away from coasts so nutrient-rich water constantly rises to replace it.

Swash

The movement of water up the beach after a wave breaks.

Define Plate boundaries.

The narrow regions where plates meet

Incidental catch (Bycatch)

The non-commercial animals that are killed during fishing for commercial species.

Hadal zone

The ocean below 6000 meters )consists of only deep trenches along margins of continents

bathyal zone

The ocean between about 200 and 4,000 meters (700 and 13,000 feet) deep.

Abyssal zone

The ocean from a depth of 4000 to 6000 meters (includes more than 80% benthic environment)

Which of the following best describes the formation of the early ocean?

The oceans formed about half a billion years after the earth formed, probably largely due to the condensing of early atmospheric water vapor. Correct

bathypelagic zone

The pelagic environment from a depth of 1000 m to 4000 m. No sunlight at all.

Respiration

The process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain.

Biological pump

The process whereby carbon cycles through the ocean as organic matter decomposes

Electromagnetic spectrum

The range of light that exists. Note the following: 1) From radio waves to gamma rays, most of the light in the universe is invisible 2) When violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red light combine, white light is produced 3) Shorter wavelength light like x rays and gamma rays damage tissues in high doses 4) Longer wavelengths like infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are used for heat transfer and communication

Gross ecological efficiency

The ratio of energy passed on to the next higher trophic level divided by the energy received from the trophic level below.

Describe how magnetic reversal helped to support Sea-floor spreading.

The rocks had stripes that indicated changes in the magnetism

Continental rise.

The sediment laden boundary between continental and oceanic crust.

Nannoplankton

The smallest plankton that consists of those organisms (such as bacteria) passing through nets of very fine mesh silk cloth.

wave-cut bench

flat, wave-eroded surface

Despite the fact that Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift was in good agreement with the scientific observations available at the time, the theory was ultimately widely rejected by the scientific community. Why?

The theory could not offer a plausible mechanism for how the continents actually move or what forces are moving them.

Temperature variations on the earth fall within a fairly narrow range due to

The thermal properties of water.

Biomass

The total mass of organisms in a given area or volume.

Tidal Periods

The two high water bulges are separated by 12 hours

Thunniform

The type of swimming generated by myomeres movement in fish

Bioremediation

The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems

If a wave exceeds 1/7 (H over L) hat will Jalen,

The wave breaks

Biological pump

The way in which material is removed from the euphotic zone to the seafloor; pumps carbon dioxide and nutrients from the upper ocean and concentrates them in deep-sea waters and seafloor sediments.

Asthenosphere.

The weak, plastic upper layer of Earth's mantle over which the plates move.

What is the euphotic zone?

The zone where there is enough light to support photosynthesis

Shrinkage caused by cold temperatures (creating more density) is called

Thermal contraction

A rapid change in ocean temperature with change in depth is the:

Thermocline

Layer of rapidly changing temperature is called the

Thermocline

Unique properties of water that act to moderate changes in global temperature

Thermostatic effects

Why do faults with horizontal displacements not cause tsunami?

They do not change the volume of the ocean basin

coastline

They mark the boundary between the shore in the coast

When boat technology was developed ~40,000 years ago, what was probably the main motivation for humans at this time wanting to travel around the ocean?

They were mainly following their food sources. C

Plastics

This is illegal to dump 25 miles offshore

1. Wind speed, 2. Duration, 3. The fetch

Three factors to determining the energy behind waves

Obliquity

Tilt of earth's axis changes over time (ranges from 21.8- 24.4 degrees)

Aerosols are

Tiny particles and droplets suspended in the air

Tests

Tiny shells produced by little organisms and then sink to the bottom of the ocean when they die.

Most fresh water fish are hypertonic, meaning their body cells contain more salt than the surrounding water. Since osmosis should push water into their cells, why don't they explode?

To reduce the amount of water in their cells, they do not drink water and they secrete large volumes of dilute urine

What caused the most expensive tsunami?

Tohoku Earthquake

Subtropical belts that are high pressure toward the equatorial lower pressure belts

Trade winds

Equatorial currents

Travel westward along the equator (made by the trade winds)

Productivity in _____________ oceans is limited to nutrients.

Tropical

On the side of a fault where the sea floor drops down, which part of the wave will go outward first?

Trough

Wave train is 1/2 the speed of an individual wave (T OR F)

True

Type of Caudal fins found on faster fish that are somewhat flexible and better for propulsion

Truncate and forked

Hydrozoan

Type of Cnidarian that are pushed across the surface of water by winds

If mass increases, then gravity will do this.

increases

Red Tide

When dinoflagellates exist in such abundance that they color surface waters red; it has nothing to do with the tides. Sometimes caused by natural oceanic conditions stimulating productivity or sometimes caused by nutrient-rich runoff from land.

Chemosynthesis

When organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates

Ice rafting

When rock particles trapped in glacial ice are carried out to sea by icebergs that break away from coastal glaciers; when they melt, particles are released to the ocean floor

Isotonic

When the concentration of two solutions is the same

Equatorial upwelling

When trade winds drive westerly equatorial currents on either side of equator, Ekman transport causes surface water to diverge toward higher latitudes making surface waters get replaced by cold nutrient-rich water

Symbiosis

When two or more organisms associate in some way that benefits at least one of the parties

1948

When was the International whaling commission established to manage whale hunting?

2000

When was the first vent found in the Indian Ocean?

1993

When were gray whales removed from the endangered species list?

1985

When were vent communities first discovered in the Atlantic?

Subtidal zone (rocky)

Where are kelp forests attached?

Hemoglobin

Where cetacea store oxygen in red blood cells

Myoglobin

Where cetacea store oxygen in their muscles

Mid-latitudes

Where is there the greatest algae diversity?

Tropical latitudes

Where is there the greatest animal diversity?

Secondary treatment of sewage

Where sewage is exposed to bacteria-killing chlorine

Cold water

Which type of water has more nutrients and thus, more life sustainability? (Cold or warm)

Isaac Newton

Who developed the universal law of gravitation

Suffocation (Their death removes oxygen from the water)

Why do dinoflagellates dying cause other marine organisms to perish as well?

Abiotic means

With out life (abiotic environment)

Anoxic means

Without oxygen

Precession

Wobble in Earth's rotational axis

Headlands

areas of the coastline that project farther out into the ocean than the land next to them

Eutrophication

artificial enrichment of water by a previously scarce nutrient; results in harmful algal blooms (HAB)

Annelid worms

Works that dig through sediment easily and clean the sediment as they do so

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

World's largest accidental oil spill

Invaded Great Lakes of North America

Zebra mussel

Middle tide zone

Zone that is alternately covered by all high tides and exposed by all low tides

Spray zone (or Supratidal zone?

Zone that is covered by water only in storms (above spring high tide)

High tide zone

Zone that is relatively dry and covered only by the highest high tides

Low tide zone

Zone that is usually wet but exposed during the lowest low tides

Copepods

__________ are microscopic shrimplike animals

Sunspot

a cooler darker spot appearing periodically on the sun's photosphere

longshore current

a current that flows parallel to the shoreline

Chemolithotrophy

a form of metabolism in which energy is generated from inorganic compounds (rock)

The Hawaiian Islands- Emperor Seamount Chain is a feature formed by/at

a hotspot.

La Niña event

a period of well above average rainfall in eastern Australia that often brings floods

wave train

a series of waves

littoral zone

a shallow zone in a freshwater habitat where light reaches the bottom and nurtures plants

diatomaceous earth

a soft, fine, porous deposit that is composed mainly of the skeletons of diatoms

spilling breaker

a turbulent mass of air and water that runs down the front slope of the wave as it breaks

Splash waves are

a type of tsunami

Seawalls

a wall or embankment erected to prevent the sea from encroaching on or eroding an area of land.

longitudinal waves

a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of wave motion (sound)

Transverse waves (side to side)

a wave vibrating at right angles to the direction of its propagation.

Bioluminescence

ability to organically produce light

bioluminescent

able to emit light

Biomagnification

accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain

Confirmation of seafloor spreading was supported by the...

age of seafloor

Which type of organism makes up most of the biomass in a coral reef?

algae

syzygy

alignment of three celestial bodies

pelagic environment

all ocean water, from the shoreline down to the deepest ocean trenches

What are the reasons the ocean has a smaller daily, seasonal, and annual temperature range than that experienced on land?

all the above

gravitational force

an attractive force that acts between any two objects

deep biosphere

an environment that exists within the sea floor itself

SeaWiFS

an instrument that conducts ocean color measurements using a radiometer

warm-core ring

an offshoot stream from an ocean current that forms a ring with a core of warm water

convection cells

circular patterns caused by the rising and sinking of air

Name an example of infauna

clams

What organisms live in a sediment covered low tide zone?

clams, sand crabs, lugworm, sandstar

High pressure system are associated with _____________ weather while low pressure systems are associated with _____________

clear, precipitation

Which direction does anticyclonic flow go?

clockwise

What factors create the color differences between coastal waters and open ocean water? What color is found in each region?

coastal is green. open ocean is blue due to microscopic algae that create chlorophyll

7. Why are ocean margins rich in life?

coastal upwelling, cold, nutrient rich water lifted to sunlit surface

where do euryhaline organisms live?

coastal waters (estuaries)

Calcium carbonate is more likely to dissolve in warm or cold water.

cold

8. Are most fast swimming fish warm blooded or cold blooded?

cold blooded

12. What are the different types of symbiosis?

commensalism, mutualism, parasitism

How does species diversity compare for rocky and sediment covered shores?

compared to rocky shores, diversity of species in sediment covered shores is less

Eukarya

complex organisms; multicellular plants; multicellular animals; DNA is housed in discrete nucleus

Copepod

comprise majority of ocean's zooplankton biomass

If enough heat is removed from a gas, it condenses. The temperature where this happens is called the substance's:

condensation point

cotidal lines

connect simultaneous high tide points

Spit

connects at one end to the mainland and hooks into a bay at the other

Biomass

consists of plankton

The Himalayan mountain range is a result of this type of plate boundary.

continent-continent convergent

Where are nutrient levels highest?

continental margins

A generally flat zone extending from the shore to the shelf break

continental slope

Siliceous ooze is associated with _____________, _____________ water

cooler and deeper

_____________ comprise majority of oceans zooplankton biomass and are a vital link in many marine food webs

copepods

tektites

cosmogenous

intertidal zone

crabs abundant in all zones, portion of the shoreline that lies between the high and low tide lines

aphotic zone

dark layer of the oceans below the disphotic zone where sunlight does not penetrate (below 1000M)

Lowest layer of the ocean based on density

deep water

As the salinity of ocean water increases, what happens to its density

density also increases

8. What are some examples of microscopic algae?

diatoms, coccolithosphores, dinoflagellates, photosynthetic bacteria

tidal ranges

difference between high and low tides

Resultant forces

differences between centripetal and gravitational forces

What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?

diffusion goes from high to low and osmosis is from low to high concentrations

9. What is Red Tide and which organism produces it?

dinoflagellates produce Red Tide = harmful algal bloom

17. How do fish obtain oxygen?

dissolved gases

Wavelength (L)

distance between 2 successive crests or troughs

decay distance

distance over which waves change from choppy sea to uniform swell

equatorial upwelling

divergence of currents at equator generates upwelling and high productivity

Tectonic plates move away from each other at what type of plate boundary?

divergent

10. Why are more species found in the benthic zone?

easier to survive on the deep ocean floor, cooler water has more biomass

Peru Current

eastern boundary of S pacific subtropical gyre

What is the roles of consumers and what are some examples?

eat other organisms. Ex. Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores

7. What are some examples of organisms that inhabit mudflats?

eelgrass, turtle grass, fiddler crabs

full moon phase

entire lit side of the moon is seen

Rising air (low pressure) at the equator called

equatorial low

fully developed sea

equilibrium condition where waves cannot grow (because they lose as much energy breaking as whitecaps under gravity as they receive from the wind)

Submarine canyons were most likely formed by...

erosion by turbidity currents

Sea caves are...

erosion that happens at the opposite side of the headlands

climate system

exchanges of energy and moisture between these spheres

Coast

extends inland from the shore as far as ocean-related features can be found

Dead Zone

extensive areas with poor oxygen levels in the water. (gulf of mexico)

The early oceans on the earth were just as salty when they first formed as they are today.

false

pelagic

far ashore

What conditions lead to ocean eutrophication?

fertilizer, sewage and animal waste

10. How do human activities contribute to Eutrophication and Harmful Algal Blooms?

fertilizer, sewage, animal waste in coastal waters

What is schooling?

fish in a large synchronized group, usually to avoid predation

4. What is the importance of krill?

food for many organisms from seabirds to blue whales

coastal plain estuary

forms as sea level rises and floods existing river valleys

barrier flats

found between dunes and high marsh

Planktonic

free floating "wanderers."

6. What is the Euphotic zone?

from surface to about 100 meters (330 feet)

swim bladder

gas filled sac that controls buoyancy

What organisms live in a sediment covered high and middle tide zone?

ghost shrimp, bristle worm

baleen plates

giant plates in the mouths of whales that help them gather plankton and krill

10. Why do deep water nekton use bioluminescence?

good sensory devices; ability to organically produce light

_____________ the largest migration of any mammals.

gray whale

One example of a lunger would be

grouper

still water level (zero energy level)

halfway point between trough and crest where water line would be without waves

For water, the solid phase

has a lower density than the liquid phase.

Zooplankton and an example

heterotrophic (cannot produce food) Ex. Worm

What determines ocean color?

high and low chlorophyll

Eutrophic

high chlorophyll=light green=coastal areas

Crests

high points on a wave

3. Along a rocky shore, what are the different tidal zones? Be familiar with Fig. 15.2 p. 440

high tide, middle tide, low tide and sub tidal zones

4. Along a sediment covered shore, what are some of the different tidal zones? Be familiar with Fig. 15.8 p. 445.

high tide, middle tide, low tide, sub tidal zones

Tropical cyclones are called what in N and S America?

hurricanes

evaporites

hydrogenous

5. What are some examples of Cnidarians?

hydrozoan and scyphozoan

Freshwater fish are isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic relative to their environment?

hypertonic

The majority of the earth's active volcanoes and large earthquakes are located/occur

in and around the Pacific Ocean basin.

Where do Eurythermal organisms live?

in coastal waters, bc they have more variety in changes in temperature

global warming

increase in the average temperatures on Earth

If distance decreases, gravity

increases

Copepods

minute shrimp-like crustaceans; often they are the most common zooplankton in estuarine waters

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

mitigate and prevent civil liability from the future oil spills off the coast of the United States.

Top most layer of the ocean (based on density)

mixed surface layer

Waning Crescent

moon phase right before a new moon

Warm water species have more or fewer appendages than cold water species.

more

cold water is more or less dense than warm water?

more

11. How does temperature affect distribution of marine life?

more appendages in warmer water due to sinking

What are the characteristics of hydrothermal vents?

more biomass than the rest of ocean floor, vents may have been some of the first regions where life became establishes

What is the distribution of species on Earth and of marine species?

more land species than marine species; 14% are marine organisms

Hypertonic

more salty than fresh water, don't drink, cells absorb salt, large volume of diluted urine.

low tide zone

mostly wet; abundant algae, hidden animals (clams, sand crabs, sand star)

biological pump

moves material from euphotic zone to sea floor

neritic

near shore

which portion of the ocean would have the highest benthic biomass?

nearshore

5. What are nutrients and how are they supplied to the oceans?

nitrate, phosphorus, iron, silica; runoff

What is diffusion

nutrients that move from high to low concentration

spring tides

occur during the full and new moons, tides are very high and very low

proxigean tides

occur when spring tides coincide with perigee, so these are especially large tides

surging breaker

occurs when the seabed has an abrupt slopes down surges the wave forward

Marine sediments and sediment cores are important data sets for earth and marine scientists because they can tell us information about past conditions on the earth, including

ocean current patterns major extinction events changes in earth's climate

surface currents

ocean currents on the top of the water that are driven by wind (horizontally)

New lithosphere is produced in association with

ocean ridges

Deep linear scars in the deep ocean floor caused by plate convergence

ocean trench

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's...

oceanic trenches

where do stenohaline organisms live

open ocean

Where do stenothermal organisms live?

open ocean, more stable in coastal waters but don't change much

Pelagic Environment

open sea, divided into layers based on depth and physical conditions

Perihelion

orbital point nearest the sun

What is the definition of eurythermal?

organisms can tolerate large changes in temperature

5. What are infauna? Give some examples.

organisms that are covered into sediment. clam, sand dollar

Stenothermal

organisms that can withstand only very small temperature changes (found more in open ocean)

primary productivity

rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem (from photosynthesis)

wave steepness

ratio of wave height (H) to wavelength (L)

Cruiser has ______ muscle tissue

red

_____________ is a type of HAB caused by an overabundance of algae known as _____________

red tide; dinoflagellates

Bycatch ________.

refers to the accidental capture of animals

Evaporation

removes heat from the ocean and carries it into the atmosphere.

Krill

resemble minishrimp; abundant near Antarctica; food for many organisms from seabirds to blue whales

1. How do marine organisms stay afloat?

rigid gas container

All of the following are possible sources of sediments that would be classified as 'lithogenous'

rivers turbidity currents glaciers

surface processes would lead to a decrease in surface seawater salinity through

runoff and precipitation

longshore bars

sand bars parallel to coast

Tombolos

sand deposits that build up behind sea stacks (isolated islands near the coast)

What organisms live in a sediment covered sub tidal zone?

sand dollar, heart urchin, sea cucumber, horseshoe crab

benthic environment

sea bottom, divided into layers

Which of the following organisms would live in the low tide zone? sea star/crabs/clams

sea star (soft bodied)

bay barrier

seals off a lagoon from the ocean

offshore zone

seaward of nearshore zone

crustacean

segmented body, hard exoskeleton, paired jointed limbs (crab, lobster)

longshore trough

separates longshore bar from beach face

9. Which regions have the lowest benthic species diversity? Why?

shallow offshore ocean floor; lowest beneath upwelling regions

reefs

shallow water communities restricted to tropics

El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

short-term, periodic changes in location of warm and cold water masses in the Pacific Ocean

Bacteria

simple life forms with cells that usually lack a nucleus

Protozoa

single celled organisms with the ability to move independently

Beach face

sloping portion of beach below berm

capillary waves

small rounded waves with v-shaped troughs and wavelengths less than 1.74 centimeters (ripples)

Krill

small, shrimplike creatures, food for whales and fish

2. What is photosynthesis and what is the importance of photosynthesis to ocean's biomass?

solar energy; 99% of biomass relies on photosynthesis for food

sewage sludge

solid material that remains after treatment

wave dispersion

sorting of waves by wavelengths

The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is

sound waves

The first recorded attempt to measure the ocean's depth was conducted using which of the following techniques?

sounding

taxonomist

specialist in classifying (animals, etc.); CF. taxonomy: science of classification

Holoplankton and an example

spend entire lives as plankton. Ex. Diatom

Meroplankton and an example

spend part of life as plankton (juvenile or larval stages); ex. squid

hydrothermal vents

spots on the ocean floor where hot gases and minerals escape from earth's interior into the water

Name an example of epifauna

starfish, flounder

hard stabilization

structures built to protect a coast from erosion

Progression of a season when the sun is directly above the Tropic of Cancer (June)

summer solstice

Euphotic Zone

sunlit surface waters, can support photosynthesis

Myoglobin

supports high metabolism; more oxygen (tuna)

14. What are some feeding strategies of marine organisms?

suspension & filter (clam), deposit (worms), carnivorous feeding (sand star)

gravity waves

symmetric waves that have wavelengths exceeding 1.74 cm

The density of surface ocean water is influenced by

temperature and salinity

Dinoflagellate

tests made of biodegradable cellulose; not sea floor sediment. toxins, fish kills, human illness

What is the deepest zone of the suboceanic province?

the hadal zone

spray zone

the highest rocks above the highest high-tide line

disphotic zone

the layer of a lake or ocean that receives sunlight, but not enough for photosynthesis (1000M)

Pacific Decadal Oscillation

the long term change in location of warm/cold water masses

maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

the maximum amount that can be harvested without compromising future availability of a resource

longshore drift

the movement of sand along the beach

benthic environment

the ocean floor and all the organisms that live on or in it; also known as the bottom environment

sublittoral zone

the ocean zone that begins at the low-tide limit and stretches to the edge of the continental shelf

oceanic province

the part of the pelagic environment that overlies the ocean floor at depths greater than 200m (660ft)

abyssopelagic zone

the pelagic environment from a depth of 4,000 m to 6,000 m

neritic province

the portion of the marine environment that overlies the continental shelf (660ft/200M deep)

Bioluminescence

the production of light by means of a chemical reaction in an organism

1. What is meant by primary productivity?

the rate at which energy is stored in organisms through the formation of organic matter through photosynthesis, chemosynethsis.

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that...

the relative concentration of seawater ions does not change

Dunes reduce beach erosion because

the roots of dune plants hold sand in place

Standing waves are produced by periodic waves of

the same frequency, amplitude, and wavelength traveling in opposite directions

Streamlining

the shaping of an object so that a gas or liquid will move easily around it

Geosphere

the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle (minerals volcanos)6

Paleoclimatology

the study of past climates

epipelagic zone

the upper 200 m (660 ft) of the oceanic province

echolocation

the use of reflected sound waves to determine distances or to locate objects

What is the neritic province?

the zone with water depths less than 200 meters

11. What is the importance of coral reefs?

they home to 25% of all marine species

mesopelagic zone

this zone is between 200 and 1000 meters below the ocean surface (twilight zone)

lunar bulges

tidal bulges caused by the moon

wave period (T)

time for one wavelength to pass fixed point

Dead zones can be created by

too much input of nutrients

Suborder Odontoceti

toothed whales (dolphins porpoises killer whale sperm whale)

Odontoceti

toothed whales; dolphins, porpoises, killer whales, sperm whales

9. What is the relationship between body shape and swimming speed of fish?

torpedo shaped body on fast swimmers

lowermost portion of Earth's atmosphere where most weather occurs

troposphere

Marine sediment deposits are thinnest where the ocean floor is youngest

true