GGS
12. What is the relationship between coastal upwelling and nutrient supply?
...
14. Describe the relationship between the coral and the algae in a coral reef. Why is this important?
...
14. How does salinity affect distribution of marine life?
...
16. How do osmotic processes work in marine fish vs. fresh water fish?
...
16. How would you describe the transfer of energy between trophic levels?
...
18. What are some problems with marine fisheries management?
...
3. Which microscopic zooplankton is one of the most numerous multicelled organisms on the planet?
...
Bycatch
...
Subduction zone seep biocommunity
...
What are the differences between the toothed whales and baleen whales and what are examples of each?
...
Which nutrients limit photosynthesis?
...
hydrothermal seep biocommunity
...
hydrothermal vent biocommunity
...
hypersaline seep biocommunity
...
hypersaline vent biocommunity
...
deep scattering layer
A sound reflecting layer made up of many organisms that migrate daily from mesopelagic to epipelagic
Holdfast
A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself
coral reef
A structure of calcite skeletons built up by coral animals in warm, shallow ocean water.
Precipitate
A substance precipitated from a solution.
Viscosity
A substance's internal resistance to flow
Food web
A system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.
diurnal tide
A tidal cycle of one high tide and one low tide per day. (Southeast Asia, Gulf of Mexico, 24H & 50M)
Flagella
A whiplike tail found in single-celled organisms to aid in movement.
Calcite
A white or colorless mineral consisting of calcium carbonate.
Meanders
A winding, looping curve in the course of a river on soft, flat flood plain
Eustatic sea level change
A worldwide raising or lowering of the sea.
This interior physical layer of the earth is 'plastic' in nature, in that it is capable of flowing over long time scales.
ASTHENTHOSPHERE
Ghost fishing
Abandoned fishing equipment that poses a threat to marine animals
Antarctic Divergence
Abundant marine life and divergence between the East and West Wind Drift currents
Flat depositional areas that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins
Abyssal Plain
Red clay
Abyssal clay that contains oxidized iron giving it a red-brown color.
Algae
Aquatic, eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms, ranging in size from microscopic single cells to large organisms like giant kelp.
2. What are the 3 major domains of life?
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Eutrophic
Area of high chlorophyll concentrations; found in shallow-water coastal regions, areas of upwelling, and high-latitude regions.
Oligotrophic
Area of low chlorophyll concentrations; found in open oceans of the tropics.
Carbon dioxide
GHS that results from the burning of fossil fuels (related to human activities)
Rigid gas container
Gas chamber of a fish for buoyancy
Atmosphere
Gaseous envelope surrounding earth
Decompression sickness (the bends)
Gases in the blood (nitrogen) start to form bubbles if you ascend too quickly (formed by a release of pressure)
Tsunami
Giant wave that occurs when earthquake displaces a large volume of seafloor
Texture
Grain size is measured using the Wentworth scale of grain size; in order of largest to smallest are the following: Boulders Cobbles Pebbles Granules Sand Silt Clay
zenith
Greatest gravitational pull
Current east of Greenland
Greenland Current
What is the worlds fastest current
Gulf stream
Layer of rapidly changing salinity with depth is called the
Halocline
Tsunami means
Harbor wave(s)
Who proposed the Sea-Floor Spreading Process?
Harry Hess
Overfishing
Harvesting fish too fast where majority of population is sexually immature and cannot reproduce.
plunging breaker
Has a curling crest that moved over an air pocket (best for surfing)
Hypertonic
Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.
Hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
Amount of energy transferred from one body to another due to a difference in temperature (proportional to average kinetic energy)
Heat
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree centigrade
Heat capacity
How did geologists discover hydrothermal vents?
Heat differences in the ocean.
Wintertime beach
Heavy wave activity, narrow rocky berm and overall flattened beach face
Second Trophic level:
Herbivores
Type of caudal fin that produces significant lift and is asymmetrical (sharks)
Heterocercal
Consumers
Heterotrophic; Categorized as herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, or bacteriovorus.
Latent means what?
Hidden
1000 meters (3300 feet)
How deep does sunlight penetrate in the ocean?
224,445
How many marine species exist,
Beach starvation
Human activities that block supply of sand to the beaches
Methylmercury
Human exposure occurs due to eating fish and shellfish, can biomagnify through the food chain.
_______ bonds give water its unique properties such as high heat capacity and unusual density.
Hydrogen
Weaker bonds between molecules (occur BETWEEN)
Hydrogen bond
The continual movement of water on above and below the surfaces of earth
Hydrological cycle
Macroscopic biogenous sediment
Large enough to be seen with the naked eye; includes shells, bones, and teeth of large organisms; relatively rare
Macroplankton
Large floaters such as jellyfish or Sargassum
Cage doors
Large scary teeth on deep sea fish are the equivalent of what?
Marginal seas
Large semi isolated bodies of water
When water vapor of cooled it releases this
Latent heat of condensation
Energy needed to break intermolecular bonds that hold water molecules rigidly in place (ice crystals)
Latent heat of melting
Amount of heat that's needed to be added to a substance at its boiling point to break intermolecular bonds (change state from liquid to gas)
Latent heat of vaporization
Current west of Australia (NOT THE WEST AUSTRALIAN CURRENT)
Leeuwin Current
Which direction do southeast trade winds tilt?
Left
13.700 M (22,000KM)
Length of the gray whale migration
fall bloom
Less dramatic than a spring bloom, yet more phytoplankton form still
Why does the presence of a thermocline produce less nutrients?
Less mixing (therefore rich deep cold water stays where it is and does not mix with the warmer surface water)
Summertime beach
Light wave activity, wide sandy berm and steep beach face
What is the primary factor that limits life on the deep-ocean floor?
Limited food supply
Coral reefs
Prominent oceanic features composed of hard, limy skeletons produced by coral animals; usually formed along edges of shallow, submerged ocean banks or along shelves in warm, shallow, tropical seas.
Mixotrophs
Protists that combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition (algae)y
iron hypothesis
Putting iron into the oceans to decrease carbon dioxide in atmosphere (combat global warming)
Give some examples of microscopic zooplankton.
Radiolarian, Foraminifers, Copepods
Wave Speed (S)
Rate a which a wave travels (Wave length- L over Period - T)
coastal waters
Shallow water areas that adjoin continents or islands
Eastern boundary currents
Shallow, slow moving, cooler bodies of water that are to the east of the ocean gyres.
Eastern boundary currents
Shallow, slow moving, cooler bodies of water that are to the east of the ocean gyres. Transport cool water from the poles
eccentricity
Shape of the orbit
Depositional shores
Shore gradually subsiding, barrier island and sand deposits more common (Southeast US Atlantic)
Emerging shorelines
Shorelines rising above sea level
Submerging shorelines
Shorelines sinking below sea level
Food chains/webs
Shows the flow of energy in an ecosystem (CHAIN = SIMPLE & WEB = COMPLEX)
Spring bloom
The sun rises higher in the sky during spring than winter so compensation depth for photosynthesis deepens; A middle-latitude bloom of phytoplankton that occurs during the spring, but nutrients become limited as summer approaches.
Polar oceans
Productivity peak during the summer and is limited by sunlight during the rest of the year (where?)
Middle latitude oceans
Productivity peaks during spring/fall and is limited by lack of solar radiation in the winter and a lack of nutrients in the summer
Argo
Program used to measure deep sea currents
East Wind Drift
Surface current propelled by the polar easterlies
V. Walfrid Ekman
Swedish physicist who developed the Ekman Spiral theory in 1905
7. What are nekton? What are some examples of nekton?
Swimmers: move independently of ocean currents; capable of long migration. Ex. Adult fish, squid, reptiles, marine mammals
Zooxanthellae
Symbiotic photosynthetic microscopic algae in coral tissues
(T or F) Cold water holds more dissolved carbon dioxide
T
(T or F) algae beds and coral reefs have productive values that average about the same to those of tropical rainforests
T
Direct measure of the AVERAGE kinetic energy of the molecules that make up the substance
Temperature
Evaporate minerals
Termed "salts," but not all really salt. Includes halite (NaCl) and it is actually salty, Anhydrite (CaSO4), gypsum (CaSO4*H2O) are not.
Carnivora, Sirenia, Cetacea
The 3 Marine mammal groups are:
supralittoral zone
The splash zone above the highest high tide; not technically part of the ocean bottom.
Continental slope.
The steeply sloping region of the continental margin descends at a rate greater than 1 ft for every 40 ft.
Why do most fish and marine mammals have the same torpedo-like, streamlined shape?
The streamlined shape minimizes the energy expended to move through the water
Paleoceanography
The study of how the ocean, atmosphere and land have interacted to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology and climate; Relies on sea floor sediments
Define Paleonmagnetism.
The study of the orientation of the magnetic particle in the rock. Pangea.
Continental margin.
The submerged edge of the continent transitions between continent and ocean floor.
Continental shelf.
The submerged flat part of the continental margin, where you stand when you are ankle deep.
Protoplasm
The substance that makes up the living parts of cells
Fall bloom
The sun lowers in sky breaking thermocline of summer causing nutrients to return; a bloom of phytoplankton occurs, but less dramatic than spring bloom because sunlight becomes limiting factor as winter approaches.
Red muscle tissue
Type of muscle tissue that is good for long intervals of sustained activity (higher concentration or oxygen)
White muscle tissue
Type of muscle tissue that is good for quick bursts of energy but tires fast
Commensalism
Type of relationship in which one species benefits but the other is neither harmed nor helped
Mutualism
Type of relationship where both species are helped
Parasitism
Type of relationship where one species benefits on the expense of another (parasites)
Of Earth's total number of species, why are the fewest in the marine pelagic realm?
Uniform conditions make it difficult to create new species
euphotic zone
Upper layer of a body of water through which sunlight can penetrate and support photosynthesis.
Upwelling
Upward movement of cold deep and nutrient water to the surface
Phosphorite
Used for fertilizer and is much more abundant on the ocean floor than on land deposits
Submarine canyon.
V-shaped cuts in the continental shelf.
Tsunami are caused by
Vertical fault movement
Picoplankton
Very small floaters such as bacterioplankton
Bacterioplankton
Very small, very abundant
Virioplankton
Viruses that are plankton and are poorly understood
Abyssal storms
Warm and cold core eddies of surface currents that affect certain areas
secchi disk measures
Water clarity
Speed of shallow water waves is influenced by what?
Water depth and gravitational acceleration
Ebb Currents
Water drains from bay or river as tide goes out
flood currents
Water rushes up a bay or river with incoming tide
Internal waves
Water-water interference (associated with pycnocline)
Things that happen as a wave encounters shallow water
Wave speed decreases, wavelength decreases, wave height increases, and an increase in wave steepness (which causes it to break)
Beach
Wave-washed sediment along a coast
Transitional waves
Waves entering water with a depth between 1/20 the wavelength and 1/2 the wavelength
Deep-water waves
Waves in water deeper than their wave-base
Shallow water waves (or long waves)
Waves in which depth is less than 1/20 of the wavelength
Carnivorous feeding
Way of feeding where organisms directly capture and eat other animals (either passively or actively)
Deposit feeding
Way of feeding where organisms eat food items that occur as deposits
Suspension feeding
Way of feeding where organisms use specially designed structures to filter plankton from seawater
Nadir
Weakest gravitational pull
Conditions of the atmosphere at a certain place or time
Weather
sources of the dissolved ions found in seawater
Weathered and eroded rocks Rocks dissolved by rivers and streams Solid/gaseous materials that escaped from the earth's crust through volcanic vents
Pacific Warm Pool
Wedge of warm water on the western side of the Pacific Ocean caused by trade winds
Erosional shores
Well-developed cliffs / normally in areas of tectonic uplift (US Pacific coast)
Agulhas current
Western boundary of Indian subtropical Gyre
Gulf stream
Western boundary of N Atlantic Subtropical gyre
Kuroshio Current
Western boundary of N pacific subtropical gyre
Brazil current
Western boundary of S Atlantic subtropical Gyre (splits from the south equatorial current)
East Australian Current
Western boundary of S pacific subtropical gyre
Japan
What country is whaling for research?
Intergovernmental panel on climate change
What does IPCC stand for? (Published assessments since 1990)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
What is the IPCC?
Territorial Seas
What is the seas that measure from a distance of 3 miles extending seaward 9 miles. (3-12 miles)?
Middle latitude oceans
What region of ocean is the most productive?
Alvin (1977)
What submarine discovered the first hydrothermal vent biocommunities?
Cruisers
What type of carnivorous fish hunt actively?
Lungers
What type of carnivorous fish hunt passively?
1938
What year did the International Whaling Treaty ban the taking of gray whales?
Chalk
When a coccolith dies, it disaggregates and makes coccolith-rich ooze. It then lithifies, forms a white deposit
Cold fronts
When a cold air mass moves into area occupied by warm air
School
When a large number of fish (same species) come together in a group
warm fronts
When a warm air mass moves into area occupied by cold air
circular orbital motion
as a wave travels, the water passes the energy along by moving in a circle; decreases with depth
kelp forest
attached to the bottom, home to many organisms (brown seaweed)
Organisms that can photosynthesize and produce their own food are called what?
autotrophic
Phytoplankton and an example
autotrophic (makes own food by photosynthesis). Ex. Algae
Sun is directly overhead of the equator and the season is progressing into fall (September)
autumnal equinox
4. What factors affect primary productivity?
availability of nutrients and solar radiation
Mysticeti
baleen whales (largest)
Groins
barriers built at a right angle to the beach that are designed to trap sand
Breakwaters
barriers that break the force of waves
Name some different types of soft stabilization techniques for coastal regions.
beach nourishment: expensive, moving structures die, erodes sand quicker
subtidal zone
below low tide shoreline
The _____________ environment is home to 98% of marine species.
benthic bc of the environmental variability
calcareous ooze
biogenous
Mutualism
both organisms benefit
benthic
bottom
What are Benthos?
bottom dwellers (live on the ocean bottom)
Food web
branching network of feeding relationships among many organisms
What is the roles of decomposers and what are some examples?
break down detritus. Ex. bacteria
The two most common chemical compounds in biogenous sediments are
calcium carbonate and silica.
Heterotrophic
cannot produce food
13. Know the types of marine mammals and their characteristics?
carnivora, Sirenia, cetaceans
The fin most commonly used to propel high-speed fish is called the:
caudal fin
16. What is coral bleaching and how does it occur?
caused by removal or expulsion of symbiotic algae under stress of higher sea surface temperatures
mixed tidal pattern
characteristics of both semi and diurnal patterns
Chemosynthesis
chemical reaction
3. What is chemosynthesis and where in the ocean does it occur?
chemical reactions (hydrothermal vents)
Hydrothermal vents communities produce food by the process of _____________
chemosynthesis
Which process produces food for organisms in hydrothermal vent communities?
chemosynthesis
What is the primary difference between pelagic environment zones below the photic zone?
increasing pressure with increasing depth
Wentworth scale of grain size
indicates that particles can be classified as boulders, cobbles, pebbles, granules, sand, silt or clay
stranded beach deposits
indication that former shoreline has risen above sea level
12. What is a Polyp?
individual coral
Polyps
individual corals
PCBs
industrial pollutants that build up in animal tissue and can cause disease and birth defects
Scyphozoan
jellyfish
Name some different types of hard stabilization techniques for coastal regions.
jetties, groins, sea walls: lead to beach erosion, starvation and longshore current issues
10. What are some examples of organisms that live on subtidal rocky bottoms?
kelp, spiny lobsters, maine lobster, oyster beds
bar-built estuary
lagoon separated from the ocean by sand bar or barrier reef
During the summer months, monsoon winds over the indian ocean flow from _______ to _______ and are ______.
land to sea and are wet
Macroplankton and an example
large floaters. Ex. jellyfish
Baleen
largest whales in the world
Commensalism
less dominant organism benefits without harming host
Hypotonic
less salty than sea water, drink water, excrete salt through gills, small amounts of urine
Food chain
linear feeding relationship between producers and one or more consumers
quartz silt
lithogenous
The earth's tectonic plates are pieces of the
lithosphere
The earths tectonic plates consist of _____________ which is cool rigid and solid layer of the earths crust and upper mantle.
lithosphere
Nektobenthos
live along the bottom but occasionally move into the water column
Infauna
live buried in sediments
How do meiofauna differ from other infauna?
live in spaces between sediment particles.
Nekton
live on the bottom; swim or crawl through water above sea floor
Epifauna
live on the surface of sea floor
Epifauna
live on the surface of the sea floor
swells
long crested waves that are uniform and have traveled out of their point of origin
barrier islands
long offshore sand deposits that parallel the coast
Gray whale
longest migration of any mammal
15. Describe migration of gray whales?
longest migration of any mammal, arctic (summer) mexico (winter)
Tropical oceans have high or low productivity
low
Coral reefs thrive in warm tropical oceans with high or low nutrient levels.
low bc of the mutualism of algae (symbiosis)
oligotrophic
low chlorophyll=dark blue=open ocean
1. In which regions of the oceans is benthic biomass highest and lowest?
lowest = subtropical gyres; highest = shelf areas
Cetacea
mammals best adapted to life in the open ocean (whales)
2. What are some different types of epifauna?
marine algae, crabs, snails
Maximum sustainable yield
maximum catch that can be taken without overfishing; fishery ecosystem can still be maintained
Organisms that only spend part of their life cycle as plankton are referred to as what?
meroplankton
Archaea
microscopic, bacteria-like creatures; prefer environments of extreme temperature and pressure
osmotic pressure
pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane
Air that descends in subtropical regions to higher altitudes are called the
prevailing westerly wind belts
Chemosynthesis
process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates
nucleus is composed of _____ and _____
protons and neutrons
Radiolarian
protozoans; heterotroph
A rapid change in the density of seawater with increased depth is called
pycnocline
Arctic Amplification
the Arctic warming nearly twice as rapidly as the entire Northern Hemisphere
supratidal zone
the area above the intertidal zone up to the sand dunes
Barycenter
the center of mass is the balance point between two orbiting bodies.
biogeochemical cycle
the circulation of substances through living organisms from or to the environment
The CCD controls
the depth below which calcium carbonate readily dissolves in the water column, and therefore is not deposited on the ocean floor.
Sediment grain size is proportional to
the energy needed to lay down the sediment deposit
The longer the wavelength...
the faster the wave travels
Jetties
type of wall built out into water to protect a coastline or restrain currents
Tropical cyclones are called what in the western pacific?
typhoons
marine terraces
uplifted wave cut platforms
Middle layer of the ocean (density-wise)
upper water
Echolocation
used to determine size, shape, internal structure, and distance of objects; helps find prey
Weak Forces significant only when molecules are close together
van der Waals forces
Progression of a season when the sun is directly above the equator in March
vernal equinox
wave height (H)
vertical distance between crest and trough
Seamounts and abyssal hills are ___________ in origin.
volcanic
13. What are the environmental conditions necessary for coral reef growth?
warm seawater, strong sunlight, strong wave or current action, lack of turbidity, salt water, hard substrate for attachment
There are more species in _____________ water but more biomass in _____________ water.
warm; cold
greenhouse effect
warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere
shoaling water
water becoming gradually more shallow
thermohaline circulation
water circulation produced by differences in temperature and/or salinity (and therefore density)
geostrophic current
water flow driven by gravity and modified by the Coriolis force
What is osmosis?
water molecules move from less to more concentration solutions through semi permeable membrane
Speed or deep-water waves depends on?
wavelength and other variables (gravitational attraction)
wave reflection
waves "bounce back" from an obstacle
orbital waves
waves at the ocean surface involving longitudinal and transverse waves
Consumer
whale, fish
quarter moon phase
when 1/2 of the moon is lit up (from our view)
Sea stacks form...
when continued erosion causes the span of the arch to collapse
interference patterns
when swells from different storms run together and waves clash these are formed
Lungers have _____________ muscle tissue.
white
ocean beach of barrier island
wide beach exposed to large waves and open ocean (no vegetation established)
Progression into winter when the Sun is directly over the Tropic of Capricorn in December
winter solstice
Euryhaline organisms
withstand large variation in salinity
Eurythermal organisms
withstand large variation in temperature
Stenohaline organisms
withstand only small variation in salinity
Stenothermal Organisms
withstand small variation in temperature
surf zone
zone of breaking waves near shore
Shore
zone that lies between the lowest die level and the highest elevation on land (that is effected by storm waves)
The earth is approximately how old?
~4.6 billion years old Correct
Omnivores
Consumers that eat both plants and animals.
Carnivores
Consumers that eat only animals.
Bacteriovores
Consumers that eat only bacteria.
Herbivores
Consumers that eat only plants.
Kingdom Animalia
Contains multicelled animals (complex and not, humans are included)
Areas less affected by the sea and therefore have a greater range of temperature experiences the
Continental effect
Environmental bioassay
Controlled dxperiment to assess how a particular pollutant impacrs marine organisms
Hadley Cell
Convection Currents that cycle between the equator, 30 degrees North and South.
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
12. What temperature of water has the most marine biomass?
Cooler seawater because of upwelling of nutrients
High sea surface temperatures
Coral bleaching is associated with:
Hermatypic coral
Coral that do build reefs
Ahermatypic coral
Coral that don't build reefs
(N. Hemisphere cyclone) Which direction does air move when it's going from high pressure to low pressure?
Counterclockwise
What direction do subpolar gyres in the N hemisphere go?
Counterclockwise
Which direction do subtropical gyres rotate in the S Hemisphere?
Counterclockwise
Strong bond between molecules (occur WITHIN)
Covalent bond
______ bonds form within water molecules while _______ bonds form between water molecules.
Covalent; hydrogen
Delta deposits
Created when sediments deposited by a river overload the river and it clogs itself.
Waxing Crescent
Crescent moon between the new moon and first quarter
On the side of the fault that moves upward, which part of the wave will lead?
Crest
Methane hydrates
Crystalline solid that consists of a methane molecule surrounded by a cage of interlocking water molecules.
Mousse
Frothy emulsion (mix of oil slick with water)
Current west of Greenland
Labrador Current
Melon
Organ or skull of dolphin
Carnivorous feeding
Organisms directly capture and eat other animals; predation can be active or passive.
Euryhaline organisms
Organisms that can tolerate large changes in salinity, usually coastal.
Stenohaline organisms
Organisms that can tolerate only small changes of salinity
Deposit feeding
Organisms that feed on deposits like detritus, sediment coated in organic matter; for example, segmented worm and amphipod.
Plankton are
Organisms that inhabit the water Column AND drift
Melton
Organisms that inhabit the water column AND swim
What are nektobenthos?
Organisms that live on the bottom but can swim or crawl through the water
Infauna
Organisms that live under the sediment of an ecosystem
Autotrophic
Organisms that make their own food
Heterotrophic
Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms.
Intertidal zonation
Organization of ecosystems relative to sea level
Fisheries management
Organized effort directed at regulating fishing activity with goal of maintaining a long-term fishery.
Where do most scientists think the water on our planet came from?
Out-gassing, water vapor and other gasses from the earth's interior
harmful algal blooms
Over abundance of algae
Climate
Overall weather in an area over a long period of time
Current above the N Pacific subtropical Gyre (above the Kuroshio current)
Oyashio Current
Where do the majority of tsunami occur?
Pacific
What is the PTWC?
Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
Disk shaped pieces of ice are called what
Pancake ice
Biogeochemical cycles
Process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another.
Weathering
Process in which rocks are broken down by agents such as water, temperature extremes, and chemical effects.
Primary treatment of sewage
Process where solids are allowed to settle and separate from the liquid
First trophic level:
Producers
wave-cut cliffs
originate in the cutting action of the surf against the base of coastal land
Luciferin produces light when combined with
oxygen
Downwellings
oxygen-rich water sinks where surface currents come together
Measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
pH scale
The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as...
parallel to and symmetric about ocean ridges.
Parasitism
parasite benefits at expense of host
Biosphere
part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere
disruptive coloration
patterns that break up the outline of a body, making detection harder
low slack water
peak of each low tide with no current motion
Planktonic organisms would most likely be found in which zone of the ocean?
pelagic
new moon phase
phase when the moon is located directly between the earth and sun
What is the role of producers and what are some examples?
photosynthesis/chemosynthesis. Ex. algae, plants
Phytoplankton
photosynthetic drifters in upper surface waters
4. How are organisms classified? Who developed system of classification?
phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Linnaeus.
Subtropical Convergence
piling up of water in middle of gyre
What marine organism represents the vast majority of the ocean's biomass?
plankton
Meroplankton
plankton that spend only part of their larval stages as plankton
Dinoflagellates
plant-like protist that causes red tide
amphidromic point
point at which tides rotate about
Aphelion
point in a planet's orbit that is farthest from the sun
Productivity in _____________ oceans is limited by sunlight.
polar
11. What limits primary productivity in polar, temperate, and tropical regions?
polar = sunlight; tropical = nutrients; temperate = solar radiation & nutrients
Air moving away from high pressure poles that produce the
polar easterly wind belts
western boundary currents
poleward-flowing warm currents on the western side of all subtropical gyres
Foreshore
portion exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide
Are areas of low pressure dominated by precipitation or clear skies?
precipitation
How does water pressure change with depth?
pressure increases with depth
The Deep-ocean Assesment and Reporting of Tsunamis uses what to detect tsunami passage?
pressure sensors
One example of a cruiser would be _____________.
tuna
semidiurnal tides
two high tides and two low tides each day(Atlantic coast of US, 12H & 25M)
What does LIMPET stand for?
Land Installed Marine Powered Energy Transformer
Northern/Southern boundary currents
(30-60^) Made by prevailing winds,
Right whales (baleen)
(Long, Fine baleen, no dorsal fin)
Rorqual whales (baleen)
(Short, balaenopterids, megapterids)
Gray whales (baleen)
(Short, no dorsal fin, bottom feeder)
Lunger
(grouper) wait for prey
What organisms live in a rocky shore high tide zone?
(mostly dry) organisms with shells, marine algae
What organisms live in a rocky shore low tide zone?
(mostly wet) abundant algae, hidden animals
Cruiser
(tuna) actively seek prey
What organisms live in a rocky shore middle tide zone?
(wet and dry) soft bodied organisms, algae
middle tide zone
(wet and dry) soft bodied organisms, algae (ghost shrimp, bristle worm)
Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ's) reach out how many miles from the coast?
200 Nautical Miles
Alternatives to hard stabilization
1) construction restrictions 2) beach replenishment 3) relocation
4 major types of stabilization structures
1) groins /groinfields 2) jetties 3) breakwaters 4) seawalls
2 major components of beach compartments
1) rivers that supply beach sediment 2) beach itself 3) offshore submarine canyons
What are the four types of Oceanography? Define each.
1. Geological - Ocean floor and sediments 2. Chemical - Elements contained in ocean, H2O 3. Physical - Waves, Tides, and Energy 4. Biological - Organisms
For the different oceans, make sure you know which one is the: 1. Largest 2. Deepest 3. Shallowest
1. Pacific 2. Pacific 3. Artic (Pacific: Oldest, Atlantic: Youngest)
Identify the composition of the following layers: 1. Crust 2. Mantle 3. Core
1. Silicates - ocean-basalt, continents, granite 2. Magnesium and Iron, Melted 3. Iron & Nickel
How many Cataloged species are there on both marine and terrestrial environments
1.8M
What percentage of energy is available to the animal that consumes another?
10%
Redfield Ratio
106C:16N:1P
Typical wavelength of a tsunami is
125 miles (200 kilometers)
How old is the ocean floor.
180 million years old.
Ideal temperature for coral reefs
18C (64F)
DDT was banned from use in the US in ________.
1972
6. What are the functions of the different fins in fish?
2 sets of paired fins = pelvic and pectoral. Caudal or tail fins = propel through water
What are the coordinates of the Tropic of Cancer?
23.5 degrees north latitude
Coordinates of the Tropic of Capricorn
23.5 degrees south latitude
solar day
24 hours
Lunar day
24 hours and 50 minutes
How long is the lunar cycle?
29 and a half days
Where is the ferrel cell located?
30 and 60 degrees latitude
Where do salt marshes normally occur
30 and 65° latitude
Supermoons
30% brighter (and coincide with full moon phase)
Why are the waves in the Southern Hemisphere normally larger?
40-60* latitude reaches the highest average wind speeds, creating larger waves
Plane of moon's orbit is tilted how much?
5 degrees
NP Gyre, SP Gyre, NA gyre, SA Gyre & I Gyre
5 major Gyres of the world
How much litter enters the world's ocean's every year?
5.8 Million metric tons (13 billion pounds)
Antarctic circulation occurs in what latitude?
50 degrees south or lower
Where is the polar cell located?
60 and 90 degrees latitude
What is thee nuetral solution for pure water on the pH scale?
7.0
Oxygen minimum layer (OML) is at what depth?
700-1000M
What is the percentage of the number of marine species in the benthic zone?
98%
Neritic Province
<200 miles
Dredge
A bucket-like device used to scoop sediment from the deep-ocean floor in early explorations.
Symbiosis
A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.
Aragonite
A crystalline structure that is not very stable and changes into calcite over time; used in the construction industry for cement and as calcium supplements.
Turbidity current.
A density driven flow of suspended materials
Foraminifers
A single-celled planktonic animal with a perforated chalky shell through which slender protrusions of protoplasm extend. Most kinds are marine, and when they die, their shells form thick ocean-floor sediments.
Diatomaceous earth
A soft, fine, porous deposit that is composed mainly of the skeletons of diatoms.
Eurythermal
A descriptive term for organisms with a high tolerance for a wide range of temperature conditions. (Will be found more in shallow coastal waters)
JOIDES Resolution
A drill ship that replaced the Glomar Challenger in 1985. It has a tall metal drilling rig to conduct rotary drilling.
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP)
A drilling program that replaced the Ocean Drilling Program in 2003 with a new drill ship that has riser technology, enabling cores to be collected from deep within Earth's interior.
Tropic level
A feeding stage is also called a
Secchi disk
A flat, white disc lowered into the water by a rope until it is barely visible; used to measures the clarity of the water. Device named after Angelo Secchi.
Angiosperms
A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.
centripetal force
A force that causes an object to move in a circle
Chlorophyll
A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria.
Biotic community
A group of organisms that live together within a definable area or habitat
Species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
estuary
A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean.
Limestones
A hard sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium carbonate or dolomite, used as building material and in the making of cement.
Gravity corer
A hollow steel tube with a heavyweight on top used to collect cores. Used in later explorations.
REMEMBER...
A hotspot is thought to result from a thermal plume existing in the mantle underneath the plate that is relatively stationary and sustains volcanism on the surface of the crust, producing island chains like Hawaii as the plate moves slowly over the hotspot.
Why is the surface area to volume ratio important for phytoplankton?
A larger ratio provides higher resistance to sinking and less energy to stay afloat
Thermocline
A layer in a large body of water, that sharply separates regions differing in temperature so that the temperature gradient across the layer is abrupt.
Pycnocline
A layer of water in which there is a rapid change of density with depth.
Neap tide
A less than average tide occurring at the first and third quarters of the moon
Cnidarians
A macroscopic zooplankton that have soft bodies and tentacles armed with stinging cells (nematocysts)
Entropy
A measure of disorder or randomness.
Declination
A measure of how far north or south an object is from the celestial equator
Meteorite
A meteoroid that has hit earth's surface.
Coccoliths
A minute rounded calcareous platelet, numbers of which form the spherical shells of coccolithophores.
Bivalve
A mollusk that has two shells held together by hinges and strong muscles.
Harmful algae bloom
A population explosion of toxic algae caused by excessive nutrient concentrations.
Eutrophication
A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria. Can cause HABs and humans dumping fertilizer, sewage and animal waste contributes to this phenomenon.
Chemosynthesis
A process where certain organisms, such as bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates.
Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)
A program that replaced the Deep Sea Drilling Project in 1983, focusing on drilling the continental margins using the drill ship JOIDES Resolution.
Upwelling
A rising of seawater, magma, or other liquid.
How is a scientific theory different from a scientific hypothesis?
A scientific hypothesis is a tentative initial explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested, and a scientific theory is an explanation for a phenomenon that is very well established and substantiated by an abundance of evidence. C
peat deposits
Accumulation of organic matter in marsh environments y
Harmful algal blooms (HABs)
Accumulations of fast-growing, dense patches of harmful algae.
Pacific type margins.
Active margins that are seismically active.
Atmospheric waves
Air-air interference
Ocean waves are of what interference?
Air-water interference
The percentage of radiation that is reflected back into space (term)
Albedo
What is the continental drift? Who proposed the idea?
Alfred Wegener. Continents were once one lard land mass know as Tangea.
Kelp belongs to what type?
Algae
Green algae
Algae found in freshwater (chlorophyll)
Brown algae
Algae found in middle latitudes and colder water
Red algae
Algae that is most abundant and widespread coming in varied colors
Hydrosphere
All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans
Antinodes are:
Alternating crests and troughs
Census of Marine Life (CoML)
Ambitious 10 year program to map our shortcomings for knowledge on the ocean and the inhabitants
How is echolocation and sonar used to map out the ocean floor?
Amount of time the sonar wave takes to bounce back determines depth.
Ocean color is influenced by what factors?
Amount of turbidity and photosynthetic pigment
Define Supercontinent.
An aggregation of several continental land masses
Reversing current
An alternating current that moves into and out of restricted passages along a coast.
Bivalve
An animal with two hunted shells (clam or mussel)
fjord estuary
An estuary in a fjord, a steep, submerged, U-shaped valley.
Red tide
An harmful algal bloom that occurs in salt water
cultural eutrophication
An increase in biological productivity and ecosystem succession caused by human activities.
Swim bladder
An internal gas-filled organ that helps a bony fish stabilize its body at different water depths.
Cnidarian
An invertebrate animal that uses stinging cells to capture food and defend itself. (jellyfish and man of war)
Hemoglobin
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen
cold-core ring
An offshoot stream from an ocean current that forms a ring with a core of cold water.
Autotrophic
An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy.
Heterotrophic
An organism that cannot make its own food
mollusk
An organism with a soft body; had shell; clam, mussels
Petroleum
Ancient remains of microscopic organisms.
Echinoderms
Animals who have thick spiny skin that is reinforced by calcium carbonate plates
Crustaceans
Animals with paired jointed limbs and a hard exoskeleton
Protozoans
Any large group of single-celled, eukaryotic, usually microscopic organisms that are generally not photosynthetic.
poison runoff (non-point source pollution)
Any type of pollution that enters the ocean from multiple sources
Kingdom fungi
Consists of unicellular and multicellular organisms that cannot make their own food (heterotrophs)
Describe the process of Sea-Floor Spreading.
As plates move apart, new ocean crust is created at mid-ocean ridge and destroyed at deep-sea ridge due to subduction.
How does the Hawaiian Islands form?
As the plate moves over the hot spots, magma breaks through the crust and solidifies to create new land
Metal Sulfides
Associated with hydrothermal vents and black smokers along mid-ocean ridge. Transported via sea floor spreading to everywhere.
The plates that ride on top of each other of the weak zone in the mantle are called the _____________.
Asthenosphere
Define Pacific Type Margins.
At a plate boundary dominated by tectonic activity.
What current moves between the N and S Atlantic gyres?
Atlantic equatorial countercurrent
What are the four main oceans? And one more?
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Artic, Southern
Term for the atmosphere absorbing radiation
Atmospheric absorption
Clouds (cooling effect)
Audibly (to yourself) articulate an example of a negative feedback loop
Ice melting
Audibly (to yourself) articulate an example of a positive feedback loop
Phytoplankton
Autotrophic plankton
Producers
Autotrophic; Nourish themselves through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Decomposer
Bacteria
_____________ are simple living organisms that usually lack a nucleus.
Bacteria
What allows for organisms to live near hydrothermal vents?
Bacteria that use chemosynthia to produce food.
Suborder Mysticeti
Baleen whales (blue waggle and humpback)
Lagoons form in what type of estuary
Bar built estuary
Plankton are organisms that float. Why is a copepod, which can swim and propel itself through the water, classified as plankton?
Because of its small size, it cannot swim very far or fast so its location is determined by currents
Refraction
Bending of each wave crest as waves approach the shore
What is the most East current of the south Atlantic subtropical gyre?
Benguela current
Falkland current
Between South America and the Brazil current
Fourth Trophic level
Bigger Carnivores
PCB's and DDT have what characteristics?
Biologically active, toxic, persistent,
What is the difference between a black and white smoker?
Black has metals, white does not.
Temperature when boiling occurs
Boiling point
Benthos
Bottom dwellers
The Baltic Sea averages at 10% salinity and is considered
Brackish
Decomposers
Break down organic compounds that compose detritus.
Faculae
Bright patches that are visible on the Sun's surface, or photosphere.
Characteristics of passive continental margins include...
Broad continental shelves
What are some examples of macroscopic algae?
Brown algae, green algae, red algae
Atoms
Building blocks of matter
solar bulges
Bulges caused by the moon (half the size of lunar ones)
ocean acidification
CO2 dissolving in seawater lowers ocean pH
Isothermal
Constant temperature.
Plastics
Constitute the vast majority of marine debris
Carbonate
CO3 2-. Primarily formed from rock called limestone; most limestones contain fossil marine shells, others seem to be directly from seawater. Percolation of groundwater can dissolve limestone and create massive sinkholes/caverns.
This compositional layer of the earth is very thin and composed mostly of silicate rocks.
CRUST
Calcium carbonate
CaCO3. Deposits mostly come from algae called coccolithophores and protozoans called foraminifers. Make calcareous ooze.
_____________ ooze is found in shallow oceans with warm, surface water.
Calcareous
Producers (autotrophs)
Can nourish themselves and don't rely on other organisms
1. What is the definition of life?
Capture, store, transmit energy. Are capable of reproduction. Can Adapt to environment, Can change through time.
Threatens California's coastline (an invasive species)
Caulerpa taxifolia (tropical sea weed)
Ciguatera
Caused by eating fish that have fed on toxic dinoflagellates
positive feedback loop
Causes a system to change further in the same direction.
negative feedback loop
Causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving
Milankovitch Cycle
Changes in the shape earth's orbit and tilt that cause glacial periods and interglacial periods.
The most abundant ion in seawater is
Chloride
Coccolithophores
Circular shaped phytoplankton covered with small calcareous plates called coccoliths made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3); live in temperate warm surface waters and contribute to calcareous seafloor deposits.
The long term average of weather is called
Climate
What direction do subpolar gyres in the S hemisphere go?
Clockwise
Which direction do subtropical gyres rotate in the N hemisphere?
Clockwise
Which direction does the N Atlantic subtropical Gyre rotate?
Clockwise
Hydrothermal vent biocommunity
Communities created around hydrothermal vents
Biomass pyramid
Compares the biomass of different trophic levels within an ecosystem; Shows the mass of producers that are needed to support primary consumers, the mass of primary consumers required to support secondary consumers, and so on.
Eukarya Domain
Complex organisms that are multicellular
Hydrocarbons
Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen
Plankton nets
Cone-shaped nylon net used to capture plankton by being towed at a specific depth; direct method to get a measurement of primary productivity.
Kingdom Plantae
Consists of multicellular plants.
What are tropical cyclones called in the Indian Ocean?
Cyclones
Cores
Cylinders of sediment and rock.
Countershading of fish
Dark colored on top and light colored on bottom
Detritus
Dead organic matter.
Highly stratified estuary
Deep estuary and watch a bird layer salinity increases from the head to the mouth reaching a value close to that open ocean water
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Deep focus earthquake
Crusts
Deep ocean nodule and crusts = reliable source of cobalt.
Abyssal clay
Deep-ocean deposits containing at least 70% lithogenous sediment. Often oxidized and red in color, thus commonly termed red clay.
Active continental margins are characterized by...
Deep-sea trenches
Slightly stratified estuary
Deeper estuary in which salinity increases from the head to the mouth at any depth (two layers identified)
global engineering
Deliberately manipulating earth to counteract unwanted effects
Antarctic Bottom Water
Densest water in the world
Deep currents
Density driven circulation, moves vertically
Consumers (heterotrophs)
Depend directly or indirectly on other organic compounds for their energy
Pelagic Deposits
Deposits found in deep ocean basins. They are typically fine-grained, and can come from turbidite deposits of neritic sediment spilling over to the deep-ocean basin, but most come from fine-grained material from volcanic eruptions, windblown dust and fine material carried from deep ocean currents
Neritic Deposits
Deposits found on continental shelves and in shallow water near islands and generally coarse-grained; Includes beach deposits, continental shelf deposits, turbidite deposits, and glacial deposits
Lysocline
Depth in the ocean where pressure is high enough to dissolve calcium carbonate; below lysocline, dissolves at an increasing rate with depth; average depth at 4000 meters
Compensation depth for photosynthesis
Depth where light is so limited the net photosynthesis becomes zero
Calcite compensation depth (CCD)
Depth where rate of dissolving calcium carbonate stops; on average 4500 meters deep
Hydrogenous sediment
Derived from dissolved material in water.
Cosmogenous sediment
Derived from extraterrestrial sources! Compose very small portion of overall sediment on ocean floor, but two main types: Spherules and Meteors
Sessile
Describes an organism that remains attached to a surface for its entire life and does not move
Producer
Diatom
Siliceous ooze example would be a
Diatom
Diatomaceous earth
Diatom rich ooze that accumulates on the ocean floor and lithifies into lightweight white rock composed of diatom tests and clay.
Siliceous ooze
Diatomaceous ooze, Radiolarian ooze, Silicoflagellate ooze.
What are the three golden algae types?
Diatoms, coccolithophorids and dinoflagellates
_____________ are golden algae with tests made up of silica. _____________ are golden algae tests made up of calcium carbonate.
Diatoms; cocoolithosphores
Tectonic estuary
Forms when felting or folding of rocks creates a restricted down dropped area and to which the sea has flooded
Enough heat energy being removed from a liquid causes it to freeze to a solid, the temperature this occurs at is called the substance's:
Freezing point
Three distinct zones of a lagoon
Freshwater zone; transitional zone; salt water zone
factors/processes control the distribution of biogenous sediment on the ocean floor
Dilution (e.g., of biogenous oozes by lithogenous deposits in neritic environments) Productivity (i.e. how many living organisms there are in the surface waters above a potential sediment deposition site) Destruction (i.e. when the shells of organisms dissolve in the water column before being deposited on the ocean floor)
plankton nets
Direct at sea method to capture plankton
Floating device, propellor flow devices
Direct methods for measuring surface currents
How is it possible that ocean salinity is in steady state?
Dissolved ions that are being added to the ocean are counteracted by several processes that remove them from seawater.
What are the three types of plate boundaries?
Divergent, Convergent, Transform D = moving apart mid-A ridge C = towards each other, Eurasia and India T = Sliding past each other
18. How are marine organisms affected by high pressure at depth?
Do not have large internal air pockets that can be compressed
Boundary between trade winds along the equator
Doldrums
What caused birds (the inspiration for the Alfred Hitchcock movie) to go bezerk?
Domoic acid
Two pairs of fins most active swimming fish use to stabilize themselves:
Dorsal and anal
Turbidity currents
Downslope movements of dense, sediment-laden water
Features of submerged shorelines
Drowned beaches, drowned river valleys, submerged dune topography
Pregnant females
During gray whale migration, what group leaves the mating grounds first?
Trophic level
Each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy.
What does the Theory of Plate Tetonics state?
Earth's crust is divided into several plates that move independently of one another in response to the heat flow in crust.
West Australian Current
Eastern boundary of Indian subtropical Gyre
Canary Current
Eastern boundary of N Atlantic subtropical gyre
Canary current
Eastern boundary of N Atlantic subtropical gyre
California current
Eastern boundary of N pacific subtropical Gyre
Benguela Current
Eastern boundary of S Atlantic subtropical gyre
equatorial countercurrents
Eastward flow between N and S equatorial currents
Salt deposits
Economically useful salts include halite and gypsum. Halite is used as a common table salt and gypsum is used in plaster of Paris for casts and molds
Wetlands
Ecosystems in which the water table close to the surface
Visible light
Electromagnetic waves that are visible to the human eye.
Why are there fewer marine species than on terrestrial ones?
Environment (the oceans are more stable and thus produce less variability for organisms adapting)
8. What are the 3 types of benthos?
Epifauna, Infauna, Nektobenthos
What are the 4 biozones of the oceanic province?
Epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, abyssopelagic
Current that flows between the N and S equatorial currents
Equatorial counter current
Marine sediments
Eroded particles and fragments of dirt, dust and other debris that have settled out of the water and accumulated on the ocean floor.
Salt wedge estuary
Estuary in which a wedge of salty water intrusions from the ocean beneath the river water
The three domains of life are?
Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya
What are the 3 domains of life?
Eukaraya, archea, and bacteria
Davidson Current
Example of a local geostrophic current.
Low salt marsh
Extends from mean sea level to high neap tide line
Euphotic zone
Extends from surface to compensation depth for photosynthesis, which is approximately 100 m deep in the open ocean, but 20 m near the coast.
Outer sublittoral zone
Extends from the inner sublittoral zone to a depth of 200 meters
High salt marsh
Extends to highest spring tide line
Inner sublittoral zone
Extends to the depth at which marine algae no longer grow attached to the ocean bottom (160 FT)
The earth's continents have always been in the same position on the earth that they are today.
FALSE
True or False. Marine organisms are 10% of all species?
False, 14%
Abyssal fan.
Fan shaped sedimentary feature found at the base of submarine canyons.
Poikilothermic
Fancy term for cold blooded
Where is the greatest quantity of sediments found?
Farther away from oceanic ridge.
Carolus Linnaeus
Father of Taxonomy
Third Trophic level:
First carnivores
Abyssal plain.
Flat, featureless area of the sea floor
Guyots.
Flat-topped sea mounts.
Sea arches
Form when wave action continues to erode a sea cave, cutting completely through the rock
Another name for the Portuguese man o war is
Hydrozoan
The Red Sea averages at 42% salinity and is considered
Hypersaline
dead whale hypothesis
Hypothesis regarding new hydrothermal vent communities (dead organisms creating 'stepping stones'g
Gas hydrates
Ice-like crystalline minerals that form with low molecular weight gas.
Universal common ancestry
Idea that all organisms on earth share a common genetic heritage
500
If human-caused emissions remain at or near their current rate of increase, atmospheric carbon dioxide is expected to be about _____ parts per million sometime between 2050 and 2100,
ecliptic plane
Imaginary plane that contains the ellipse in which the earth orbits the sun
Ecosystem
Includes biotic community and environment which exchanges energy and chemical substances.
Eubacteria Domain
Includes simple life forms that lack a nucleus (purple bacteria, green nonsulfur bacteria)
Pressure gradients, radar altimeter, Doppler flow meter
Indirect methods for measuring surface currents
Plankter
Individual plankton organism
Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP)
Initiative in 1968 set up by JOIDES (Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling) to collect cores of sediment from around the ocean. Had a specially designed drill ship called the Glomar Challenger. Confirmed existence of sea floor spreading by noticing the following: 1. The age of the ocean floor increased with distance from mid-ocean ridge 2. The sediment thickness increased with distance from mid-ocean ridge 3. Earth's magnetic field polarity reversals were seen in ocean floor rocks
What is the long name for MARPOL?
International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships
The boundary called doldrums is also called the
Intertropical Convergence Zone
Bond created by oppositely charged ions
Ionic bond
Sea mounts.
Isolated volcanic mountains beneath the surface with a vertical height of 1000 meters
The density stratification of the interior layers of the earth tell us what important information about the early formation of the planet?
It tells us that in its early formation, the earth was completely molten.
Where did the most expensive tsunami occur?
Japan
Scyphozoan, or commonly more known as:
Jellyfish
Loudest sound on human record came from the explosion of what volcano?
Krakatau
2. Give some examples of macroscopic zooplankton.
Krill, cnidarians,
What is the world's first commercial-scale power plant?
LIMPET 500
Epifauna
Living on or attached to the seafloor
Stromatolites
Lobate structures of fine layers of carbonate, which form in salty, warm, shallow-water environments
Coral bleaching
Loss of color in corals (could be climate, zooxanthallae disappearance or lack of nutrition)
Type or caudal fin found on fast cruising fish (rigid and useless for maneuverability)
Lunate
1. Differentiate between lungers and cruisers. Which type of muscle tissue can be found in each?
Lungers = wait for prey, white muscle tissue (grouper); Cruisers = actively seek prey, red muscle tissue (tuna)
This interior layer of the earth is composed mainly of magnesium silicate rocks and some iron.
MANTLE
What is thought to cause Sea-Floor Spreading and Continental Drift?
Magnetic pull
Petroleum (oil)
Main type of pollutant
Kingdom Protista
Mainly single celled eukaryotic (has a nucleus) cells, Example: algae, amoeba
Subneritic Province
Major benthic province which is less than 200 meters deep (extends from spring high tide shoreline)
Suboceanic Province
Major benthic province which is more than 200 meters deep
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Major tanker accident in Alaska in 1989, that resulted in a major oil spill in Prince William Sound.
Sirenia
Manatees and dugongs belong to the order:
What is the deepest part of the ocean? Part of what trench?
Mariana Trench.
Ability of oceans to moderate temperatures along coastlines and islands is the
Marine effect
Rogue waves
Massive solitary and spontaneous waves that can reach enormous heights (but occur around normal ocean waves)
photodegradable
Materials that will degrade in the presence of sunlight
Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)
Maximum fishery biomass that can be removed yearly and still be sustained by ecosystem. According to UN, 80% of the 523 world marine fish stocks that were assessed were classified as exploited, overexploited, or depleted/recovering from depletion.
Sorting
Measures the uniformity of grain sizes and indicates selectivity of transportation process. All the same = well sorted. Not the same = poorly sorted
Temperature which melting occurs is a substances's :
Melting point
Meteors
Meteorite = materials debris from meteors; settles out around impact site and is either composed of silicate rock material or iron and nickel.
Counterillumination
Method of using bioluminescence on the underside of a fish to appear invisible
Rotary drilling
Method used today to collect cores from deep ocean.
state true differences between neritic and pelagic sediment deposits
Neritic deposits are found in shallower waters while pelagic deposits are found in deep-ocean basins. Neritic deposits are typically coarse-grained, while pelagic deposits are fine-grained. Pelagic deposits typically accumulate much more slowly than neritic deposits.
Tropical oceans
Productivity is low year round and limited by nutrients
Diatoms
Microscopic algae in shells made of opaline silica (SiO2) called tests.
Archaea Domain
Microscopic bacteria like creatures (prefer extreme temperatures or pressures)
Foraminifers
Microscopic to macroscopic single called protozoans
Phytoplankton
Microscopic, free-floating, autotrophic organisms that function as producers in aquatic ecosystems.
conveyer-belt circulation
Model "idea" combining that of thermohaline circulation and surface currents
3. What are the 5 kingdoms?
Monera, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protoctista
Perigee
Moon closest to the earth (higher tides)
Apogee
Moon most distant from earth (smaller tides)
western boundary currents
More intense than east boundary currents, up to 60 miles wide, very deep, transport warm water
Waning Gibbous
More than half of the left side of the moon is illuminated.
Remember....
Most calcareous oozes contain some siliceous material, but siliceous oozes rarely contain calcareous material.
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (particles, nutrients & molecules)
Erosion
Movement of smaller pieces of rock produced as a result of weathering.
Osmosis
Movement of water molecules from higher solutions to lower solutions (ONLY WATER)
ebb tide
Moves water away from the shore
flood tide
Moves water into the shore
Ooze
Must contain at least 30% biogenous test material by weight and the rest is usually lithogenous clay. There is much more ooze than macroscopic biogenous sediment on ocean floor.
shorelines
My grades back-and-forth with the tide and has the waters edge
Plate-boundaries.
Narrow regions where plates meet.
Microscopic biogenous sediment
Need microscope to see; includes the tiny shells called tests which are produced by little organisms and then sink to bottom of ocean when they die
Driftnets (gillnets)
Nets that are dragged through the water and indiscriminately catch everything in their path. Monofilament that is virtually invisible to marine animals; as a result, have a lot of bycatch.
Nodes have:
No vertical movement
Walker Circulation Cell
Normal Conditions; air pressure across the equatorial pacific is higher in the eastern pacific.
Which hemisphere is the Arctic circle in?
North
North Atlantic Current
North boundary of N Atlantic subtropical gyre
South equatorial current (I)
Northern boundary of Indian subtropical Gyre
North Pacific current
Northern boundary of N pacific subtropical gyre
South Equatorial current (SA)
Northern boundary of S Atlantic subtropical gyre
South Equatorial Current (SP)
Northern boundary of S pacific subtropical Gyre (along equator)
Oligotrphic
Not nutrient rich (open ocean)
Frequency (f)
Number of wave crests passing through fixed location per unit of time
Eutrophic
Nutrient rich (upwelling and high latitude regions)
Two factors necessary for photosynthesis:
Nutrients and solar radiation
Why do colder regions have more plankton in them?
Nutrients brought by upwelling feed a higher plankton population
This interior physical layer of the earth is liquid.
OUTER CORE
Coral bleaching
Occurs when a coral becomes stressed and expels most of its colorful algae, leaving an underlying ghostly white skeleton of calcium carbonate
Splash waves
Occurs when landslide or iceberg crashes into ocean
destructive interference
Occurs when overlapping ways have the same characteristics but come together out of sync and cancel one another
Nitrogen narcosis
Occurs when the blood starts absorbing too much nitrogen and replaced oxygen
mixed interference
Occurs when waves of different lengths & heights overlap producing a complex wave pattern
Oceanic crust floats lower in the mantle than continental crust because
Oceanic crust is thinner and denser than continental crust. Correct
Foraminifer
One of a group of tiny single-celled organisms that live in surface waters and whose secretions and calcite shells account for most of the ocean's carbonate sediments.
What makes the Antarctic circumpolar current (West Wind drift) unique?
Only current to go around the entire planet, moves more water than any other
Celerity
Only used in relation to waves where no mass is in motion, only the waveform
Calcareous ooze
Ooze composed of mostly the hard remains of organisms containing calcium carbonate.
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation AMOC
Part of the conveyer belt in the North Atlantic
Atlantic type margins.
Passive margins that are not seismically active.
Define Atlantic Type Margins.
Passive margins.
High slack water
Peak of each high tide with no current motion
The two pairs of fins most active swimming fish use:
Pelvic and pectoral
Tides are
Periodic raising and lowering of sea level
Crepuscular
Pertaining to twilight
DDT is a type of
Pesticide
Western Intensification
Phenomenon that causes the west side of subtropical gyres to be more intense
Phosphates
Phosphorus bearing compounds occurring abundantly as coatings on rocks; mined since they are valuable as fertilizers.
Diatoms
Photosynthesizing phytoplankton; occupy upper, sunlit surface waters. It has silica protective covering with holes to absorb light and nutrients and also release waste.
Spring bloom
Phytoplankton rapidly develops
5. What are the different types of Plankton?
Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Holoplankton, Meroplankton, Macroplankton
Carnivora
Pinnipeds (walrus, seals, sea lions)are within which group of marine animals?
Fisheries
Places for catching fish and other sea animals commercially.
Zooplankton
Plankton that cannot make their own food
Name 3 pieces of evidence for continental drift.
Plant fossils: pangea, pantholassas Rocks, fossils, climate, puzzle like fit
Dinoflagellates
Plant-like protist that cause red tides.
Where are most vents located?
Plate boundaries.
Descending air at the poles creates high pressured regions called
Polar highs
Slight separation of charge in the geometry of a water molecule gives the molecule and electrical:
Polarity
Glacial deposits
Poorly sorted deposits mostly laid down from glaciers in the most recent ice age that melted.
Standing stock
Population which is the mass present in an ecosystem at a given time; successful fisheries leave enough individuals to repopulate the ecosystem after their harvest.
Coastal Upwelling
Primarily along the western coast of continents. Waters that move away from the coast are replaced by cold water from below that come up to the surface.
Define Archimedies Principle.
Principle stating that buoyant forces and floating objects are equal to the weight of the weight of the displaced fluid.
Primary productivity
Rate at which organisms store energy through the formation of organic matter (carbon based compounds), using energy derived from photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Eastern pacific garbage patch
Region in the North Pacific Gyre where trash collects (west of California)
Pollution
Release of harmful materials into the environment
Average length dissolved substances stay in the ocean and accumulate
Residence time
Which direction do northeast trade winds tilt?
Right
Rotary Current rotates what way in the N hemisphere?
Rotates counterclockwise
Type of Caudal fin that is flexible/useful for accelerating at slow speeds
Rounded
Manganese nodules
Rounded, hard lumps of manganese, iron and other metals typically 5 cm in diameter, but as large as 20 cm
Instrument used to measure seawater salinity
Salinometer
Studying the sea floor is studying what type of Earth process?
Sea floor spreading.
How does a hydrothermal vent form? Why are they beneficial?
Sea water seeps into cracks and is heated by the magma beneath the sea floor. The pressure from the heated water pushed the heated water up through vents in the sea floor.
Ciguatera
Seafood poisoning caused by the ingestion of certain tropical reef fish that have high levels of dinoflagellate toxins. Symptoms = gastrointestinal, neurological, and cardiovascular disorders. Causes the most seafood-related illnesses in humans worldwide.
Methane
Second most abundant green house gas (great warming per molecule, cattle, landfill decomposition)
Backshore
Section of the store above the high tide shoreline and is covered with water only during storms
Turbidite deposits
Sediment deposited by turbidity currents characterized by both horizontally and vertically graded bedding.
Lithogenous/terrigenous sediment
Sediment that begins as rocks on continents or islands
Biogenous sediment
Sediment that is made up of the skeletons and shells of marine organisms.
Subduction zone seep
Seep related to folded sedimentary rocks
Hypersaline seeps
Seeps that exist around areas where salt deposits are underneath the continental rise
Hydrocarbon seeps
Seeps where oil and gas deep (hydrogen sulfide and or methane)
Food chain
Sequence of organisms through which energy is transferred starting with an organism that is a primary producer, then herbivore, then one or more carnivore, and culminating with "top carnivore."
Vertically mixed estuary
Shallow low-volume estuary where the net flow always proceeds from the head of the estuary toward its mouth
Silicia
SiO2. Mostly comes from algae called diatoms and protozoans called radiolarians. Accumulation of siliceous tests results in siliceous ooze. Forms in cold environments, in areas of upwelling where deep-ocean water comes to surface to supply nutrients that stimulate biological productivity.
Quartz
SiO2. The most abundant, chemically stable and durable minerals in Earth's crust, and composes most lithogenous sediment.
Grunion
Silvery fish that come out of the water to spawn
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Simple and bacterialike; extreme pressures/temps, could be most ancient life forms on earth
Kingdom Eubacteria
Simple organisms; single called with no nucleus
Coccolithophores
Single celled and planktonic. Produce thin plates or shields made of calcium carbonate that overlap to make spherical tests. Photosynthesize. 10 to 100 times smaller than diatoms so called nannoplankton.
Radiolarians
Single-celled protozoans that are mostly planktonic; often times have long spikes or rays of silica protruding from siliceous shell. Eat external food. Typically have well-developed symmetry
Radiolarians
Single-celled protozoans with a test made of silica (microscopic)
Oolites
Small calcite spheres 2 mm or less in diameter that have layers like an onion and form in shallow tropical waters with high concentrations of CaCO3. Thought to precipitate around nucleus and grow when they roll on beach, but algae could aid their formations.
Nematocysts
Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators
Spherules
Small globular masses composed of silicate rock and show evidence of being formed by extraterrestrial impacts on Earth.
Meiofauna
Small marine organisms that live between sediment organisms (0.1-2 millimeters long)
Tektites
Small molten pieces of black, green, brown, or gray natural glass formed from terrestrial debris ejected during meteorite impacts; mostly iron or nickel
Nurdles
Small pieces of photodegraded plastic.
Micro plastics (micro beads)
Small plastic particles (every beach in the world, in a variety of products)
Subpolar gyres
Smaller gyres found in 60^ N or S latitude that rotate the opposite way
Cnidarians have
Soft bodied and stinging tentacles
Which direction does the S Atlantic subtropical Gyre rotate?
South
Which hemisphere is the Antarctic circle in?
South
What current splits off of the coast of Brazil
South equatorial current
What is the South most current of the South Atlantic Gyre?
South equatorial current
West Wind Drift (I)
Southern boundary of Indian subtropical gyre
North equatorial current (NP)
Southern boundary of N Pacific subtropical Gyre
West Wind adrift (SA)
Southern boundary of S Atlantic subtropical Gyre
West wind drift (SP)
Southern boundary of S pacific subtropical gyre
North equatorial current (NA)
Southern most border of N Atlantic subtropical Gyre
Photophores
Specialized organs that are vital for bioluminescence
Suspension feeding (Filter feeding)
Specially designed structures organisms use to filter plankton from seawater; for example, barnacles and clams.
Holoplankton
Species of zooplankton that spend their entire lives as plankton
Heat capacity per unit mass of body:
Specific heat
constructive interference are associated with what tides?
Spring tides
SeaWiFS
Stands for Sea-viewing Wide Field of View Sensor; Instrument used to collect ocean color.
narrow and deep valleys on continental slopes
Submarine canyon
Proxy
Substitute
Descending air at 30 degrees N and S latitudes (high pressure zones)
Subtropical highs
Quadrature
Sun earth and moon are in a 90 degree angle
Define Pangea.
Supercontinent; 255 million years ago
Name an example of nektobenthos
flat fish, octopuses, crabs, sea urchins
Bioaccumulation
The accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism.
Biotic community
The assemblage of organisms that live together within a definable area.
Grain size
The average grain diameter as determined from a random cross section.
Backwash
The backward movement of water down a beach when a wave has broken
Ecosystem
The biotic community plus the abiotic
395
The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide is currently ______ parts per million and is increasing by about 2 parts per million each year.
Weather
The condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place.
Photosynthesis
The conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Lithosphere.
The crust and part of the upper mantle.
Compensation depth for photosynthesis
The depth at which net photosynthesis becomes zero.
Subduction.
The down thrusting of one plate beneath another.
Berm
The dry, gently sloping zone on the backshore of a beach at the foot of the coastal cliffs or dunes.
What is one theory for how earth's early (and more permanent) atmosphere formed?
The earth's early atmosphere formed from the outgassing of water vapor, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and other gases from the earth's interior.
Disturbing force
The energy that causes ocean waves to form
Eutrophication
The enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients
Cryosphere
The frozen parts of the earth (sea glaciers, ice, and permafrost)
If 18.25 mL of an 0.0020 M iodate solution is rquired to titrate a 10.00 mL sample of vitamin C solution, What is the molarity of the ascorbic acid in the solution?
The individual oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, etc.) on the earth are physically cut off from one another by land barriers that prevents the mixing of waters between different ocean basins.
constructive interference
The interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with a larger heighth
Troughs
The low points on a wave
Biomass
The mass of living organisms in a given area
Waxing Gibbous Moon
The moon is increasing in light between a first quarter moon and a full moon.
Water vapor
The most important (and abundant) greenhouse gas
Upwelling
The movement of deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to the surface. Note: Highly productive areas tend to be found along the western margins of continents, where surface currents are moving towards the equator; Ekmans transport causes surface water to move away from coasts so nutrient-rich water constantly rises to replace it.
Swash
The movement of water up the beach after a wave breaks.
Define Plate boundaries.
The narrow regions where plates meet
Incidental catch (Bycatch)
The non-commercial animals that are killed during fishing for commercial species.
Hadal zone
The ocean below 6000 meters )consists of only deep trenches along margins of continents
bathyal zone
The ocean between about 200 and 4,000 meters (700 and 13,000 feet) deep.
Abyssal zone
The ocean from a depth of 4000 to 6000 meters (includes more than 80% benthic environment)
Which of the following best describes the formation of the early ocean?
The oceans formed about half a billion years after the earth formed, probably largely due to the condensing of early atmospheric water vapor. Correct
bathypelagic zone
The pelagic environment from a depth of 1000 m to 4000 m. No sunlight at all.
Respiration
The process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain.
Biological pump
The process whereby carbon cycles through the ocean as organic matter decomposes
Electromagnetic spectrum
The range of light that exists. Note the following: 1) From radio waves to gamma rays, most of the light in the universe is invisible 2) When violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red light combine, white light is produced 3) Shorter wavelength light like x rays and gamma rays damage tissues in high doses 4) Longer wavelengths like infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are used for heat transfer and communication
Gross ecological efficiency
The ratio of energy passed on to the next higher trophic level divided by the energy received from the trophic level below.
Describe how magnetic reversal helped to support Sea-floor spreading.
The rocks had stripes that indicated changes in the magnetism
Continental rise.
The sediment laden boundary between continental and oceanic crust.
Nannoplankton
The smallest plankton that consists of those organisms (such as bacteria) passing through nets of very fine mesh silk cloth.
wave-cut bench
flat, wave-eroded surface
Despite the fact that Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift was in good agreement with the scientific observations available at the time, the theory was ultimately widely rejected by the scientific community. Why?
The theory could not offer a plausible mechanism for how the continents actually move or what forces are moving them.
Temperature variations on the earth fall within a fairly narrow range due to
The thermal properties of water.
Biomass
The total mass of organisms in a given area or volume.
Tidal Periods
The two high water bulges are separated by 12 hours
Thunniform
The type of swimming generated by myomeres movement in fish
Bioremediation
The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems
If a wave exceeds 1/7 (H over L) hat will Jalen,
The wave breaks
Biological pump
The way in which material is removed from the euphotic zone to the seafloor; pumps carbon dioxide and nutrients from the upper ocean and concentrates them in deep-sea waters and seafloor sediments.
Asthenosphere.
The weak, plastic upper layer of Earth's mantle over which the plates move.
What is the euphotic zone?
The zone where there is enough light to support photosynthesis
Shrinkage caused by cold temperatures (creating more density) is called
Thermal contraction
A rapid change in ocean temperature with change in depth is the:
Thermocline
Layer of rapidly changing temperature is called the
Thermocline
Unique properties of water that act to moderate changes in global temperature
Thermostatic effects
Why do faults with horizontal displacements not cause tsunami?
They do not change the volume of the ocean basin
coastline
They mark the boundary between the shore in the coast
When boat technology was developed ~40,000 years ago, what was probably the main motivation for humans at this time wanting to travel around the ocean?
They were mainly following their food sources. C
Plastics
This is illegal to dump 25 miles offshore
1. Wind speed, 2. Duration, 3. The fetch
Three factors to determining the energy behind waves
Obliquity
Tilt of earth's axis changes over time (ranges from 21.8- 24.4 degrees)
Aerosols are
Tiny particles and droplets suspended in the air
Tests
Tiny shells produced by little organisms and then sink to the bottom of the ocean when they die.
Most fresh water fish are hypertonic, meaning their body cells contain more salt than the surrounding water. Since osmosis should push water into their cells, why don't they explode?
To reduce the amount of water in their cells, they do not drink water and they secrete large volumes of dilute urine
What caused the most expensive tsunami?
Tohoku Earthquake
Subtropical belts that are high pressure toward the equatorial lower pressure belts
Trade winds
Equatorial currents
Travel westward along the equator (made by the trade winds)
Productivity in _____________ oceans is limited to nutrients.
Tropical
On the side of a fault where the sea floor drops down, which part of the wave will go outward first?
Trough
Wave train is 1/2 the speed of an individual wave (T OR F)
True
Type of Caudal fins found on faster fish that are somewhat flexible and better for propulsion
Truncate and forked
Hydrozoan
Type of Cnidarian that are pushed across the surface of water by winds
If mass increases, then gravity will do this.
increases
Red Tide
When dinoflagellates exist in such abundance that they color surface waters red; it has nothing to do with the tides. Sometimes caused by natural oceanic conditions stimulating productivity or sometimes caused by nutrient-rich runoff from land.
Chemosynthesis
When organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates
Ice rafting
When rock particles trapped in glacial ice are carried out to sea by icebergs that break away from coastal glaciers; when they melt, particles are released to the ocean floor
Isotonic
When the concentration of two solutions is the same
Equatorial upwelling
When trade winds drive westerly equatorial currents on either side of equator, Ekman transport causes surface water to diverge toward higher latitudes making surface waters get replaced by cold nutrient-rich water
Symbiosis
When two or more organisms associate in some way that benefits at least one of the parties
1948
When was the International whaling commission established to manage whale hunting?
2000
When was the first vent found in the Indian Ocean?
1993
When were gray whales removed from the endangered species list?
1985
When were vent communities first discovered in the Atlantic?
Subtidal zone (rocky)
Where are kelp forests attached?
Hemoglobin
Where cetacea store oxygen in red blood cells
Myoglobin
Where cetacea store oxygen in their muscles
Mid-latitudes
Where is there the greatest algae diversity?
Tropical latitudes
Where is there the greatest animal diversity?
Secondary treatment of sewage
Where sewage is exposed to bacteria-killing chlorine
Cold water
Which type of water has more nutrients and thus, more life sustainability? (Cold or warm)
Isaac Newton
Who developed the universal law of gravitation
Suffocation (Their death removes oxygen from the water)
Why do dinoflagellates dying cause other marine organisms to perish as well?
Abiotic means
With out life (abiotic environment)
Anoxic means
Without oxygen
Precession
Wobble in Earth's rotational axis
Headlands
areas of the coastline that project farther out into the ocean than the land next to them
Eutrophication
artificial enrichment of water by a previously scarce nutrient; results in harmful algal blooms (HAB)
Annelid worms
Works that dig through sediment easily and clean the sediment as they do so
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
World's largest accidental oil spill
Invaded Great Lakes of North America
Zebra mussel
Middle tide zone
Zone that is alternately covered by all high tides and exposed by all low tides
Spray zone (or Supratidal zone?
Zone that is covered by water only in storms (above spring high tide)
High tide zone
Zone that is relatively dry and covered only by the highest high tides
Low tide zone
Zone that is usually wet but exposed during the lowest low tides
Copepods
__________ are microscopic shrimplike animals
Sunspot
a cooler darker spot appearing periodically on the sun's photosphere
longshore current
a current that flows parallel to the shoreline
Chemolithotrophy
a form of metabolism in which energy is generated from inorganic compounds (rock)
The Hawaiian Islands- Emperor Seamount Chain is a feature formed by/at
a hotspot.
La Niña event
a period of well above average rainfall in eastern Australia that often brings floods
wave train
a series of waves
littoral zone
a shallow zone in a freshwater habitat where light reaches the bottom and nurtures plants
diatomaceous earth
a soft, fine, porous deposit that is composed mainly of the skeletons of diatoms
spilling breaker
a turbulent mass of air and water that runs down the front slope of the wave as it breaks
Splash waves are
a type of tsunami
Seawalls
a wall or embankment erected to prevent the sea from encroaching on or eroding an area of land.
longitudinal waves
a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of wave motion (sound)
Transverse waves (side to side)
a wave vibrating at right angles to the direction of its propagation.
Bioluminescence
ability to organically produce light
bioluminescent
able to emit light
Biomagnification
accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain
Confirmation of seafloor spreading was supported by the...
age of seafloor
Which type of organism makes up most of the biomass in a coral reef?
algae
syzygy
alignment of three celestial bodies
pelagic environment
all ocean water, from the shoreline down to the deepest ocean trenches
What are the reasons the ocean has a smaller daily, seasonal, and annual temperature range than that experienced on land?
all the above
gravitational force
an attractive force that acts between any two objects
deep biosphere
an environment that exists within the sea floor itself
SeaWiFS
an instrument that conducts ocean color measurements using a radiometer
warm-core ring
an offshoot stream from an ocean current that forms a ring with a core of warm water
convection cells
circular patterns caused by the rising and sinking of air
Name an example of infauna
clams
What organisms live in a sediment covered low tide zone?
clams, sand crabs, lugworm, sandstar
High pressure system are associated with _____________ weather while low pressure systems are associated with _____________
clear, precipitation
Which direction does anticyclonic flow go?
clockwise
What factors create the color differences between coastal waters and open ocean water? What color is found in each region?
coastal is green. open ocean is blue due to microscopic algae that create chlorophyll
7. Why are ocean margins rich in life?
coastal upwelling, cold, nutrient rich water lifted to sunlit surface
where do euryhaline organisms live?
coastal waters (estuaries)
Calcium carbonate is more likely to dissolve in warm or cold water.
cold
8. Are most fast swimming fish warm blooded or cold blooded?
cold blooded
12. What are the different types of symbiosis?
commensalism, mutualism, parasitism
How does species diversity compare for rocky and sediment covered shores?
compared to rocky shores, diversity of species in sediment covered shores is less
Eukarya
complex organisms; multicellular plants; multicellular animals; DNA is housed in discrete nucleus
Copepod
comprise majority of ocean's zooplankton biomass
If enough heat is removed from a gas, it condenses. The temperature where this happens is called the substance's:
condensation point
cotidal lines
connect simultaneous high tide points
Spit
connects at one end to the mainland and hooks into a bay at the other
Biomass
consists of plankton
The Himalayan mountain range is a result of this type of plate boundary.
continent-continent convergent
Where are nutrient levels highest?
continental margins
A generally flat zone extending from the shore to the shelf break
continental slope
Siliceous ooze is associated with _____________, _____________ water
cooler and deeper
_____________ comprise majority of oceans zooplankton biomass and are a vital link in many marine food webs
copepods
tektites
cosmogenous
intertidal zone
crabs abundant in all zones, portion of the shoreline that lies between the high and low tide lines
aphotic zone
dark layer of the oceans below the disphotic zone where sunlight does not penetrate (below 1000M)
Lowest layer of the ocean based on density
deep water
As the salinity of ocean water increases, what happens to its density
density also increases
8. What are some examples of microscopic algae?
diatoms, coccolithosphores, dinoflagellates, photosynthetic bacteria
tidal ranges
difference between high and low tides
Resultant forces
differences between centripetal and gravitational forces
What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
diffusion goes from high to low and osmosis is from low to high concentrations
9. What is Red Tide and which organism produces it?
dinoflagellates produce Red Tide = harmful algal bloom
17. How do fish obtain oxygen?
dissolved gases
Wavelength (L)
distance between 2 successive crests or troughs
decay distance
distance over which waves change from choppy sea to uniform swell
equatorial upwelling
divergence of currents at equator generates upwelling and high productivity
Tectonic plates move away from each other at what type of plate boundary?
divergent
10. Why are more species found in the benthic zone?
easier to survive on the deep ocean floor, cooler water has more biomass
Peru Current
eastern boundary of S pacific subtropical gyre
What is the roles of consumers and what are some examples?
eat other organisms. Ex. Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
7. What are some examples of organisms that inhabit mudflats?
eelgrass, turtle grass, fiddler crabs
full moon phase
entire lit side of the moon is seen
Rising air (low pressure) at the equator called
equatorial low
fully developed sea
equilibrium condition where waves cannot grow (because they lose as much energy breaking as whitecaps under gravity as they receive from the wind)
Submarine canyons were most likely formed by...
erosion by turbidity currents
Sea caves are...
erosion that happens at the opposite side of the headlands
climate system
exchanges of energy and moisture between these spheres
Coast
extends inland from the shore as far as ocean-related features can be found
Dead Zone
extensive areas with poor oxygen levels in the water. (gulf of mexico)
The early oceans on the earth were just as salty when they first formed as they are today.
false
pelagic
far ashore
What conditions lead to ocean eutrophication?
fertilizer, sewage and animal waste
10. How do human activities contribute to Eutrophication and Harmful Algal Blooms?
fertilizer, sewage, animal waste in coastal waters
What is schooling?
fish in a large synchronized group, usually to avoid predation
4. What is the importance of krill?
food for many organisms from seabirds to blue whales
coastal plain estuary
forms as sea level rises and floods existing river valleys
barrier flats
found between dunes and high marsh
Planktonic
free floating "wanderers."
6. What is the Euphotic zone?
from surface to about 100 meters (330 feet)
swim bladder
gas filled sac that controls buoyancy
What organisms live in a sediment covered high and middle tide zone?
ghost shrimp, bristle worm
baleen plates
giant plates in the mouths of whales that help them gather plankton and krill
10. Why do deep water nekton use bioluminescence?
good sensory devices; ability to organically produce light
_____________ the largest migration of any mammals.
gray whale
One example of a lunger would be
grouper
still water level (zero energy level)
halfway point between trough and crest where water line would be without waves
For water, the solid phase
has a lower density than the liquid phase.
Zooplankton and an example
heterotrophic (cannot produce food) Ex. Worm
What determines ocean color?
high and low chlorophyll
Eutrophic
high chlorophyll=light green=coastal areas
Crests
high points on a wave
3. Along a rocky shore, what are the different tidal zones? Be familiar with Fig. 15.2 p. 440
high tide, middle tide, low tide and sub tidal zones
4. Along a sediment covered shore, what are some of the different tidal zones? Be familiar with Fig. 15.8 p. 445.
high tide, middle tide, low tide, sub tidal zones
Tropical cyclones are called what in N and S America?
hurricanes
evaporites
hydrogenous
5. What are some examples of Cnidarians?
hydrozoan and scyphozoan
Freshwater fish are isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic relative to their environment?
hypertonic
The majority of the earth's active volcanoes and large earthquakes are located/occur
in and around the Pacific Ocean basin.
Where do Eurythermal organisms live?
in coastal waters, bc they have more variety in changes in temperature
global warming
increase in the average temperatures on Earth
If distance decreases, gravity
increases
Copepods
minute shrimp-like crustaceans; often they are the most common zooplankton in estuarine waters
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
mitigate and prevent civil liability from the future oil spills off the coast of the United States.
Top most layer of the ocean (based on density)
mixed surface layer
Waning Crescent
moon phase right before a new moon
Warm water species have more or fewer appendages than cold water species.
more
cold water is more or less dense than warm water?
more
11. How does temperature affect distribution of marine life?
more appendages in warmer water due to sinking
What are the characteristics of hydrothermal vents?
more biomass than the rest of ocean floor, vents may have been some of the first regions where life became establishes
What is the distribution of species on Earth and of marine species?
more land species than marine species; 14% are marine organisms
Hypertonic
more salty than fresh water, don't drink, cells absorb salt, large volume of diluted urine.
low tide zone
mostly wet; abundant algae, hidden animals (clams, sand crabs, sand star)
biological pump
moves material from euphotic zone to sea floor
neritic
near shore
which portion of the ocean would have the highest benthic biomass?
nearshore
5. What are nutrients and how are they supplied to the oceans?
nitrate, phosphorus, iron, silica; runoff
What is diffusion
nutrients that move from high to low concentration
spring tides
occur during the full and new moons, tides are very high and very low
proxigean tides
occur when spring tides coincide with perigee, so these are especially large tides
surging breaker
occurs when the seabed has an abrupt slopes down surges the wave forward
Marine sediments and sediment cores are important data sets for earth and marine scientists because they can tell us information about past conditions on the earth, including
ocean current patterns major extinction events changes in earth's climate
surface currents
ocean currents on the top of the water that are driven by wind (horizontally)
New lithosphere is produced in association with
ocean ridges
Deep linear scars in the deep ocean floor caused by plate convergence
ocean trench
Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's...
oceanic trenches
where do stenohaline organisms live
open ocean
Where do stenothermal organisms live?
open ocean, more stable in coastal waters but don't change much
Pelagic Environment
open sea, divided into layers based on depth and physical conditions
Perihelion
orbital point nearest the sun
What is the definition of eurythermal?
organisms can tolerate large changes in temperature
5. What are infauna? Give some examples.
organisms that are covered into sediment. clam, sand dollar
Stenothermal
organisms that can withstand only very small temperature changes (found more in open ocean)
primary productivity
rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem (from photosynthesis)
wave steepness
ratio of wave height (H) to wavelength (L)
Cruiser has ______ muscle tissue
red
_____________ is a type of HAB caused by an overabundance of algae known as _____________
red tide; dinoflagellates
Bycatch ________.
refers to the accidental capture of animals
Evaporation
removes heat from the ocean and carries it into the atmosphere.
Krill
resemble minishrimp; abundant near Antarctica; food for many organisms from seabirds to blue whales
1. How do marine organisms stay afloat?
rigid gas container
All of the following are possible sources of sediments that would be classified as 'lithogenous'
rivers turbidity currents glaciers
surface processes would lead to a decrease in surface seawater salinity through
runoff and precipitation
longshore bars
sand bars parallel to coast
Tombolos
sand deposits that build up behind sea stacks (isolated islands near the coast)
What organisms live in a sediment covered sub tidal zone?
sand dollar, heart urchin, sea cucumber, horseshoe crab
benthic environment
sea bottom, divided into layers
Which of the following organisms would live in the low tide zone? sea star/crabs/clams
sea star (soft bodied)
bay barrier
seals off a lagoon from the ocean
offshore zone
seaward of nearshore zone
crustacean
segmented body, hard exoskeleton, paired jointed limbs (crab, lobster)
longshore trough
separates longshore bar from beach face
9. Which regions have the lowest benthic species diversity? Why?
shallow offshore ocean floor; lowest beneath upwelling regions
reefs
shallow water communities restricted to tropics
El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
short-term, periodic changes in location of warm and cold water masses in the Pacific Ocean
Bacteria
simple life forms with cells that usually lack a nucleus
Protozoa
single celled organisms with the ability to move independently
Beach face
sloping portion of beach below berm
capillary waves
small rounded waves with v-shaped troughs and wavelengths less than 1.74 centimeters (ripples)
Krill
small, shrimplike creatures, food for whales and fish
2. What is photosynthesis and what is the importance of photosynthesis to ocean's biomass?
solar energy; 99% of biomass relies on photosynthesis for food
sewage sludge
solid material that remains after treatment
wave dispersion
sorting of waves by wavelengths
The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is
sound waves
The first recorded attempt to measure the ocean's depth was conducted using which of the following techniques?
sounding
taxonomist
specialist in classifying (animals, etc.); CF. taxonomy: science of classification
Holoplankton and an example
spend entire lives as plankton. Ex. Diatom
Meroplankton and an example
spend part of life as plankton (juvenile or larval stages); ex. squid
hydrothermal vents
spots on the ocean floor where hot gases and minerals escape from earth's interior into the water
Name an example of epifauna
starfish, flounder
hard stabilization
structures built to protect a coast from erosion
Progression of a season when the sun is directly above the Tropic of Cancer (June)
summer solstice
Euphotic Zone
sunlit surface waters, can support photosynthesis
Myoglobin
supports high metabolism; more oxygen (tuna)
14. What are some feeding strategies of marine organisms?
suspension & filter (clam), deposit (worms), carnivorous feeding (sand star)
gravity waves
symmetric waves that have wavelengths exceeding 1.74 cm
The density of surface ocean water is influenced by
temperature and salinity
Dinoflagellate
tests made of biodegradable cellulose; not sea floor sediment. toxins, fish kills, human illness
What is the deepest zone of the suboceanic province?
the hadal zone
spray zone
the highest rocks above the highest high-tide line
disphotic zone
the layer of a lake or ocean that receives sunlight, but not enough for photosynthesis (1000M)
Pacific Decadal Oscillation
the long term change in location of warm/cold water masses
maximum sustainable yield (MSY)
the maximum amount that can be harvested without compromising future availability of a resource
longshore drift
the movement of sand along the beach
benthic environment
the ocean floor and all the organisms that live on or in it; also known as the bottom environment
sublittoral zone
the ocean zone that begins at the low-tide limit and stretches to the edge of the continental shelf
oceanic province
the part of the pelagic environment that overlies the ocean floor at depths greater than 200m (660ft)
abyssopelagic zone
the pelagic environment from a depth of 4,000 m to 6,000 m
neritic province
the portion of the marine environment that overlies the continental shelf (660ft/200M deep)
Bioluminescence
the production of light by means of a chemical reaction in an organism
1. What is meant by primary productivity?
the rate at which energy is stored in organisms through the formation of organic matter through photosynthesis, chemosynethsis.
The Principle of Constant Proportions states that...
the relative concentration of seawater ions does not change
Dunes reduce beach erosion because
the roots of dune plants hold sand in place
Standing waves are produced by periodic waves of
the same frequency, amplitude, and wavelength traveling in opposite directions
Streamlining
the shaping of an object so that a gas or liquid will move easily around it
Geosphere
the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle (minerals volcanos)6
Paleoclimatology
the study of past climates
epipelagic zone
the upper 200 m (660 ft) of the oceanic province
echolocation
the use of reflected sound waves to determine distances or to locate objects
What is the neritic province?
the zone with water depths less than 200 meters
11. What is the importance of coral reefs?
they home to 25% of all marine species
mesopelagic zone
this zone is between 200 and 1000 meters below the ocean surface (twilight zone)
lunar bulges
tidal bulges caused by the moon
wave period (T)
time for one wavelength to pass fixed point
Dead zones can be created by
too much input of nutrients
Suborder Odontoceti
toothed whales (dolphins porpoises killer whale sperm whale)
Odontoceti
toothed whales; dolphins, porpoises, killer whales, sperm whales
9. What is the relationship between body shape and swimming speed of fish?
torpedo shaped body on fast swimmers
lowermost portion of Earth's atmosphere where most weather occurs
troposphere
Marine sediment deposits are thinnest where the ocean floor is youngest
true
