Gilded Age and Unionization (1865-1900)

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Laissez-faire Capitalism

"Allow to do"; Minimal govt intervention, little-to-no labor laws; Boom and bust economic cycles; Rise of big business in US; Mass production and entrance into national markets; Impersonal relationship with workers; Wealthy industrialists and unskilled laborers; Anti-competitive practices (i.e. mergers, monopolies)

Chinese Exclusion Act

Chinese immigration curtailed on the West Coast; 1882; Chinese immigrants face hard labor conditions and discrimination

Railroad Strike

1877; West Virginia; Rail workers strike

Haymarket Affair

1886; Chicago; Bombing during labor demonstration; Bad look for unions; Anarchists making their way into unions

Homestead Strike

1892; Pennsylvania; Steelworkers strike

Pullman Strike

1894; Chicago; Employer cuts wages resulting in labor demonstrations; Results in labor laws nationally

Key Gilded Age Business Figures

Andrew Carnegie; Cornelius Vanderbilt; John D. Rockefeller; JP Morgan - All making their fortunes in the post-Civil War Gilded Age of American business

Mary Harris "Mother" Jones

Co-founder of IWW (Industrial Workers of the World); American strike organizer and schoolteacher

Ellis Island

Entrance to US for poor/working class Europeans; New Jersey location, past Statue of Liberty; Immigrants are subject to literacy tests, medical inspections; 2% sent back

Thomas Edison

Famous American inventor; Creates iteration of the lightbulb; Captures the publics attention; Works with big business

Knights of Labor

Founded in 1869; Organizing both skilled and unskilled workers; Unorganized

American Federation of Labor

Founded in 1886; Organizing skilled workers; Organized; Spurred by workers opposed to the Knights of Labor

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Founded in 1905; Also called "Wobblies"; Embracing Socialism

Samuel Gompers

Founded the AFL (American Federation of Labor); Labor and union leader

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

Garment/textiles factory (most employees being teenage girls) fire; Doors locked; 146 deaths; Jumpstarts national interest into working conditions and child labor

National Labor Organizations (Unions)

Multiple employees (often in blue-collar jobs); Campaigning for higher pay, lower hours, and other terms; Forming strikes and uprisings; vs. business owners; Utilizing collective bargaining; Began late 1860s and 70s; Relative victories

Vertical Integration

Practice in which a single entity controls 2 or more aspects of production; as opposed to those pieces of the supply chain being owned by separate companies

Horizontal Integration

Practice in which an entity controls a majority of a single key aspect of the production

Rose Shneiderman

Prominent garment factory strike organizer and feminist in the early 1900s

Eugene V. Debs

Ran for President 5 times, Socialist, Prominent union and strike organizer; Co-founder of IWW (Industrial Workers of the World)

Push Factors

Reasons for European immigrants to leave their home countries: Population growth, famine, land scarcity, violence, and persecution

Pull Factors

Reasons for European immigrants to move to America: Freedom/democracy, land/recourses, jobs, American letters (i.e. relatives in America), Quick passage

Angel Island

West Coast Ellis Island; Entrance to the US for Asian (mostly Chinese) immigrants and workers; Literacy tests, medical inspections; 10% sent back


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