Global Sports and National Culture

wicket

3 stumps and 2 bails

When was the first Olympic Games held? How often? How long did this tradition last?

776 BC every 4 years 12 centuries In August during full moon

By the end of the 19th Century, where was cricket being played worldwide? Test matches have only ever been played in which kinds of countries?

Australia, west indies, New Zealand, India, South Africa Countries that were part of the British empire

Why are English Test cricket matches against Australia called "the Ashes"?

Australian player got really mad- W.G. Grace England lost to Australia- Australia came back Grace's lack of sportsmanship Known as ashes because they beat England and there was a fake obituary for England cricket The trophy is an ern of ashes- take back the ashes

Describe the political situation in Argentina in the 1970s. How did hosting and winning the 1978 World Cup affect it?

Chaotic/ ungovernable There was campaign against government Soccer campaign head was killed Confusing world cup. The city transformed- lots of cheering and pride It brought the country back together Proved other countries wrong-they are a good TEAM

What is the place of Uruguay in soccer history? What is "garra charrúa" and how does it apply to the Uruguayan national team?

First South America team to tour in Europe They gave the world a new type of soccer They were completely unknown Short passing/skillful Single most influential match in development of European football

first black captain

Frank Worrell

Cricket was meant to be a source of unity in the Empire. But back in England, it was split along class lines. Explain this division.

Gentlemen amateurs could afford to play for the love of the game- taught to play correctly Lower class professionals known as players were payed to perform - taught to hit the ball to the lag Could be seen in styles of batting

Clive Lloyd

He instils the power of purpose

Juan Perón was president of Argentina from 1946-1955. What role did soccer play in his politics of Peronismo? Why didn't he allow the Argentina national team to play abroad?

He wanted to build a self-dependent Argentina He was not prepared to get beat by other countries Fear of losing their good players too He encouraged football boom- he built stadiums Golden years for football in Argentina

What is the truly national sport for Barthes? What are the best examples of this?

Hockey. Sport that springs from very substance of its country.

How and when was the Copa de Libertadores launched?

In 1960 South America's own competition for clubs In honor of liberators of portogul rule

What does the expression "It's not cricket" mean? What does this tell us about the place of cricket in English society?

It means it's not right. Proves that it was stepping stone and very important to the English Cricket is right- it's a good thing- proper/honest

Sport vs. Theatre

Sport is now a country- entire world, spectators take part in it, sport is to speak w voice (communicate) Theatre brought together society, spectators do not take part in it

Who was W.G. Grace? How did he change the sport of cricket? How did he revolutionize the playing of the game?

Star of cricket He used his talents to see off professionals He was the great draw Revolutionized cricket Play off back and front feet Modern defensive play He was armature- he made fortune out of expenses

What was cricket like in the early days? Who played it? How did they play?

The English played it 2 stumps- one on each side no limit to boundaries/time bowling under hand Cricket in England was divided by class Upper class- amateurs Lower class- professionals

To what extent was cricket seen as an expression of English morality? Why?

The notion of the sportsman = Christian virtue/English virtue

What happened in Chile's Estadio Nacional in the 1970s? Why did the Soviets refuse to play a World Cup qualification match there?

The stadium was used as concentration camp- right before world cup They said they could not play because they couldn't travel to a country of dictatorship and where they had concentration camps

What happened during the 1986 World Cup? Who was the unquestionable star? What is the place of the quarterfinal match between England and Argentina in soccer mythology?

The turn of Argentina- Argentina won Diego Maradona Single handedly won the game Azteca Stadium- the hand of God goal took place, Goal of the century-there was a FIFA poll and this won Focalin's war He declared war against British- ten week, conflict and British won

What are the differences between traditional games and modern sports?

Traditional- enjoyment, how the game is played mattered Modern-emphasis on result (win /lose)/ winner

the metals represent...

United States began the tradition in 1904

Why and how was the Marylebone Cricket Club founded? What were some of the objectives of the members? Where was the permanent place of this club established?

Wealthy group of land owners founded Codified meaning of the sport Lords in London- considered home of cricket Club for dominant class in society Dominant authority in crickets All about class distinguish They saw great money was to be made and took control of the game

What is sport? How does sport respond?

With another question: who is best? This means sport is all about the competition.

overs

six legal deliveries of the ball by the bowler after the sixth there is a new bowler 20/20 cricket is 20 overs each

runs

teams with most runs wins

Batsman

the batter (2) when ball is in play they run back and forth, they can stay and not move when 10 get out the inning is over

what does the olympic flag represent?

the five continents in the world, united by Olympism, while the six colors are those that appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time.

oval

the outfield pitch- infield no lines- informal

dismissal

ways of getting out

Explain the process by which soccer was codified (obtained a set of rules). What were some of the rules that were established? How did soccer differ from rugby?

• 11 London clubs met to make rules • called themselves football association • prevent hacking/handling- they were banned • wanted it to be a kicking game • they agreed on ruled by match by match basis • sometimes played football sometimes rugby • uniforms • FA cup- competition- award- prize o People want to be the best • Permanent locations

When were the first soccer leagues established in the U.S.? Why did they fail to continue?

• 1921 • the great depression caused them to fail because it was "un American"

Describe how soccer spread throughout Latin America.

• Argentina • Sustain millions of families and players- thankful • British used to hold power • They were good- beat British • Football became a form of identity • Railways helped spread it- wherever they went that's where soccer went

How would you describe the 1896 Summer Olympics? What were the opening ceremonies like? Who participated? What were some of the events?

• Athletes walked around track with music • Each country in their own line with their flag • All men • Women were in the stands • "let the games begin" • 400,100, discuss, triple jump • winner at podium with anthem playing • King/Queen/leaders/Rich people in stands

Mesoamericans

• Ball made of rubber • The ball symbolized the sun • The losing captain was sacrificed to Gods

What was the significance of Jesse Owens' performance in these Olympic Games? What does the film tell us about the context?

• Black • Fastest sprinter of America • He wins • Hitler refused to shake his hand • He won but they did not give it to him

What are the 1968 Mexico Olympics best remembered for?

• Black Power Salute • The protest Olympics • They were suspended from Olympic games and banned from Olympic Village

How has Brazilian soccer influenced notions of national identity in this country, especially with regard to race?

• Black and mixed-race players blamed for loss • multiculturalism

Japanese (Kamari)

• Celebrated life not death • Playing field square, ball round o In between the trees • Ball flies over like sun • 2 teams • 6 or 8 people • nobody wins or loses • just enjoy the game

What took place during the 1962 World Cup? Who hosted it? What happened during the match between Chile and Italy? Why was this match so controversial?

• Chile hosted it • The Battle of Santiago- so much violence • Police, punches, and players sent away • Chile won 2-0 • Chile was a small, poor town- earthquake interrupted preparation • "Appalling, disgusting, disgraceful, stupid"

Why did certain countries boycott the Olympics during the 1980s? How did these boycotts affect the Games?

• Cold War • Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan • Jimmy Carter threatened U.S. boycott of Olympics if they did not withdraw • Trying to get non-communist countries to do it too • U.S. Boycotts • The tensions were high • Moscow Olympics

Why were these Games especially significant for Jewish and Israeli athletes?

• Emotional moments • Home of Nazis • Israel team showed up for Olympic memorial ceremony at concentration camp near by • Shows they cannot be destroyed

What is the Brazilian notion of futebol arte? What are the influences from popular culture?

• Emphasis on dribbling, artistry during play • Contrasted with European style of organized, structured play • Individuals showcases talent and ability • Brazilian society: value not winning, but artistry of play • Popular influences o Culture of the favela (slums) (city of God) o Samba o carnival o Catholicism o Capoeira Martial arts dance o Brazilian football as a melting pot

Why was soccer initially rejected in Germany? Which sports were popular there at the time? When did soccer finally become popular in this country?

• English import • English was enemy • The uniforms did not agree with German men • They did gymnastics • Before war gymnastics • After war soccer- industrial workers only had 8 hour days so they had leisure time

Describe the birth of soccer in the public schools of Britain. What were its origins? How did it develop?

• Existed to educate the sons of the country's old landed and new commercial family • For the elite • Social superiority of young male aristocrats • Allowed boys to turn off energy- after revolting • Upper class students- lower class teacher

Who is Zinédine Zidane? What happened during the 2006 World Cup? What is his place in soccer history?

• First man to be named both best player and best coach • Makes it to final against Italy • He head-butts guy and that marks end of his career o Says I want to f*** your mother • The most popular man in France even though he is from Algeria (6 year Civil War a lot of people killed)

the Olympic Rings represent...

• Five parts of the world that are now won over by Olympism and willing to accept healthy competition • Blue=Europe • Black=Africa • Red=Americas • Yellow=Asia • Green=Oceania

Describe the importance of soccer matches in India. What was the relevance to colonialism?

• Football was political • Real freedom • To get people to come to church- teach them football • One league

What image of Germany did this country hope to present before the world?

• Friendliness • No police • Unarmed security officers • Olympic memorial service • Move past the holocaust • Look more democratic

What role did the Industrial Revolution play in the development of soccer?

• Game really took off • Structure of week with clear breaks for leisure time • Working class popular teams emerged • Futbol could expand • Railways so important o Teams traveled o It was impossible without them o New clubs sprung up • Charge people to come in • Public school teams always won • Then working team won

How did the memory of the 1936 Berlin Olympics affect the organization of the 1972 Munich Games?

• Germans saw them as a way to erase bad memories from the 1968 Olympics which Nazis used for propaganda • 1945 Potsdam Accords

Which league was established in the U.S. in the 1960s? What were the goals of the founders? What role did Pelé play in the league? How long did it last?

• He played for New York for 7 million • He made NASL flourish • They wanted to make money- make NASL big • 1977 finally BIG • 1984 folded • but legacy of people brought up in soccer • 1996 professional launched

Describe the ancient Olympics what were they like?

• Held every 4 years • Historical chronologies • Celebrated for 12 centuries • Temple of Zeus • Heracles invented the Games • Held in honor of Zeus • Women did not compete • Athletes competed in the nude • Married women were barred from attending games with penalty of death • Violent • Tested on faith of Zeus • Religious rituals involved • Held in Olympia

Describe the 1994 World Cup match between Colombia and the United States.

• Held in US • Threats • One of the players brother was killed • Pulled one of the best players o He then quit • Came in with strength • Andres made mistake- goal in wrong side o He was killed by man associated with Cali cartel o They bet a lot of money on the game • They lost

How did soccer spread from British public schools to the rest of the world?

• Industrial revolution, railways • Soldiers and sailors spread it • Missionaries- spread Christianity that was a way to connect with people

Why was folk football banned in Britain? Why was it been perceived as a threat to the social order?

• King banned it because it was loud and could cause harm, distracting • Could not stop it from being played • You can't have old games played in great expanding urban • Distracting from archery

What was the relationship between soccer and social class in Britain at the end of the 19th-/beginning of the 20th-Century?

• Led by elites • Learned by upper class • Religion is deminishing • Games started to become professional

What are the principles of Olympism? In other words, what values or ideas are the Games meant to uphold?

• Olympism is a philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind. blending sport with culture and education, Olympism seeks to create a way of life based on the joy found in effort, the educational value of good example and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles.

What was the significance of Japan hosting the 1964 Games? Why was this so important for its national agenda?

• Peacefully, economically confident • Cancelled before because of war • Japan lost in WWII o 2 atomic bombs dropped on them • they were showing the world they had recovered • modernized their infrastructure • boosted their economy

What happened during the 1966 World Cup? Where did it take place? Why was the Argentina-Germany match so controversial?

• Pele was used as a source of propaganda by Medici's violent regime • Wembley Stadium in London • It went into overtime- nearest England player to the ball claimed it was a goal and that is how they won

Who watched the ancient games? Who were the spectators and from where did they travel? What was the "Truce of Zeus"?

• People from all over • As far as Egypt • Virgin women and men • Travelled by boat -Protected travelers

Where is cricket played throughout the world? How did it spread?

• Played in 120 countries around the world • Especially popular in the British Commonwealth o Pre-colonized countries o Lose legal ties left with Britain Australia • British spread it with their power o Major countries: Britain, India, Pakistan, Australia, South Africa, West Indies, Zimbabwe and Bangladesh all play test cricket • England's "national game"

Explain the notion of "muscular Christianity."

• Sport useful aspect of religious training • Fit body bred a fit mind • Fair play on playing field • Arnold invented idea

What was the role of religious rituals in the games?

• Statue of Zeus • First day religious purification • Zeus watching you • Athletes thought this was way of gaining mortality

Describe the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. Why were they so fraught with tension? What new tradition was established in the closing ceremonies, and what does it represent?

• Suez Crisis: Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal • Egypt invaded by Israel, UK, and France • Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon announced that they would not participate • Soviet Union crushed Hungarian Revolution • Soviet presence at the Games led to withdrawal of the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland • China boycotted because Taiwan was allowed to compete • Athletes mingled together behind national flags- meant to show unifying, pacifying, effects of games

the torch represents...

• Symbol of the Olympic games • Theft of fire from Greek God Zeus by Prometheus • Ancient Greece= fire was kept burning throughout the celebration of the ancient Olympics • Relay starts in Athens 2 weeks before, it goes around the world, handed off • Not extinguished until the end of the games

What happened on the morning of September 5th?

• Terrorists (Arab) attacked Israeli's • One man killed o Left him there in pool of blood • 11 hostages • they demanded prisoners be released • they studied the Olympic Village with east Germans before games begin • pointed them in the direction of weight lifters • Black September leader wanted release of 200 prisoners

What were some of the highlights of the Games during the first week?

• The Russians win basketball game- very controversial o US refused their metals out of protest • Mark the Shark- Jewish American- flew him home when terrorist attack began

What role did soccer play in the French "civilizing mission"? What was its place in the French educational system, both in mainland France and abroad?

• The sport can make the colonized more "malleable" • As a vehicle for spreading the value of European civilization • Tool for education and social progress, an embodiment of fair play that inculcated virtue in those who played it • Create relationships between people of different classes • Superior • 1880s Jules Ferry implemented rules

Describe the image of soccer in the U.S. during the Depression and post-World War II years.

• Un American • Communist thoughts into minds of American kids • Us played in Cuba during cold war • Soccer had to be sold-NASL- successful sport • Very few Americans played • Isolationism

How and when did soccer spread to Latin America? What role did it play in nation-building?

• Used the game to foster notions of national identity • Way to unite • Acceleration of export economies and related commerce fostered a tendency toward urbanization • Increase in leisure time, alienation from the body • British brought the game of soccer over, first to Argentina • Founded in 1867 • 1930 very popular • had become a professional sport

What role did boarding schools in England play in the development of soccer?

• Way to get rid of anger • Students rioted and attacked • Teachers were horrified • Social control

How do the 1896 Games compare to the Ancient Olympics?

• Women were in the stands • Athletes clothed • Still only men • No gods/worshipers • Less violent • More precise o Rules o Weight of things • aristocrats

Romans

• limited war fair- struggle to death • chariot races and teams had fans • knew from greeks • compete for ball • 4 lines o attack, midfield, defense, goal keeper • Ceaser invaded Great Britian

Florentines (calcio)

• played at festivals • very violent • master fear and opponent • pick up player in ball • throw the player still holding the ball • class, social standing • could not be unofficial games • roman gladiators

Scottish

• played on holidays • first balls were human heads • lots of aggression • people still reenact it • pitch entire town • goals local land marks • hundreds of people • one goal to win- could take all day • up the gates/down the gates • disrupts social order • good fishing in months ahead if down the gates wins • good crops if up the games win • no rules • folk football • Taskar o Tyrant o He flees o A local champion catches him in Perth and they behead him o Put it on the saddle it becomes septic

Explain how controversies surrounding the 1998 World Cup affected French notions of national identity.

• they host it and they win it • most of the players weren't from France • so, it really wasn't their nationality

How did soccer develop in Chile? Why did it enter the scene later than in some of the other South American countries?

•In part, a result of the separation from the rest of the continent as a result of the Andes mountains (separate Chile from Argentina) English sailors brought the game along the coast •In Citizens and Sportsmen, Brenda Elsey argues that local football clubs became sites of resistance to dictatorships, beginning in the 1970s with the Allende regime

Rules of Cricket

Similar to baseball 2 teams: 11 players each batting team- bats an innings and scores runs fielding team- bowls and gets batting team out reverse roles after an innings team with most runs wins

How did Kissinger's knowledge of soccer help him determine that the Soviets were building a naval base in Cuba?

Saw soccer field in Cuba and knew Cubans did not play soccer

How does this movie describe the practice of sport in general?

- power to transform each thing to a particular part -man and man together to triumph over things

Who was Pierre de Coubertin? Why did he decide to revive the Olympic Games? What were his ideas? What did he hope to accomplish?

-French aristocrat and a baron -he wanted to revive the Olympic Games because he believed France's defeat was due to lack of physical fitness on the part of the French -promoting health and well-being can create moral and social strength Universal exposition

How are the 1936 Berlin Olympics remembered? What was their significance?

-Hitler was in power, he was not an advocate for modern sport -Integrate Germany into the world of international Sport -Nazi ideas were in contrast with Olympic ideas

Who participated in the first Olympic Games? What were expected of the athletes?

-Naked Men, any free born greek -came 30 days early -swore oaths -Compete fairly and follow the rules. athletes= balance, grace, skill

Where were the Olympics held in antiquity? What was the significance of the place? What was the venue like?

-Olympia: religious center, statues of Gods where athletes could worship -beautiful, painted, temple with statues

How did cricket spread to the Caribbean? What was the Golden Age of West Indian cricket? What was the political significance?

-Played on the Sugar Plantations -Used as a way to control the slave population -Late 1970s to early 1990s West indies team was the strongest in the world Head hunting -West Indian found a way to fight back against colonizers

Describe the early Olympic Games (1900-1924). Where did they take place? What were they like?

-They were held a different place every four years. -19 sports -women could compete

What role did the industrial revolution play in the Rise of mass sporting culture?

-groups of people together -need for sense of community -more team sports -communication wider -travel easier -press gave workers ability to blow off steam

What are the characteristics of a sport? What makes an activity a sport?

-physical athleticism -win/lose -set of rules -promote health

When did sports in the modern sense develop?

1800s to early 1900s

Cricket originated in the rural parts of southeast England. How did it spread to the rest of the country?

Aristocracy is how it grew

What is antifútbol? Which team(s) are associated with this style of play?

Physical Relies on passing Defend the ball more than actually try to score

What was "shamateurism"?

Practice of getting paid for expenses while travelling and playing cricket Suppose to be illegal

bowler

defense- throws the ball to the batsman

Motto: cities, altos, forties

faster, higher, stronger

Describe origin of the word sport

from old French "deport" meaning "leisure" previously meant for fun, amusement

bails

not attached to wicket, just resting on stumps. consequence for bails falling off- youre out

the olympic salute

not used anymore because it is too similar to Hitler

How did cricket spread to India? What role did it play in Indian independence?

o East India Company Mercantilism • State payed British Raj • It united opposing forces • Played a role in kicking british out • Divide and conquer • Ended 1947

Describe the relationship between cricket and colonialism.

o to bring Englishness to indigenous people

boundary

out of bounds- you can hit the ball behind you