GML Chapter 25 Notes
What was the Gulf of Tonkin resolution?
Legislation passed by Congress in 1964 in reaction to supposedly unprovoked attacks on American warships off the coast of North Vietnam; it gave the president unlimited authority to defend U.S. forces and members of SEATO.
What was the "Letter from Birmingham Jail"?
Letter written by MLK jr. while he was serving a nine-day prison term in Birmingham, AL in April 1963 for violating a ban on demonstrations there. This is one of his most eloquent pleas for racial justice.
What was the stance of the YAF on Civil Rights?
Like many conservatives in this time, they used the white reaction against civil rights to their advantage. For instance. -In 1962, YAF bestowed its Freedom Award on Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, one o the country's most prominent segregationists.
What was the result of the Hart-Cellar Act?
There was an explosive rise in immigration. Also, immigrants from Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia would come to outnumber those from Europe.
What was The Feminine Mystique ?
This book is widely credited with sparking second-wave feminism in the United States. Author Betty Friedan focused on college-educated women, arguing that they would find fulfillment by engaging in paid labor outside the home.
True or False: The mid-1960s were characterized by racial violence.
True. Much of the animosity that came to characterize race relations arose from the belief of many whites that the legislation of 1964 and 1965 had fulfilled the nation's obligation to assure blacks equality before the law, while blacks pushed for more government action, sparking charges of "reverse discrimination."
True or False: "By the time Warren retired in 1969, the Court had reaffirmed the right of even the most unpopular viewpoints to the First Amendment protection and had dismantled the Cold War loyalty security system.
True.
True or False: "Taken together, the civil rights revolution and immigration reform marked the triumph of a pluralist conception of Americanism."
True.
True or False: A "backlash" among formerly Democratic voters against both black assertiveness and antiwar demonstrations helped to propel Richard Nixon into the White House.
True.
True or False: A few years after the Stonewall Inn incident, gay pride marches were being held in numerous cities.
True.
True or False: Although the 1960s are today recalled as a decade of radicalism, they clearly had a conservative side as well.
True.
True or False: By 1965, the black movement and the emergence for the New Left had shattered the climate of consensus of the 1950s.
True.
True or False: By the summer of 1967, violence had become so widespread that some feared racial civil war.
True.
True or False: Even American-Indians rose up during the 1960s.
True.
True or False: Even by 1965, tens of thousands of people were turning out to antiwar protests.
True.
True or False: JFK had to dispatch the army to Mississippi once to restore order after the Governor of Mississippi encouraged a mob to rampage through the streets in protest of a black student, James Meredith, being admitted to the University of Mississippi.
True.
True or False: The Great Society and the civil rights movement both narrowed the historic gap between blacks and whites.
True.
True or False: The boycott led by Cesar Chavez mobilized Latino communities throughout the Southwest and drew national attention to the pitifully low wages and oppressive working conditions of migrant laborers.
True.
True or False: Without the Vietnam War, which destroyed young Americans' belief in authority, the youth result was pretty inconceivable.
True.
True ro FAlse: The second wave of American feminism also spread around the world.
True.
Ture or False: Like his predecessors, Kennedy viewed the entire world through teh lens of the Cold War.
True.
True or False: To most Americans, the rise of a protest movement among white youth came as a complete surprise.
True. After all, the babies born in the 30s and 40s (and thus youth/teenagers in the early 50s) were called the "silent generation," just because they were so bland and conformist. Remember, the late 40s and 50s was an era of conformism.
True or FAlse: Environmentalism attracted the broadest bipartisan support of any of the new social movements.
True. Even Richard Nixon passed numerous legislation to protect the environment.
True or False: In the Sixties, even after more than a century of agitation for access to the public sphere, women's lives still centered on the home.
True. Friedan called the home a "comfortable concentration camp."
True or FAlse: The Sixties also witnessed a growing interest in rather religions.
True. Hindu practices like yoga and meditation became more popular with members of counterculture and even spread beyond counterculture.
True or False: 1968 was "a year of turmoil."
True. It was also a year "when momentous events succeeded each other so rapidly that the foundations of society seemed to be dissolving."
True or False: Many African-American nonviolent protesters were arrested.
True. Jails were sometimes overflowing with demonstrators. This was sometimes beneficial, however, because it gained national sympathy for the Civil Rights Movement.
True or False: During the War on Poverty, LBJ resurrected teh phrase "freedom from want." (similarities between LBJ and FDR)
True. LBJ, like FDR, believed that a lack of economic freedom led to a lack of freedom in general.
What did JFK do in relation to the Space RAce?
When the Soviets in 1961 launched a satellite carrying the first man into orbit around the earth, JFK announced that the U.S. would mobilize its resources to land a man on the moon by the end of the decade. This goal was accomplished in 1969.
Compare and contrast the youth fo the 50s with the youth of the 60s.
Whereas many of the youth in the 50s (with some exceptions, as with the growing teenage culture) followed along with the highly conformist culture of the 50s and thus became known as the silent generation, "by the late 1960s, millions of young people openly rejected the values and behavior of their elders."
What was the trio of counterculture?
sex, drugs, and rock and roll
What was the 24th Amendment?
Ratified in 1964, this amendment outlawed the poll tax.
What was an organization similar to YAF?
SDS (Students for a Democratic Society), at least in their founding documents. The Sharon Statement (established YAF) and the Port Huron Statement (established SDS) were very similar.
What single event launched the modern gay rights movement?
The 1969 police raids on the Stonewall Inn. In this incident, gays fought back against the police harassment. A militant gay rights movement was born.
What was the famous line in Kennedy's inaugural address in 1961? What did this line represent?
"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." -The line and JFK's inaugural speech in general seemed to urge Americans to move beyond the self-centered consumer culture of the 50s.
What is the overall view of Malcolm X in retrospect?
"He left neither a consistent ideology nor a coherent movement. Most whites considered him an apostle of racial violence. However, his call for blacks to rely on their own resources struck a chord among the urban poor and younger civil rights activists."
What was counterculture?
"Hippie" youth culture of the 1960s, which rejected the values of the dominant culture in favor of illicit drugs, communes, free sex, and rock music.
What did the election of 1968 reveal?
"Taken together, the Nixon and Wallace totals, which included a considerable number of former Democratic voters, indicated that four years after Johnson's landslide election ushered in the Great Society, liberalism was on the defensive."
What followed King's assassination?
"The greatest outbreak of urban violence in the nation's history in ghettos across the country"
Despite the sometimes conflicting nature of Black Power, what did the idea reflect?
"The idea reflected the radicalization of young civil rights activists and sparked an explosion of racial self-assertion, reflected in the slogan "Black is Beautiful." -The Black Power ideology reflected a new sense of racial pride and a rejection of white norms. This is visible in the culture of African-Americans during this time. For instance, blacks began to adopt the more natural "Afro" hairstyle among men and women, again showing that racial self-assertion.
What was the result of the children's march in Birmingham, AL, and the subsequent violence toward them ?
"The images, broadcast on television, of children being assaulted with nightsticks, high-pressure fire hoses, and attack dogs produced a wave of revulsion throughout the world and turned the Birmingham campaign into a triumph for the civil rights movement."
What was the general effect of the measures included in the Great Society?
"These measures greatly expanded the powers of the federal government, and they completed and extended the social agenda (with the exception of national health insurance) the that had been stalled in Congress since 1938.
What is part of the reason for the protest movement of white, affluent youth in the 60s?
"a redefinition of the meaning of freedom by what came to be called the New Left."
What was the central word of the Civil Rights Movement?
"freedom" (freedom rides, freedom schools, freedom marches, etc)
What was the rallying cry of the youth upheaval of the Sixties?
"liberation." The youth culture massively redefined freedom as a rejection of all authority.
Black Power immediately became a rallying cry for.....
"those bitter over the federal government's failure to stop violence against civil rights workers, white attempts to determine movement strategy (as at the Democratic convention of 1964), and the civil rights movement's failure to have any impact on the economic problems of black ghettos.
What was the Great Society?
-"The most sweeping proposal for governmental action to promote the general welfare state since the New Deal." -The Great Society consisted of a myriad of initiatives and pieces of legislation between 1965-1967 that are known collectively as the Great Society. -Glossary: "Term coined by President Lyndon B. Johnson in his 1965 State of the union address, in which he proposed legislation to address problems of voting rights, poverty, diseases, education, immigration, and the environment."
Compare and contrast the first and second phases of the civil rights movement.
--The civil rights movement's first phase had produced a clear set of objectives, far-reaching accomplishments, and a series of coherent if sometimes competitive organizations. --The second phase witnessed political fragmentation and few significant victories.
Go step by step with what happened in the Cuban Missile Crisis?
-American spy planes discovered that the Soviet Union was installing missiles in Cuba capable of reaching the United States with nuclear weapons. -JFK imposed a blockade or "quarantine" on Cuba and demanded all the missiles' removal. -He rejected teh advice of his military leaders, who said that authorize an attack on Cuba, since JFK thought this would have triggered a Soviet response in Berlin and perhaps a nuclear war (massive retaliation). -For 13 days, the world teetered on the brink of nuclear war. -JFK and Khrushchev engaged in some tense behind-the-scenes negotiations, and Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles. -Kennedy pledged that the U.S. would not invade Cuba and he secretly agreed to remove the nuclear-capable American Jupiter missiles from Turkey, from which they could reach the Soviet Union.
What was the Selma to Montgomery March?
-As part of the Selma campaign, MLK, defying a ban by future American Independence party candidate and current Alabama governor George Wallace, attempted in March to lead a march from Selma to Alabama's capital, Montgomery. -WHen the marches reached the bridge leading out of the city, state police violently assaulted them with cattle prods, whips, and tear gas.
What are some of the legislations that were passed under teh Nixon administration to protect the environment?
-Clean Air Act, the first major environmental law. -Clean Water Act -Endangered Species Act
What was the stance on gayness in the 50s?
-Gay men and lesbians had long been stigmatized as sinful or mentally disordered. -Most States made homosexual acts illegal, and the policy regularly harassed gay subcultures in major cities. -McCarthyism had made homosexuality to be viewed as a source of national weakness in the fight against communism. -As a result of this discrimination, most gays kept their sexual orientation secret.
What did LBJ do in response to the Tet offensive?
-He rejected the military's request to send 200,000 more troops to Vietnam. -He also announced that he would not seek reelection, which was a huge surprise.
What did Nixon campaign on?
-He said he was the champion of the "silent majority" (ordinary Americans who believed that change had gone to far) -He also called for a renewed commitment to "law and order."
What laws began addressed feminist concerns?
-In 1963, Congress passed the Equal Pay Act, barring sex discrimination in jobs. -The Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibited inequalities based on sex as well as race -The Civil Rights Act also led to the establishment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) that broke down barriers to female employment.
Besides the SDS, what is another example of other college-age students rising up against mainstream culture and their superiors?
-In 1964 at the University of California at Berkeley, the college established a new rule prohibiting political groups from using a central area of the campus to spread their ideas. Students at Berkeley, conservatives and radicals alike, responded by creating the Free Speech movement. -Thousands of students at Berkeley got involved in the protests.
Compare/Contrast JFK's and LBJ's backgrounds.
-JFK was raised in a wealthy and powerful family. -LBJ grew up in one of the poorest parts of the United States, the central Texas hill country. -Whereas JFK seemed to view success as his birthright, LBJ had to struggle ferociously to achieve wealth and power.
Summarize the overall feel of JFK's presidency in two sentences.
-John F. Kennedy served as president for less than three years and, in domestic affairs, had few tangible accomplishments. -But his administration is widely viewed today as a moment of youthful glamour, soaring hopes, and dynamic leadership at home and abroad.
What were some of the programs and offices and agencies created under Great Society legislation?
-Medicare and Medicaid -Department of Transportation -Department of Housing and Urban Development -Equal Employment Opportunity Commission -National Endowments for the Humanities and for the Arts
What are some cases in the late 50s and 60s of the Supreme Court protecting civil rights?
-NAACP v. Alabama (1958). -New York Times v. Sullivan (1964), which created the modern constitutional law of freedom of the press. -Loving v. Virginia (1967).
What was the situation with the leaders in Vietnam in the 1960s?
-Remember, Ho Chi Minh was the leader of North Vietnam from 1945 to 1969. -Ngo Dinh Diem was the anti-communist leader of the South Vietnam, propped up by the U.S. Government, until 1963. -Diem was resisting American advice to broaden his government's base of support, he was losing control of the countryside to the Communist led Viet Cong (which sought the liberation of South Vietnam from Diem and a the establishment of a new Communist regime). -The nail in the coffin for Ngo Dinh Diem was a large Buddhist demonstration against his regime, after which, in October 1963, the United States approved a military coup that led to Diem's death.
Who was LBJ's opponent?
-Senator Barry Goldwater from Arizona. -He published in 1960 The Conscience of a Conservative, which sold millions of copies. -Foreign Policy: Goldwater wanted to be more aggressive in the Cold War. -Domestic Policy: Goldwater was very opposed to the New Deal welfare state and other "internal" dangers of freedom.
Who was Cesar Chavez?
-Son of Mexican-American farm workers -Disciple of MLK jr -He and Dolores Huerta led a series of nonviolent protests, including marches, fasts, and a national boycott on California grapes, to pressure growers to agree to labor contracts with the United Farm Workers union (UFW).
Describe some of the series of events that make 1968 such a tumultuous time.
-Tet offensive in January 1968. -MLK is assassinated in April, which leads to mass demonstrations -Robert F. Kennedy, the brother of JFK, is assassinated in June. -In August, tens of thousands of antiwar activists descended on Chicago at the DNC because of pro-Vietnam war Hubert Humphrey's nomination. Chicago police violently assaulted teh marchers, producing hundreds of injuries outside the DNC hall. Eight political radicals were indicted in this, including members of the SDS, the yippies, and Bobby Seale, even though a later investigation called the event a "police riot."
Describe the military tactics used by America in Vietnam?
-They dropped tons of bombs in Vietnam than all the bombs that were used by either side in all of WWII. -They spread chemicals called defoliants that destroyed forests to deprive the Viet Cong of hiding places. -They used napalm, a very deadly gelatinous incendiary. -The army often did not distinguish between combats and civilians in their so called "search and destroy" missions.
Give the background to the Vietnam situation.
-Truman and Eisenhower cast their lot with French colonialism in Vietnam. -The French were defeated by the Vietnamese, who wanted to be freed from colonial rule. -America then financed the creation of a pro-America South Vietnamese government, in violation of the Geneva Accords of 1954 that had promised elections to unify Vietnam. -By the 1960s, the United States was committed to the survival of this corrupt, though anti-communist, regime.
What was often the response by to Freedom Rides?
-Violent moobs assaulted them. -A firebomb was thrown into a vehicle once -Klansmen attacked riders with bats and chains in one situation, with police refusing to intervene.
How many people were present at an antiwar protests in Washington D.C. in October, 1967?
100,000. There was even a confrontation with the Pentagon.
What years is 1968 similar to in the fact that it was a year of worldwide upheaval?
1919 and 1848. Demonstrations, often led by students, took place all around the globe. -The Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia is a great example of this worldwide protest.
When did Malcolm X's ideology change?
1964, when he visited Mecca and saw the harmony among Muslims of all races. "He now began to speak of the possibility of interracial cooperation" in the U.S.
What was the Hart-Celler Act?
1965 law that eliminated the national origins quota system for immigration established by laws in 1921 and 1924; led to radical change in the origins of immigrants to the United States, with Asians and Latin Americans outnumbering Europeans. The law established new racially neutral criteria for immigration.
What was the Watts uprising/riots?
1965 race riot that occured in Los Angeles. 50,000 persons took part in this "rebellion," attacking police and firemen, looting white-owned businesses, and burning buildings. -15,000 National Guardsmen and police were required to restore order, by which time 35 were dead, 900 were injured, and $30 million dollars of property were destroyed.
In what year did the Sixties reach their climax?
1968.
When was teh first Earth Day?
1970, which reflected the growth of teh new environmentalist movement.
What was Roe v. Wade?
1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision required states to permit first-trimester abortions.
What was Miranda v. Arizona (1966)?
5-4 ruling in which the Supreme Court held that an individual in police custody must be informed of the rights to remain silent and to confer with a lawyer before answering questions and must be told that nay statements might be used in court. -This case reflected the general trend in the 1960s of policing the states (Aka making sure the states were respecting the liberties outlined in the Bill of Rights).
What was Silent Spring?
A 1962 book by biologist Rachel Carson about the destructive impact of the widely used insecticide DDT that launched the modern environmentalist movement.
What was the Hanoi Hilton?
A camp where North Vietnamese mistreated American prisoners of war.
What was Stonewall Inn?
A gathering place for New York's gay community, the site of the 1969 police raids and resulting riots that launched the modern gay riots movement.
What is does "grassroots" mean?
A grassroots movement is one that uses the people in a given district, region or community as the basis for a political or economic movement. Grassroots movements and organizations use collective action from the local level to effect change at the local, regional, national or international level.
What was the Port Huron Statement?
A manifesto by Students for a Democratic Society that criticized institutions ranging from political parties to corporations, unions, and the military industrial complex, while offering a new vision of social change.
What is a teach-in?
A teach-in is similar to a general educational forum on any complicated issue, usually an issue involving current political affairs. The main difference between a teach-in and a seminar is the refusal to limit the discussion to a specific time frame or a strict academic scope. In the Sixties, it more specifically means the abandoning of classes and gathering informally to discuss social issues.
What was DDT?
A widely used insecticide. This was the chemical that Rachel Carson targeted in Silent Spring (1962), documenting the chemical's fata effects on birds and animals, as well as how it caused ilness among humans.
Who was Kathrine Switzer?
A women embodying the new feminist movement who attempted to run the Boston Marathon. Women were excluded from the race because they were considered too fragile for the marathon. When a race official tried to eject Switzer from the race, the official was pushed aside by other runners.
What was the American Indian Movement?
Also known as AIM, this was a movement founded in 1963 by Native Americans who were fed up with the poor conditions on Indian reservations and the federal government's unwillingness to help. In 1973, the American Indian Movement led 200 Sioux in the occupation of Wounded Knee. After a ten week standoff with the federal authorities, the government agreed to reexamine Indian treaty rights and the occupation ended. In summary, AIM's goal was the stage protests demanding greater tribal self-government and the restoration of economic resources guaranteed in treaties.
What was the deal with Latino Activism in the mid-1960s?
Although Mexican-Americans had been striving for more legal and economic rights for a long time, the mid-1960s "saw the flowering of a new militancy challenging the group's second-class economic status."
What was the Young Lords Organization?
An organization similar to the Black Panther except that they were Puerto Ricans and focused mainly on improving the economic and especially neighborhood conditions in Latino neighobrhoods.
Give support to the statement that "self-indulgence and self-destructive behavior were built into the counterculture."
For example, the promotion for the psychedelic drug LSD, but Harvard scientist turned prophet of mind expansion Timothy Leary.
How long does the desire of the federal government to preserve and conserve the natural environment date back to?
Back to the Progressive era, specifically with Theodore Roosevelt.
Why did the JFK want to get rid of Castro's government in Cuba so badly?
Because Cuba was becoming closely tied to the Soviet Union.
How was the Gulf of Tonkin resolution in many ways a blank check for LBJ?
Because it authorized the president or take "all necessary measures to repel armed attack" in Vietnam.
Why was the New Left "new"?
Because it rejected the intellectual and political categories that had shaped radicalism and liberalism for most of the 20th century. It challenged mainstream America, as well as the Old Left, which was rooted in communism and the ideas of Karl Marx and Lenin.
Why was the right to privacy sometimes hart to defend?
Because the Constitution does not mention the word "privacy"
What didn't Kennedy and Johnson remove the United States from this increasingly unviable situation of propping up the hated South Vietnamese government?
Because they feared that voters would not forgive them for "losing" Vietnam.
Where was the center of protest in 1963?
Birmingham Alabama.
Was Latino Activism more similar to the traditional civil rights movement or Black Power?
Black Power, since the Latino Activist movement emphasized pride in both Mexican past and the new Chicano culture (culture of Mexicans born in the United States).
What song sums up this youth culture of the Sixties as a complete rejection of authority.
Bob Dylan's song "The Times They Are A-Changing" Verse from the song: "Come mothers and fathers Throughout the land And don't criticize What you can't understand Your sons and your daughters Are beyond your command Your old road is rapidly agin' Please get out of the new one If you can't lend your hand For the times they are a-changin"
What was the book Unsafe at Any Speed?
Book published in 1965 by Ralph Nader which exposed how auto manufacturers produced highly dangerous vehicles. The significant of this book is that is laid the groundwork for the numerous new consumer protection laws and regulations of the 1970s.
What were wade-ins?
Borrowing off of the sit-ins technique, African-Americans demanded access to segregated public beaches by going onto the beach and staying there.
What were Freedom Rides?
Bus journeys challenging racial segregation in the South in 1961. -In these rides, integrated groups traveled by bus into the Lower, Deep South to test compliance with court orders banning segregation on interstate buses and trains and in terminal facilities.
By 1967, how did American society face its greatest crisis since the Depression?
By that year, with uprisings punctuating the urban landscape, the antiwar movement assuming massive proportions, and millions of young people ostentatiously rejecting mainstream values, American society faced its greatest crisis since the Depression.
How was Silent Spring first received?
Chemical and pesticide companies obviously were defensive, and tried to discredit her. -Some critics even called the book part of a communist plot.
Who was Fannie Lou Hamer?
Civil Rights activist who, in a nationally televised hearing concerning the MFDP, testified about how she had endured savage beatings at the hands of the police in her childhood, all because of her race.
What was Freedom Summer?
Civil Rights campaign organized in the summer of 1964 by a coalition of civil rights groups (SNCC, CORE, NAACP, etc) in order to register as many black voters in Mississippi as possible.
What was the March on Washington?
Civil rights demonstration on August 28, 1963, where the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. -This is often considered the high point of the nonviolent civil rights movement.
What more sinister aspect of religion emerged in the 60s?
Cults based on single-minded devotion to a charismatic leader. One notable example was the People's Temple, founded by Jim Jones. In 1978, he ordered all his followers to kill themselves in a mass suicide. 900 people died.
What were some of the most unpopular decisions of the Warren Court?
Decisions such as Engel v. Vitale which tried to reinforce the separation between church and state by decreeing that prayers and Bible readings in public schools violated the First Amendment.
Who were Nixon's rival candidates?
Democratic Party: Hubert Humphrey. Humphrey supported the Vietnam war, which caused a divide in the Democratic party. American Independence Party: George Wallace, who appealed to resentments against blacks' gains, Great Society programs, and the Warren Court.
What is affirmative action?
Dictionary: "(in the context of the allocation of resources or employment) the practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously."
When did LBJ send American troops to Vietnam?
During 1964 campaign and election, Johnson insisted that he had no intention of sending American troops to Vietnam. -Almost immediately after LBJ's reelection, the National Security Council recommended that the United States begin air strikes and introduce American ground troops to Vietnam. -LBJ put this plan into effect in February 1965, after an attack by Viet Cong.
Explain this image.
During the climactic demonstrations in Birmingham, firemen assaulted young African-Americans with high-pressure hoses. Broadcast on television, such pictures posed a serious problem for the United States in its battle for the "hearts and minds" of people around the world and forced the Kennedy administration to confront the contradiction between the rhetoric of freedom and the reality of racism.
What was SEATO?
Essentially NATO, but for Southeast Asia. Similarly, CENTO was NATO for the middle east.
Cold War tensions were ______ during JFK.
Extremely tense.
What was teh Black Panther Party?
Founded in California in 1966, it became notorious for advocating armed self-defense in response to police brutality. This was a great departure from the nonviolence advocated in the late 50s and early 60s. The Black Panther Party's militarism is visible in the fact that many of the members wore military outfits.
Where did the first sit-ins occur?
Greensboro, North Carolina.
What were "consciousness-raising groups"?
Groups established in the late 60s by women in order to discuss the sources of their discontent.
What did the racial violence in the Summer of 1967 prompt LBJ to do?
He appointed the Kerner Commission to investigate the causes of urban rioting. The Kerner Report was released in 1968. "the report failed to offer any clear proposals for change," and when it did, these proposals were often ignored.
Just when LBJ was starting to get involved in Vietnam, what other foreign affairs did he get involved in?
He intervened in the Dominican Republic, where Communists had overthrown the non-communist leader Juan Bosch. LBJ feared "another Cuba," and dispatched 22,000 American troops there.
Besides having his reputation tainted, what was a more specific reason that president LBJ did not get America out of the affairs of Vietnam?
He knew that Republicans had used the "loss" of China (when China fell to communism with the establishment of the People's Republic of China by Mao Zedong) as a weapon against Truman. He did not want to give Republicans another shot at attacking either himself or the Democratic party in general by "loosing" Vietnam.
What happened to Malcolm X's connection with Nation of Islam after his change in ideology?
He left the organization and formed his own "Organization of Afro-American Unity," which had fairly opposite ideologies as the nation of Islam.
How was LBJ's domestic policy surprising?
He made civil rights legislation his first order of business. "He would come to identify himself with the black movement more passionately than any previous president."
What happened to Malcolm X in 1965?
He was assassinated by members of Nation of Islam.
What was the Civil Rights Act?
Law that outlawed discrimination in public accomodations (restaurants, hotels, theaters), public institutions (hospitals), and employment. Passed in 1964. It also banned discrimination on the grounds of sex.
What did Kennedy do in June 1963 in relation to civil rights?
He went on national television to call for the passage of a law banning discrimination in all places of public accommodation. JFK did not live to see his civil rights bill enacted.
Who was Ralph Nader?
He wrote Unsafe at Any Speed (1965)
How did JFK's stance toward the Cold War change after the Cuban missile crisis?
His passion diminished for it, as he realized the destruction and loss of life that would occur if nuclear fallout were to happen. In 1963, JFK moved to reduce Cold War tensions. -In the Summer of 1963, the two countries agreed to a treaty banning the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere and in space.
When was the Berlin Wall built?
In 1961 in order to stem a growing tide of emigrants fleeing from East to West Berlin. Until its demolition in 1989, the Berlin Wall would stand as a tangible symbol of the Cold War and the division of Europe.
What was the situation with Alcatraz?
In 1969, a group of Indians occupied (from their pov, they were re-occupying it) Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay, claiming that it had been illegally seized from their ancestors. The protest lasted into 1971, and the result was the launch of the Red Power movement.
When did the first true, modern race riots (aka battles between angry blacks and the predominantly white policy) begin?
In Harlem in 1964.
What was different about the conservatism in the Progressive era and the "new environmentalism" of the Sixties?
In keeping with the overall spirit of the Sixties, ti was more activist and youth oriented.
How did JFK's stance toward civil rights shift in 1963 ?
In the first two years of his presidency, JFK had been focused on the Cold War and foreign policy (Peace Corps, the Alliance for Progress, Fidel Castro, etc). After the Cuban Missile Crisis had cooled down, however, the civil rights crisis eclipsed his other concerns.
How did the New Left's understanding of freedom shift over time?
Initially, it was centered on participatory democracy, a political concept. But as the 60s progressed, young Americans' understanding of freedom increasingly expanded to include cultural freedom as well.
What destroyed the Black Panther Party?
Internal disputes and a campaign against the party by the police and even FBI, which left several members dead in shootouts.
Review: What did the Supreme Court do in 1937?
It abandoned its commitment to freedom of contract, which foreshadowed the Court's emergence as a guarding of civil liberties.
What did Johnson's War on Poverty have to do with American-Indians?
It actually set aside some federal funds for reservations.
What was the main shortcoming of the Civil Rights Act (1964)?
It did not address the key civil rights issue at the time: the right to vote in the South.
Was the War on Poverty effective?
It didn't eradicate poverty, but it did succeed in greatly reducing it, especially among families.
What national effect did the events in Birmingham, 1963 have on white Americans?
It forced white Americans to decide whether they identified with blacks demanding their basic rights or with violent segregationists.
What was the significance of the 24th Amendment?
It got rid of something that had long prevented poor blacks, as well as some whites, from voting in the South.
What impact did The Feminine Mystique have?
It had a huge impact, and it instigated the second wave of feminism. Friedan got many letters from women after publication talking about how they had "voluntarily enslaved themselves" to the home.
What is the significant of Silent Spring?
It launched the modern environmental movement.
What did the events in May, 1963 in Birmingham, AL (especially the children's crusade) lead president JFK to do?
It led him to endorse the movement's goals.
What was the Peace Corps?
It sent young Americans abroad to aid in the economic and educational progress of developing countries and to improve the image of the United States there. Thus, this was aimed at combating communism.
What was the economic situation like in the mid-60s?
It was a time of rapid economic expansion, fueled by increased government spending and a tax cut on individuals and businesses.
However, how was the Latino Activist movement unlike the Black Power movement?
It was closely linked to labor struggles.
What is some of the notable literature during the early 60s that challenged one or another aspect of the 50s consensus?
James Baldwin's The Fire Next Time gave angry voice to the black revolution. Rachel Carson's Silent Spring exposed the environmental costs of economic growth. Michael Harrington's The Other America revealed the persistence of poverty amid plenty. The Death and Life of Great American Cities, by Jane Jacobs, criticized urban renewal, the removal of the poor from city centers, and the destruction of neighborhoods to build highways, accommodating cities to the needs of drivers rather than pedestrians.
What was the voting Rights Act of 1965?
Law passed in the wake of Martin Luther King Jr.'s Selma-to-Montgomery March in 1965; it authorized Federal protection of the right to vote and permitted Federal enforcement of minority voting rights in individual counties, mostly in the South.
How did LBJ's background influence his presidency?
Johnson never forgot the poor Mexican and white children he had taught in a Texas school in the early 1930s. Thus, Johnson's poor background led him to be far more interested than Kennedy in domestic reform, and he continued to hold the New Deal view that the government had an obligation to assist less fortunate members of society.
Why is it that many civil rights groups were opposed to the war?
Just like with the complaint of women in World War I, who said that the United States could not properly export and defend democracy if they did not have true democracy (aka votes for women) at home, African-Americans now said basically the same thing, saying that the United States could not be the arsenal of democracy if it did not have a true democracy at home that granted equal rights to all citizens.
Who said "The right to be let alone is the beginning of all freedom"
Justice William O. Douglas, who wrote the decision in the Griswold v. Connecticut case.
What was the result of the 1964 election?
LBJ won in a landslide -Creation: Democrats had stigmatized Goldwater as an extremist who would repeal Social Security and risk nuclear war.
What was the result of the MFDP?
LBJ, fearing a southern walkout if the MFDP were seated as a party, pressed for a compromise in which two black delegates would be granted seats. The MFDP rejected this.
Who succeeded JFK?
Lyndon B. Johnson
What notable figure was invited to Birmingham, AL to help turn things around there?
MLK Jr.
What happened in Selma, Alabama, in 1965?
MLK launched a voting rights campaign (similar to freedom summer a year previous) to register as many votes in Selma as possible. At the time, less than 500 of the city's 15,000 black residents had been allowed to register to vote.
What happened in May, 1963 in relation to Birmingham?
MLK made teh bold decision of sending black school children to demonstrate in the streets of Birmingham. -Police chief of Birmingham Eugene "Bull" Connor unleashed his forces against the thousands of young marchers. -This is known as the Birmingham Children's Crusade.
What was the Students for a Democratic Society?
Major organization of the New Left, founded at the University of Michigan in 1960 by Tom Hayden and Al Haber.
What did people do if they were drafted but did not want to fight in the war?
Many people burned their draft cards or even fled to Cambodia to avoid fighting in what they considered an unjust war.
What was the end result of the 1963 protests in Alabama?
Many places, including restaurants and downtown stores, were desegregated.
Where Civil Rights groups opposed to the Vietnam War?
Many, including the SNCC, were. -MLK Jr also condemned the war. By 1967, Kin gas the most prominent American to speak out against the war.
What was Kennedy's agenda aimed at?
New initiatives aimed at countering communist influence in the world.
What was the Alliance for Progress?
New policy toward Latin America. A sort of Marshall Plan for Latin America, although involving far smaller sums of money. The Alliance for Progress failed, since military regimes and local elites controlled the aid granted through the program, thus enriching themselves while the poor saw little benefit.
What book was very important in launching the War on Poverty?
Michael Harrington's 1962 book The Other America, in which Harrington revealed that 10s of millions of Americans lived in poverty.
What did the sit-ins reflect?
Mounting frustration at the slow pace of racial change
What organization was Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little) connected with for much of his life?
National of Islam, also known as Black Muslims. This organization "preached a message of white evil and black self-discipline."
What was the outcome of the election of 1968?
Nixon won over Humphry by a narrow margin.
Did the Vietnam war break it's opponents' ability to fight or make the South Vietnamese government any more able to survive on its own?
No.
Was Malcolm X's ideology in line with the mainstream civil rights movement?
No. "Even during teh heyday of the integration struggle, the fiery orator Malcolm had insisted that blacks must control the political and economic resources of their communities and rely on their own efforts rather than working with whites." -Malcolm X was very much like Ras the Exhorter from Invisible Man.
Was all well in Birmingham after the May 1963 protests?
No. Even though more places were desegregated, blacks still faced violence. For instance, in the 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing of September, 1963, a bomb exploded at a black Baptist church in Birmingham, killing for young girls.
Was Freedom Summer peaceful?
No. There were thirty-five bombings, including against whites aligned with the mission of the civil rights movement.
Were the concerns for the New feminist movement only restricted to sexuality and abortion?
No. They were also concerned with violence against women to inequalities in the law, churches, workplaces, and family life.
Was Roe v. Wade a decision made under the Warren Court?
No. Warren retired in 1969, but the case was built on the rulings and precedent of the "rights revolution" made by the Warren Court
Did the 19th amendment really affect women's lack of power and opportunity?
No. When the 1960s began, only a handful of women were in politics, and newspapers divided job ads into "male" and "female" sections.
What were the goals of the March on Washington?
Not just racial equality. Also a public-works program to reduce unemployment, an increase in the minimum wage, and a law barring discrimination in employment.
When was JFK assassinated?
November 22, 1963
Give some background on Birmingham, Alabama.
Obviously a city in the Lower South, Birmingham was a violent city towards blacks. "There had been over fifty bombings of black homes and institutions since WWII." -Blacks living in Birmingham had been demonstrating with no great results. -There needed to be a national movement in that city for things to turn around.
What were yippies?
Officially the Youth International Party, these were student activists who introduced humor and theatricality as elements of protest.
What happened to MLK jr in April 1968?
On one a Poor People's March, hoping to demonstrate for increased anti-poverty efforts, MLK was assassinated by a white assassin in Memphis.
Compare/contrast the impact of the Griswold and Roe decisions.
Only two states banned contraception when Griswold was decided; Roe invalidated the laws of now fewer than 46 states.
What was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)?
Organization founded in 1960 to coordinate civil rights sit-ins and other forms of grassroots protest.
What was the National Organization for Women (NOW)?
Organization founded in 1966 by writer Betty Friedan and other feminists; it pushed for abortion rights, nondiscrimination in the workplace, and other forms of equality for women. It was modeled on Civil Rights organizations.
What was the "long, hot summer"?
Phrase used to describe the series of destructive riots that occurred in the summer of 1967. The most notable of these riots occurred in Newark, NJ and Detroit, MI.
What was the War on Poverty?
Plan announced by President Lyndon B. Johnson in his 1964 State of the Union address; under the Economic Opportunity Bill signed later that year, Head Start, VISTA, and the Job Corps were created, and programs were created for students, farmers, and businesses in efforts to eliminate poverty.
What was the New Left?
Radical youth protest movement of the 1960s, named by leader Tom Hayden to distinguish it from the Old (Marxist-Leninist) Left of the 1930s. The New Left spoke of the individuality of the citizen, and also the powerlessness that many people dealt with in the face of bureaucratic institutions and a hunger for authenticity that affluence could not provide.
What was Black Power?
Post-1966 rallying cry of a more militant civil rights movement. Malcolm X was the intellectual father of black power. The term was first used by a leader of the SNCC (student nonviolence coordinating committee) used it during a civil rights march.
What inspired the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
When North Vietnamese patrol boats fired on an American spy vessel, after which LBJ declared that America had been a victim "aggression"
When was the high point of protest?
Spring 1963
What was Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) ?
Supreme Court decision that, in overturning Connecticut law prohibiting the use of contraceptives, established a constitutional right to privacy.
What was the Tet offensive?
Surprise attack by Viet Cong and North Vietnamese during the Vietnamese New Year (late January) of 1968; turned American public opinion strongly against the war in Vietnam. The Tet offensive led to heavy losses among American soldiers.
True or False: The call for legalized abortions merged the 19th-century demand that a woman control her own body with the Sixties emphasis on sexual freedom."
TRue.
What was the sit-in?
Tactic adopted by young civil rights activists, beginning in 1960, of demanding service at lunch counters or public accommodations and refusing to leave if denied access; marked the beginning of the most militant phase of the civil rights struggle. By the end of the 60s, some 70,000 demonstrators had taken part in sit-ins.
What was the Cuban missile crisis?
Tense confrontation caused when the United States discovered Soviet offensive missile sites in Cuba in October 1962; the U.S.-Soviet confrontation was the Cold War's closest brush with nuclear war.
What did the events in Birmingham in May 1963 force Kennedy to realize?
That the United States simply could not declare itself with the champion of freedom throughout the world while maintaining a system of racial inequality at home.
What is the legacy of the Sixties?
The 1960s transformed American life in ways unimaginable when the decade began. It produced new rights and new understandings of freedom. It made possible the entrance of numerous members of racial minorities into the mainstream of American life, while leaving unsolved the problem of urban poverty. It set in motion a transformation of the status of women. It changed what Americans expected from government—from clean air and water to medical coverage in old age. At the same time, it undermined public confidence in national leaders. Relations between young and ole, men and women, and white and non-white, along with every institution in society, changed as a result."
Although the Hart-Cellar Act was fantastic in that it established a racially neutral criteria for immigration, setting a maximum annual quota of 20,000 person's for every country in the world, what was the main problem with the act?
The 20,000 maximum annual immigration for every country turned out to be a problem for Mexican immigration. The demand for Mexican immigrants for labor in the Southwest U.S. far exceeded the 20,000 limit. -As a result, many Mexican immigrants arrived without documentation and a large part of Mexican immigration was unauthorized. -This negatively shifted American attitudes toward Mexican-Americans, with many Americans coming to conflate all Mexicans with "illegal" immigrants.
What was the most prominent of these new militant civil rights groups in the second state of the civil rights movement?
The Black Panther Party.
What did civil rights activists during the March on Washington resurrect?
The Civil War-era vision of national authority as the custodian for American freedom. Blacks saw that local and state governments were ultimately the cause of much segregation and discrimination, and they had more hope for justice from national power than from local governments or civil institutions.
The public reawakening of feminist consciousness did not start until the publication in 1963 of Betty Friedan's book ________
The Feminine Mystique
What did the Freedom Rides lead to?
The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ordered buses and terminals to be desegregated.
What was the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party?
The MFDP was a civil rights party in the state of Mississippi that was created to take some seats of the state's all-time official Democratic party at the 1964 DNC. The official state Mississippi Democratic party had been excluding blacks.
Compare/Contrast the context of the Great Society with the New Deal.
The New Deal was passed in response to a depression, whereas the Great Society was passed in response to prosperity. -Democratic liberals used the prosperity of the 60s as a way to fund the Great Society.
Why was the gay liberation movement arguably more surprising than other movements in the Sixties, such as the civil rights and feminist movements?
The civil rights movement and the feminist movement had a very long history. Gay Americans, however, really didn't start thinking of themselves as a group until the late 1960s.
What constitutional right did Roe v. Wade create?
The constitutional right to terminate a pregnancy.
What shift occurred in the civil rights movement in the mid 1960s?
The movement shifted from pushing for integration and voting rights (which had been for the most part achieved), to the economic divide separating blacks from other Americans. Thus, economic issues arose to the forefront of the civil rights agenda in the mid-60s.
What was the Loving v. Virginia case?
The Supreme Court declared unconstitutional the laws still on the books in 16 states that prohibited interracial marriage. This is a very aptly named clase, but it arose from the interracial marriage of Richard and Mildred Loving in Virginia.
What was the centerpiece of the Great Society?
The War on Poverty
How did the War on Poverty seek to reduce poverty?
The War on Poverty attributed poverty to a lack of skills and property attitudes and work habits. Thus, many War on Poverty Organizations, such as Head Start, an early childhood education program, as well as the various job trainings, legal services, and scholarships sought to lift up the poor by providing them with new skills, rather than giving them much direct monetary relief.
What happened in 1967?
The War on Poverty ended due to the Vietnam crisis.
What did the Hart-Cellar Act reflection?
The belief that racism should not longer serve as a foundation of public policy.
What was the New-Left's greatest inspiration?
The black freedom movement. More than any other event, the sit-ins of the 60s catalyzed white student activism.
What was the very unlikely combination of the social upheaval in the Sixties?
The convergence of society's most excluded members demanding full access to all of society's benefits (African-Americans), with the children of the middle class rejecting the social mainstream. -These two groups were united under two basic assumptions 1. that the evils to be corrected were deeply embedded in social institutions 2. that only direct confrontation could persuade Americans of the urgency of far-reaching change.
How did the Griswold and Roe rulings change the conception of the family?
The decisions "unleashed a flood of rulings and laws that seemed to accept the feminist view of the family as a collect of sovereign individuals rather than a unit with a single head."
When had feminist ideas truly entered the mainstream?
The end of the 1960s. -In 1962, a poll showed that 2/3ds of American women did not feel themselves to be victims of discrimination. -By 1974, two thirds did.
What is the reason for Nixon's comeback?
The events of 1968 opened the door for a conservative reaction. -Turmoil in the streets produced a demand for some good ol' Republican public order. -Black militancy produced white "backlash" -Earl Warren was retiring from the Supreme Court, and thus whoever won the presidential election would appoint the chief justice. This was important in that many people thought that the Supreme Court was inventing and protecting "rights," which fed teh argument that faraway government officials rode roughshod over local traditions. -Thus, Nixon won the Republican nomination.
What was a reason for surprise regarding the sudden uprising of white youth?
The fact that the grievances of white youth, particularly white, wealthy college students who often led the charge in organizations such as YAF and SDS, were difficult to understand.
What did the events with the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party at the 1964 Democratic National Convention in New Jersey foreshadow?
The impending breakup of the coalition between the civil rights movement and the liberal wing of the Democratic Party that had started with FDR. Blacks were disappointed with the lack of responsiveness in the political system.
How did the women's liberation movement inspire a major expansion of the idea of freedom?
The movement insisted that liberatino should be applied to the most intimate realms of life. New feminists insisted that sexual relations and conditions of marriage were as much "political" questions as the Cold War and civil rights.
How did the Tet offensive shape the majority American view of LBJ?
The offensive, which led to a massive loss in American life and also was very intense, shattered public confidence in the Johnson administration, which had repeatedly proclaimed victory to be "just around the corner." Public support was dissolving for LBJ in this time.
What did the Selma to Montgomery march lead to?
The passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1964. Causation: "Once again, violence against nonviolent demonstrators flashed across television screens throughout the world, compelling the Federal government to take action." You can see the influence of the Cold War in all of this. America had to live up to its rhetoric of freedom. Thousands of people being excluded from the right to vote and then being brutally beaten when protesting this wasn't so great for Cold War American PR.
What happened after a few years of the Vietnam War?
The pro-war consensus began to fade away. "By 1968, the war had sidetracked much of the Great Society and had torn families, universities, and the Democratic Party apart." -As a result of the war, young activists lost all confidence in "the system"
What also facilitated this second wave of feminism?
The rapidly growing number of women in college.
Whom did blacks support in the 1964 election?
The reelection of LBJ. The Democratic coalition had not yet broken up.
Although the Port Huron Statement devoted 4/5th of its texts to criticism of institutions, what made the document spirit of a new radicalism?
The remaining 1/5th, which proclaimed a "participatory democracy," which they defined as "a democracy of individual participation, [in which] the individual shares in those social decisions determining the quality and direction of his life."
What were radical feminists' first public campaigns direct against.
The restrictions of abortion. They sought to repeal state laws that banned abortions.
What is the significance of the Second Vatican Council for the mid 60s?
The sweeping reforms intimated by this led many more Catholics to become involved in social justice movements.
What event truly characterized the Sixties as an era of social uprising and protest?
The war in Vietnam.
True or FAlse: In the mid-late 1960s (the start of the second phase of the civil rights movement), new militant civil rights groups sprang into existence.
True.
True or FAlse: The Supreme Court is historically the most conservative branch of government.
True.
What was the SDS' stance on the war?
To them, the war seemed the opposite of participatory democracy, since American involvement had come through secret commitments and decisions made by political elites, with no real public debate. -SDS leader Carl ogles by even openly challenged the very foundations of Cold War thinking.
True or False: Like adherents of the Social Gospel for the late nineteenth century, many young people came to see a commitment for social change as a fulfillment of Christian values."
True
True or False: Many members of the Black Panther Party successfully made teh transition to electoral politics.
True, including Bobby Rush, who has served in Congress for almost 30 years.
After the 1963s, the Civil Rights Movement would take a more ____________ turn.
True.
True or False: Americans, even military and political leaders, did not know very much about Vietnam's history and culture.
True. Since this was the Cold War, most Americans viewed the entire world and every local situation within it through an either-or lens of an anticommunist crusade. The history, geopolitics, culture, etc. of the region didn't matter. All that mattered was whether it was communist or anticommunist. -Almost all Americans reduced the very complex struggle in Vietnam for national independence to a test of "containment."
True or False: Historian Eric Foner calls these race riots "battles."
True. That's how violent they were.
True or False: In 1963, civil rights groups formed an alliance with some white liberals.
True. The March on Washington reflected an unprecedented degree of black-white cooperation in support of racial and economic justice.
True or False: The Griswold and Roe decisions not only expanded the sexual rights but also teh legal rights of women?
True. The decisions inspired laws that prosecuted crimes like rape and assault by husbands against their wives.
True or False: The Warren Court not only expanded existing liberties but also outlined entirely new rights in response to the rapidly changing contours of American society.
True. The most dramatic of these new rights was the right to privacy, affirmed in cases such as Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) and Roe v. Wade (1973).
True or False: Black power was a highly imprecise idea.
True. There were many conflicting ideologies.
True or False: The number of Americans identifying themselves as Indians doubled between 1970 and 1990. If true, why?
True. This is because, just like many movements such as Black Power and the Latino Activist organizations were promoting their own culture and uniqueness, the American-Indians were also doing this, such as with their Red Power organization. This strengthened American-Indian culture.
True or False: The counterculture's notion of liberation centered on the free individual. If true, where is this most evident?
True. This is most evident in the sexual freedom of the Sixties. The birth control was developed in 1960, and this made possible what "free lovers" had long wished for--the separation of sex from procreation.
What policy toward the Indians did Truman and Eisenhower have which JFK abandoned?
Truman and Eisenhower sought to dismantle the reservation system and integrate Indians into American mainstream--a policy known as "termination." JFK terminated this termination policy.
What Bay of Pigs invasion?
U.S. mission in which the CIA, hoping to inspire a revolt against Fidel Castro, sent 1,500 Cuban exiles to invade their homeland on April 17, 1961; the mission was a spectacular failure. -After this failure, where the CIA-trained anti-Castro exiles were either captured or killed, the Kennedy administration tried other methods of getting rid of Castro, including assassination attempts. -Cuba became ever more closely tied to the Soviet Union.
What did the Supreme Court do in the Sixites?
Under the guidance of Chief Justice Earl Warren, the court vastly expanded the rights enjoyed by all Americans and placed them beyond the reach of legislative and local majorities. This was really incredible because the Supreme Court is historically very conservative.
Contrast the personal liberation movements of the Sixties (such as the SDS) with the new consumer and environmental protection laws of the 70s?
Unlike the 1960s movements that emphasized personal liberation, environmentalism and the consumer movement called for limiting some kinds of freedom (especially the right to use private property in any way the owner desired) in the name of a greater common good.
What did Kennedy regard as his main concern for his presidency?
Vigorous conduct of the Cold War. He viewed the civil rights movement as a distraction from this main concern.
What was Young Americans for Freedom?
YAF was a group of conservative students founded in 1960. The group's agenda was laid out in the Sharon Statement, which portrayed youth as the cutting edge of a new radicalism, and claimed to offer a route to greater freedom.
Did YAF support Goldwater in 1964?
Yes.
Was the Voting Rights Act successful?
Yes. Black southerners finally regained the suffrage that had been stripped from them for decades.
Was Young Americans for Freedom conservative?
Yes. The Sharon Statement promoted free market economics, strictly limited government, and portrayed "international communism" as the gravest threat to liberty. These are all ideas that had been circulated among conservatives throughout the 50s.
True or False: The counterculture emphasized the ideal of community.
Yes. There were many countercultural communities, and youth often went to many organized events, such as Woodstock, a rock festival that started in the late 60s.
Did MLK support affirmative action?
Yes. This is witnessed in his proposed 1964 "Bill of Rights for the Disadvantaged."
Who were the primary people who staged sit-ins?
college students and other young people
By 1968, the number of American troops in Vietnam exceed _________
half a million
Griswold linked privacy to the sanctity of marriage. But the Court soon transformed it into a right of _____
individuals. It extended access to birth control to unmarried adults and ultimately to minors.
What were some of the things that Malcolm X criticized?
nonviolence and integration. He also criticized King's practice of appealing to American values.
The 1960s was a decade of_________
political activism and social change
What was one for the numerous gay movements that sprang to life in the 1960s?
the Gay Liberation Front
What, more than any other event, launched the 1960s as a decade of political activism and social change?
the Greensboro sit-in of 1960. This event launched several similar demonstrations throughout the South, demanding integration.
What was Congress' last major civil right law?
the Open Housing Act of 1968 as a gesture to King's memory, which prohibited discrimination in the sale and rental of homes.
What was the manifesto principles of the SDS?
the Port Huron Statement