H. Biology Mastering Ch. 12
An advantage of using reverse transcriptase to prepare a gene for cloning is that a. reverse transcriptase is more efficient than RNA polymerase. b. the resulting DNA strand will lack introns. c. reverse transcriptase is more efficient than DNA polymerase. d. the resulting DNA strand will lack exons.
b. (the resulting DNA strand will lack introns.)
Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their ability to bind to mRNA. size. nucleotide sequence. solubility in the gel.
size.
A vaccine works by inhibiting bacterial replication. inhibiting viral replication. stimulating the immune system. preventing the translation of mRNA.
stimulating the immune system.
DNA polymerase is a heat-sensitive enzyme. What is one thing that would need to be considered concerning the activity of this enzyme in PCR when the temperature is heated during each cycle to separate the DNA strands? that the DNA polymerase could be denatured that the DNA strands might melt that the primers might not work
that the DNA polymerase could be denatured
A transgenic animal is an animal containing a gene from another organism, typically of another species. an animal in which a genetic defect has been corrected using recombinant DNA therapy. an animal containing genes from three or more species. an animal that is the first of its kind to bear a particular allele.
an animal containing a gene from another organism, typically of another species.
(no picture) Which step in this process requires use of restriction enzymes? a. step A b. step B c. step C d. step D
b. (step B)
Golden Rice is golden in color because it is rich in vitamin A. vitamin C. beta-carotene. chromium picolinate.
beta-carotene.
Genetically modifying ________ cells may directly affect future generations. gamete-forming bone marrow photoreceptor somatic
gamete-forming
In a PCR reaction, the strands of DNA are first separated by ___. treatment with an acid adding alcohol heating treatment with a strong base
heating
If Sophie has a brother or sister from the same parents, what are the chances that sibling would have cystic fibrosis? 50% 25% 0% 75% 100%
25%
If Sophie conceives a child, and the father neither has cystic fibrosis nor is a carrier, what are the chances that the child would have cystic fibrosis? 75%, because Sophie has the condition but the father does not 100%, because Sophie has the condition 50%, because there is a 50% chance that Sophie will pass along the bad gene 0%, because the child must receive the bad gene from both parents 25%, because only one in four gametes will carry the bad gene
0%, because the child must receive the bad gene from both parents
What is the smallest number of cells needed to perform a successful DNA profile? 1,000 20 200 1
20
Segments of eukaryotic DNA that can move or be copied from one site to another in the genome are called exons. vectors. plasmids. transposable elements.
transposable elements.
Approximately what percentage of human DNA is noncoding? 98.5% 49% 99.9% 79%
98.5%
The polymerase chain reaction relies upon unusual, heat-resistant ________ that were isolated from bacteria living in hot springs. DNA polymerases restriction enzymes phages plasmids
DNA polymerases
What is the preferred name of the technique used to determine if DNA comes from a particular individual? DNA microarrays DNA profiling DNA technology DNA analysis
DNA profiling
Which of the following statements about DNA technology is false? DNA technology is now used to mass-produce human growth hormone. DNA technology is now used to produce vaccines that are harmless mutants of a pathogen. DNA technology is now used to create cells that can identify and kill cancer cells. DNA technology is now used to mass-produce human insulin.
DNA technology is now used to create cells that can identify and kill cancer cells.
Which of the following statements about genomics is false? Whole sets of genes and their interactions are studied in the field of genomics. Genes from different species that have analogous sequences suggest similar function. The first complete genome to be sequenced was a prokaryote. DNA technology limits genomic studies to prokaryotes.
DNA technology limits genomic studies to prokaryotes.
Which of the following do you think contributed the most to the success of Rhys' gene therapy? Doctors were replacing only one gene, and they only had to insert that gene into bone marrow cells. Rhys was very young at the time of the gene therapy procedure. Doctors were able to supplement his gene therapy with numerous rounds of bone marrow transplants. Rhys' illness was never severe or life-threatening.
Doctors were replacing only one gene, and they only had to insert that gene into bone marrow cells.
The type of recombinant bacteria most often used to mass-produce genes is Escherichia coli. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Escherichia coli.
Most scientists describe biodiversity in terms of the number of species that have been discovered and described in scientific journals. Roughly 1.8 million species have been described, although most scientists think there could be as many as 50 million species or more currently living on Earth. However, in the video, Craig Venter seems more interested in the total number of discovered genes (he gives a total number of 20 million genes in the video) than the total number of discovered species. Why is that? For recombinant DNA technology or for the creation of synthetic life, only the gene that produces a particular desired product is needed, and not the entire organism that carried the gene. Identifying species takes too much time, and the rules state that new species must be identified and described in a scientific journal before their genes can be studied. He is not interested in entire organisms, since the entire genome of each one must be sequenced in order to find anything useful. The microbes that the team is collecting are actually all the same species, but they each carry a unique set of genes.
For recombinant DNA technology or for the creation of synthetic life, only the gene that produces a particular desired product is needed, and not the entire organism that carried the gene.
Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in growth? gastrin DCP1 SCLC6A4 KRTHA1 GH1
GH1
Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false? Telomeres seem to have a structural function. Long stretches of repetitive DNA are prominent at centromeres and ends of chromosomes. Current estimates are that there about 21,000 genes in the human genome. Human and E. coli genomes contain approximately the same proportions of noncoding DNA.
Human and E. coli genomes contain approximately the same proportions of noncoding DNA.
Why is the whole-genome shotgun method currently the tool of choice for analyzing genomes? It is extremely accurate. It is fast and inexpensive. Multiple genomes can be analyzed simultaneously. It is very labor-intensive.
It is fast and inexpensive.
Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in white blood cell function? DCP1 KRTHA1 MPO GLUT4 RP13
MPO
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that results from a defective CFTR protein that alters ion flow through the cell membrane such that water does not cross the cell membrane. Gene therapy is being used to attempt to help cystic fibrosis patients. Which of the following steps is not needed to develop a gene therapy treatment for cystic fibrosis? Clone the normal-functioning CFTR gene and make an RNA version of the gene. Insert the RNA version of the CFTR gene into a virus. Remove cells from a patient and infect them with the recombinant virus. Make antibodies to the defective CFTR protein to enhance the patient's immune system.
Make antibodies to the defective CFTR protein to enhance the patient's immune system.
Which of the following statements about genome sequencing is false? The first eukaryotic organism to have its genome sequenced was yeast. Most of the genomes that have been sequenced to date are eukaryotes. The genomes of nearly 7,000 species have been completely sequenced. The genome of a mouse has been sequenced.
Most of the genomes that have been sequenced to date are eukaryotes.
If you commit a crime, you need to make sure that you do not leave even the smallest speck of blood, hair, or other organic matter from your body. If you do, the DNA in this material can be amplified by ________, subjected to genetic analysis, and used to identify you as the perpetrator of the crime. RFLP restriction digests STR analysis PCR
PCR
Which of the following statements regarding proteomics is true? Proteomics is the systematic study of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome. Proteomics and genomics allow scientists to study life in an ever-increasing reductive approach. Proteomics involves the complete analysis of the prokaryotes. Proteomics is the study of protein interaction within a cell.
Proteomics is the systematic study of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome.
Which of the following statements regarding repetitive DNA is false? Repetitive DNA can show great variation among individuals. Repetitive DNA is usually found between genes. Repetitive DNA is usually repeated multiple times in the genome. Repetitive DNA is identical in all humans.
Repetitive DNA is identical in all humans.
What is the current standard tool used for DNA profiling by forensic scientists? genetic engineering RFLP analysis gene cloning STR analysis
STR analysis
When DNA molecule "A" is cut with the restriction enzyme EcoRI, it is cut into four pieces. When DNA molecule "B," which is exactly identical to DNA molecule "A" except for the presence of one SNP, is cut with EcoRI, it is cut into three pieces. What is the best explanation for this observation? Not enough EcoRI was used to cut DNA molecule "B." The SNP occurs in a single EcoRI restriction site in DNA molecule "B." An excess of EcoRI was used to cut DNA molecule "A." The SNP occurs in all EcoRI restriction sites in DNA molecule "B."
The SNP occurs in a single EcoRI restriction site in DNA molecule "B."
Which of the following statements best describes the DNA "watermarks" that Venter suggests adding to all lab-created organisms? The watermarks can be used for tracing any descendants of the lab-created organisms. The watermarks are DNA sequences that produce new proteins for medicines and energy sources. The watermarks are amino acid sequences that will give rise to new genes in the organisms. The watermarks are strictly used for patenting new life forms.
The watermarks can be used for tracing any descendants of the lab-created organisms.
Scientists like Craig Venter could choose to try to make any type of synthetic organism, from a bacterium to a mammal, but there are many things to consider when choosing a type of organism for research. Which of the following is a potential reason for choosing to create a type of organism other than a synthetic bacterium? There is always a chance that a microscopic bacterium could escape undetected from the lab, and end up in the environment. People who are concerned about scientific experimentation leading to animal cruelty are probably less concerned about experimentation with bacteria than experimentation with animals. Bacteria are easy to grow in a lab setting, and reproduce very quickly, as opposed to a eukaryotic organism like a mammal. The genome of a bacterium is far less complex, and easier to work with, than the genome of a eukaryotic organism like a mammal.
There is always a chance that a microscopic bacterium could escape undetected from the lab, and end up in the environment.
In traditional recombinant DNA technology, a desirable gene from one organism is inserted into the DNA of a host organism. However, to create a synthetic life form, Craig Venter's team actually builds the entire DNA molecule from individual DNA nucleotides. Why would it be harder to create a synthetic life form than to use recombinant DNA technology? It is nearly impossible to get DNA nucleotides to bind together in order to create a large DNA molecule. It is easier to get the required permits to carry out recombinant DNA experiments than to get permits to create synthetic life. Actually, just the opposite is true - it is easier to create synthetic life because a computer does all the work and automatically adds all the necessary genes. To create a synthetic life form, you would need to understand the role of every gene, and make sure all of the genes were included that are necessary for the organism to survive. DNA molecules synthesized in a lab are not as sturdy as DNA molecules found in living organisms.
To create a synthetic life form, you would need to understand the role of every gene, and make sure all of the genes were included that are necessary for the organism to survive.
What would be an advantage to creating a synthetic organism, as compared to creating a genetically modified organism through recombinant DNA technology? It is easier to get the required permits to create synthetic life than to get the permits required to carry out recombinant DNA experiments. When creating a synthetic organism, you can more easily control the genes present in that organism, and make sure the organism cannot survive out in the environment. A synthetic organism can carry genes from any other living thing, while a genetically modified organism can only carry genes found in one species. Recombinant DNA technology can only be used to create genetically modified bacteria, while a synthetic organism can be as complex as a human.
When creating a synthetic organism, you can more easily control the genes present in that organism, and make sure the organism cannot survive out in the environment.
When is PCR particularly applicable? When there are small quantities of DNA to analyze When speed is important but accuracy is not When there are large quantities of DNA to analyze When the accuracy is important, but speed is not
When there are small quantities of DNA to analyze
Which of the following pieces of evidence would be considered the best for establishing biological relatedness? a very close match in the DNA profile pictures from family reunions birth certificates testimony from relatives
a very close match in the DNA profile
"Sticky ends" are a. DNA fragments with single-stranded ends. b. produced by PCR. c. always long sequences of a single nucleotide. d. produced by the action of DNA ligase.
a. (DNA fragments with single-stranded ends.)
Which of the following is the best definition of a genomic library? a. a collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes an organism's entire genome b. a collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes only exons from an organism's genome c. a collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes multiple organisms' genomes d. a collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes some parts of organism's genome
a. (a collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes an organism's entire genome)
A supplemental appendix is to a book as a ____________ is to a bacterial chromosome. a. plasmid b. restriction enzyme c. bacterium d. genetically modified organism
a. (plasmid)
When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as a. recombinant DNA. b. a vector. c. a plasmid. d. cloned DNA.
a. (recombinant DNA.)
Gel electrophoresis separates pieces of DNA based on _________. a. size b. sequence c. quantity d. charge
a. (size)
During the process of electrophoresis, the ________ functions like a molecular sieve, separating the samples according to their size. positively charged electrode agarose gel negatively charged electrode sample mixture
agarose gel
Genome sequence analysis suggests that Neanderthals could not speak. are more closely related to chimpanzees than humans. never interbred with humans. at least sometimes had pale skin and red hair.
at least sometimes had pale skin and red hair.
Which of the following statements about nucleic acid probes is false? a. A nucleic acid probe can be used to find a specific gene. b. A nucleic acid probe is a double-stranded section of DNA. c. A nucleic acid probe binds to a complementary sequence in the gene of interest. d. A nucleic acid probe is usually labeled with a radioactive isotope or fluorescent tag to help identify its location.
b. (A nucleic acid probe is a double-stranded section of DNA.)
________ are a major source of restriction enzymes. a. Plant cells b. Bacterial cells c. Human cells d. Archaea cells
b. (Bacterial cells)
After DNA fragments with matching sticky ends are temporarily joined by complementary base pairing, the union can be made permanent by the "pasting" enzyme a. DNA helicase. b. DNA ligase. c. ATP methylase. d. DNA polymerase.
b. (DNA ligase.)
A nucleic acid probe is a. an enzyme that locates a specific restriction site on RNA. b. a piece of radioactively labeled DNA that is used to locate a specific gene. c. a plasmid that recognizes a specific DNA sequence. d. a virus that transfers DNA to a recipient cell.
b. (a piece of radioactively labeled DNA that is used to locate a specific gene.)
The feature of "sticky ends" that makes them especially useful in DNA recombination is their ability to a. allow plasmids to attach to the main bacterial chromosome. b. form hydrogen-bonded base pairs with complementary single-stranded stretches of DNA. c. bind to DNA and thereby activate transcription. d. bind to ribosomes and thereby activate translation.
b. (form hydrogen-bonded base pairs with complementary single-stranded stretches of DNA.)
Biotechnology a. is a modern scientific discipline that has existed for only a few decades. b. has been around since the dawn of civilization. c. is strictly concerned with the manipulation of DNA. d. is generally considered more harmful than valuable to society.
b. (has been around since the dawn of civilization.)
In the process of human gene cloning using plasmids, the bacterial plasmid a. is cultured inside the human cell, which contains the gene to be cloned. b. is used as the vector. c. is the source of the gene to be cloned. d. is used to insert the human gene into the bacterial chromosome.
b. (is used as the vector.)
The enzyme that converts information stored in RNA to information stored in DNA is a. RNA polymerase. b. reverse transcriptase. c. DNA ligase. d. a restriction enzyme.
b. (reverse transcriptase.)
Genomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector? a. tRNA b. ribosomes c. bacteriophages d. human chromosomes
c. (bacteriophages)
(no picture) Which step in the creation of cDNA involves the use of reverse transcriptase? a. step 1 b. step 2 c. step 3 d. step 4
c. (step 3)
The process of accurately amplifying a sample of DNA is called __________________________. a. recombinant DNA b. short tandem repeats c. the polymerase chain reaction d. gel electrophoresis
c. (the polymerase chain reaction)
Which of the following have NOT already been done by scientists? cloning of mammals, such as sheep, cows, horses, and dogs gene therapy that uses a virus to deliver healthy genes into the cells of sick patients genetic engineering to create sheep that produce pharmaceuticals in their milk fertilization of a human egg in a petri dish, called in vitro fertilization cloning of a dinosaur from genes found in the blood of a fossil mosquito
cloning of a dinosaur from genes found in the blood of a fossil mosquito
Which of the following is an example of a transgenic organism? a. Dolly, the cloned sheep b. a bacterium found with a plasmid that provides protection against an antibiotic c. a "test-tube" baby produced via in vitro fertilization d. a bacterium with human gene for producing insulin
d. (a bacterium with human gene for producing insulin)
A cDNA library differs from a genomic library in that a. genomic libraries are only stored in bacterial cells. b. the cDNA was constructed from introns only. c. cDNA libraries are more stable. d. cDNA libraries only contain information from genes that have been transcribed.
d. (cDNA libraries only contain information from genes that have been transcribed.)
Restriction enzymes __________________________. a. copy DNA b. restrict access to the DNA of a cell c. bind DNA together at specific nucleotide sequences d. cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences
d. (cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences)
Restriction enzymes a. facilitate nucleotide base pairing. b. bind together strands of DNA. c. stop transcription and translation. d. cut DNA at specific sites.
d. (cut DNA at specific sites.)
The production of multiple identical copies of gene-sized pieces of DNA defines a. genetic engineering. b. transformation. c. DNA technology. d. gene cloning.
d. (gene cloning.)
DNA ligase binds a. recombinant DNA to transformed bacterial cells. b. recombinant DNA to recombinant proteins. c. nucleotide base pairs together. d. nucleotides in the DNA backbone together.
d. (nucleotides in the DNA backbone together.)
Restriction enzymes specifically recognize and cut short sequences of DNA called a. introns. b. sticky ends. c. exons. d. restriction sites.
d. (restriction sites.)
When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein, a. the plasmids are inserted into the bacterial chromosome. b. the bacterial genome and plasmid are inserted into the genome of the cell containing the desired gene (often the cell of a plant or animal). c. the plasmids multiply and produce the protein outside of the bacterium. d. the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid, and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation.
d. (the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid, and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation.)
The only cells that can correctly attach sugars to proteins to form glycoprotein products are E. coli cells. algal cells. yeast cells. mammalian cells.
mammalian cells.
Theoretically, which of the following diseases should be the easiest to treat through gene therapy, considering the targeted organs and tissues where the corrected gene must be delivered? Gaucher's disease, where fat deposits accumulate in cells throughout the body Down syndrome, since there is an extra copy of chromosome 21 in every cell of the body cystic fibrosis, since the target cells are found in both the lungs and the GI tract diabetes, since the target cells are found only in the pancreas
diabetes, since the target cells are found only in the pancreas
The advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin is that cow, pig, or horse insulin cannot keep a diabetic alive for more than three months. there are too few cows, pigs, and horses to provide an adequate supply of their insulin. human insulin is less likely to cause harmful side effects than cow, pig, or horse insulin. using human insulin increases the probability that, in the future, the person suffering from diabetes can be weaned from a dependence on insulin.
human insulin is less likely to cause harmful side effects than cow, pig, or horse insulin.
The RP13 gene of chromosome 17 codes for a protein _____. involved in glucose transport that is a component of hair and nails in the regulation of blood pressure involved in eye development involved in the determination of personality
involved in eye development
The TP53 gene of chromosome 17 codes for a protein _____. that plays a role in the digestive process that, in a particular variant, may play a role in Alzheimer's disease involved in glucose transport involved in the regulation of the cell cycle that is like a white blood cell protein
involved in the regulation of the cell cycle
The allele that causes cystic fibrosis is recessive. An individual who is heterozygous for cystic fibrosis will have children who are all carriers of cystic fibrosis. is a carrier. cannot reproduce. cannot have children with cystic fibrosis.
is a carrier.
The number of proteins in humans is approximately equal to the number of genes. is less than half the number of genes. is much greater than the number of genes. cannot be determined because the human genome is too complex.
is much greater than the number of genes.
In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel. acidic ... basic negative ... positive basic ... acidic long ... short positive ... negative
negative ... positive
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a health problem for someone with cystic fibrosis? diabetes obesity frequent infections nutritional deficiencies
obesity
If someone is a carrier of a recessive genetic disorder, it means he or she has __________ of the allele, and __________ exhibit symptoms of the disorder. one copy; does two copies; does one copy; does not zero copies; does not two copies; does not
one copy; does not
What is the correct sequence of events that occur in a PCR reaction? separation of DNA strands; addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA use of DNA polymerase to produce a second strand of DNA; separation of DNA strands; addition of primers addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA; DNA strand separation separation of DNA strands; use of DNA polymerase to produce a second strand of DNA; addition of primers
separation of DNA strands; addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA
The ________ approach to gene cloning employs a mixture of fragments from the entire genome of an organism and results in the production of thousands of different recombinant plasmids. shotgun genetic engineering restriction cloning
shotgun
When genetic variation in one nucleotide is found in at least 1% of the population, it is known as a genomic library. short tandem repeat. recombinant DNA molecule. single nucleotide polymorphism.
single nucleotide polymorphism.
Which of the following has not been a significant issue in the creation of genetically modified (GM) organisms? the fact that rogue microbes might transfer dangerous genes into other organisms the fact that GM organisms cannot be modified to prevent them from reproducing once they pass beyond the experimental stage the fact that the protein products of transplanted genes might lead to allergic reactions the fact that some plants carrying genes from other species might represent a threat to the environment
the fact that GM organisms cannot be modified to prevent them from reproducing once they pass beyond the experimental stage
In the video, Craig Venter says, "We are trying to understand basic life, by learning how to now write the genetic code. So we start with the digital code in the computer, and four bottles of chemicals, and we actually build the DNA molecule from scratch." What chemicals are in those four bottles? molecules that can only be found in the microbes they are collecting from the ocean the four types of nucleotides (A, T, C, and G) that are the building blocks of DNA amino acids, which are the building blocks of all biological molecules a mixture of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
the four types of nucleotides (A, T, C, and G) that are the building blocks of DNA
In order for gene therapy to be permanent in the patient being treated, the defective gene must first be removed from all somatic cells. the normal gene must first be treated with UV radiation to ensure noninfectivity. the normal gene must be added to the germ line cells. the normal gene must be transferred to somatic cells that can continuously multiply.
the normal gene must be transferred to somatic cells that can continuously multiply.
Which of the following genetically modified organisms has not been developed by genetic engineers (at least, not yet)? transgenic rice with genes for milk proteins transgenic salmon with a growth hormone gene that allows them to grow more quickly transgenic pigs with a roundworm gene that allows them to make more omega-3 fatty acids transgenic corn with the gene for human insulin
transgenic corn with the gene for human insulin
The type of repetitive DNA composed of sequences of large repeated units is often associated with sex-linked genes. transposable elements. transcription factors. tandem repeats.
transposable elements.