HBS: ALL HORMONES *

Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding. Synthesized in the hypothalamus.

Prolactin

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that targets the mammary glands stimulating them to produce breast milk.

Glucagon

A hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells that increases blood glucose levels by causing the liver to convert glycogen into glucose.

Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH or Vasopressin)

A hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that increases the permeability of cells membranes, so they absorb more water, especially from urine, that results in small amounts of concentrated urine

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward. The link between the nervous and the endocrine systems.

Luteinizing Hormone

A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovulation in females and androgen production in males.

Insulin

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

Positive Feedback

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.

Negative Feedback

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

ACTH is secreted from the anterior pituitary in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. Corticotropin-releasing hormone is secreted in response to many types of stress, which makes sense in view of the "stress management" functions of glucocorticoids. Corticotropin-releasing hormone itself is inhibited by glucocorticoids, making it part of a classical negative feedback loop.

Steroid Hormones

Derived from and often chemically similar to cholesterol; lipids, hydrophobic, typically require a carrier protein in order to dissolve into the bloodstream. Pass through the cell membrane and act on gene expression.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Gonadotropin which stimulates the gonads - in males, the testes, and in females, the ovaries. Secreted by the anterior pituitary.

Glucagon

Produce by Pancreas RAISES blood glucose

Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)

Produced by Anterior lobe of Pituitary Gland Stimulates production of ova and sperm

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Produced by Anterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Targets thyroid gland to stimulate release of thyroid hormones.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Produced by Anterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Stimulates ovaries and testes

ACTH (adrenocorticotropin)

Produced by Anterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Prolactin (PRL)

Produced by Anterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Stimulates mile production

Insulin

Produced by Pancreas REDUCES blood glucose

Melatonin

Produced by Pineal. Involved in biological rhythms (daily and seasonal)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Produced by Posterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Targets kidneys for water conservation.

Glucocorticoids

Produced by adrenal cortex. INCREASE blood glucose

Mineralocorticoids

Produced by adrenal cortex. Promote REABSORPTION of Na+ and EXCRETION of K+ in kidneys

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Produced by adrenal medulla. RAISE blood glucose level; INCREASE rate of metabolism; CONSTRICT certain blood vessels

Progesterone

Produced by ovaries. Prepares and maintains uterine lining for pregnancy. Stimulates breast tissues.

Estrogens

Produced by ovaries. Required for egg maturation and release; prepare uterine lining for pregnancy and develop genitals, sexual traits, growth, and development.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Produced by parathyroid. Targets bone and kidney to RAISE calcium level in blood.

Androgens

Produced by testes. Required in sperm formation and development of genitals. Maintain sexual traits, growth, and development.

Oxytocin (OCT)

Produced by the Posterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Targets mammary glands and uterus to induce milk movement into secretory ducts and induce uterine contractions during childbirth.

Growth Hormone

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland. It has many functions including maintaining normal body structure and metabolism.

Thymosin

Produced by thymus. Target T lymphocytes

Calcitonin

Produced by thyroid. Target bone to LOWER calcium levels in blood.

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Produced by thyroid. Target most cells to regulate metabolism.

Growth Hormone (GH)

Stimulates growth (especially of bones and muscles) and metabolism

Insulin

allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells

Glucagon

allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells

Progesterone

brings about menstrual cycle, implantation of embryo, prepare breasts for lactation

Growth Hormone (GH)

directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones

Melatonin

establishes body's wake and sleep cycles

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys

Thymosin

matures white blood cells, important in developing the immune system

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

prepare the body to deal with short term stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels

Gonadotropic hormones

regulate hormonal activity of the gonads (reproductive organs)

GHRH

released from hypothalamus, causes release of GH

TRH

released from hypothalamus, causes release of TSH

GNRH

released from hypothalamus, stimulates gonads

Testosterone

responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics, required for sperm cell production

T3 and T4

secreted by thyroid follicles, help control metabolism

Estrogens

stimulate the development of female characteristics

Prolactin (PRL)

stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth

Oxytocin

stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding causes milk ejection in a nursing woman

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates follicle development in ovaries, stimulates sperm development in testes

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

triggers ovulation of an egg in females, stimulates testosterone production in males

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Also known as thyrotropin, is secreted from cells in the anterior pituitary called thyrotrophs; receptors on epithelial cells in the thyroid gland; stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize and release thyroid hormones

Peptide Hormones

Amino acid polymers, chain of amino acids; they are water soluble and travel through the bloodstream. Binding to receptors on the cell membrane triggers a second messenger.

Glycogen

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.