HBS: ALL HORMONES *
Oxytocin
A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding. Synthesized in the hypothalamus.
Prolactin
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that targets the mammary glands stimulating them to produce breast milk.
Glucagon
A hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells that increases blood glucose levels by causing the liver to convert glycogen into glucose.
Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH or Vasopressin)
A hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that increases the permeability of cells membranes, so they absorb more water, especially from urine, that results in small amounts of concentrated urine
Hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward. The link between the nervous and the endocrine systems.
Luteinizing Hormone
A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovulation in females and androgen production in males.
Insulin
A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues
Positive Feedback
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.
Negative Feedback
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
ACTH is secreted from the anterior pituitary in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. Corticotropin-releasing hormone is secreted in response to many types of stress, which makes sense in view of the "stress management" functions of glucocorticoids. Corticotropin-releasing hormone itself is inhibited by glucocorticoids, making it part of a classical negative feedback loop.
Steroid Hormones
Derived from and often chemically similar to cholesterol; lipids, hydrophobic, typically require a carrier protein in order to dissolve into the bloodstream. Pass through the cell membrane and act on gene expression.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Gonadotropin which stimulates the gonads - in males, the testes, and in females, the ovaries. Secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Glucagon
Produce by Pancreas RAISES blood glucose
Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)
Produced by Anterior lobe of Pituitary Gland Stimulates production of ova and sperm
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Produced by Anterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Targets thyroid gland to stimulate release of thyroid hormones.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Produced by Anterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Stimulates ovaries and testes
ACTH (adrenocorticotropin)
Produced by Anterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
Prolactin (PRL)
Produced by Anterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Stimulates mile production
Insulin
Produced by Pancreas REDUCES blood glucose
Melatonin
Produced by Pineal. Involved in biological rhythms (daily and seasonal)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Produced by Posterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Targets kidneys for water conservation.
Glucocorticoids
Produced by adrenal cortex. INCREASE blood glucose
Mineralocorticoids
Produced by adrenal cortex. Promote REABSORPTION of Na+ and EXCRETION of K+ in kidneys
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Produced by adrenal medulla. RAISE blood glucose level; INCREASE rate of metabolism; CONSTRICT certain blood vessels
Progesterone
Produced by ovaries. Prepares and maintains uterine lining for pregnancy. Stimulates breast tissues.
Estrogens
Produced by ovaries. Required for egg maturation and release; prepare uterine lining for pregnancy and develop genitals, sexual traits, growth, and development.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Produced by parathyroid. Targets bone and kidney to RAISE calcium level in blood.
Androgens
Produced by testes. Required in sperm formation and development of genitals. Maintain sexual traits, growth, and development.
Oxytocin (OCT)
Produced by the Posterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Targets mammary glands and uterus to induce milk movement into secretory ducts and induce uterine contractions during childbirth.
Growth Hormone
Produced by the anterior pituitary gland. It has many functions including maintaining normal body structure and metabolism.
Thymosin
Produced by thymus. Target T lymphocytes
Calcitonin
Produced by thyroid. Target bone to LOWER calcium levels in blood.
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Produced by thyroid. Target most cells to regulate metabolism.
Growth Hormone (GH)
Stimulates growth (especially of bones and muscles) and metabolism
Insulin
allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells
Glucagon
allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells
Progesterone
brings about menstrual cycle, implantation of embryo, prepare breasts for lactation
Growth Hormone (GH)
directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
Melatonin
establishes body's wake and sleep cycles
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys
Thymosin
matures white blood cells, important in developing the immune system
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
prepare the body to deal with short term stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels
Gonadotropic hormones
regulate hormonal activity of the gonads (reproductive organs)
GHRH
released from hypothalamus, causes release of GH
TRH
released from hypothalamus, causes release of TSH
GNRH
released from hypothalamus, stimulates gonads
Testosterone
responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics, required for sperm cell production
T3 and T4
secreted by thyroid follicles, help control metabolism
Estrogens
stimulate the development of female characteristics
Prolactin (PRL)
stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth
Oxytocin
stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding causes milk ejection in a nursing woman
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates follicle development in ovaries, stimulates sperm development in testes
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
triggers ovulation of an egg in females, stimulates testosterone production in males
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Also known as thyrotropin, is secreted from cells in the anterior pituitary called thyrotrophs; receptors on epithelial cells in the thyroid gland; stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize and release thyroid hormones
Peptide Hormones
Amino acid polymers, chain of amino acids; they are water soluble and travel through the bloodstream. Binding to receptors on the cell membrane triggers a second messenger.
Glycogen
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
