HESI Admission Assessment Exam Review, Hesi A2 Vocabulary, HESI A2 Grammar, HESI - Math, Anatomy and Physiology Hesi A2 Admission Assessment 4th edition, HESI CHEMISTRY, HESI Vocab, HESI Entrance Exam Vocabulary, Hesi, HESI Biology
Insidious
So gradual as to not become apparent for a long time; stealthy, subtle, sneaky
Catalyst
accelerates a reaction by reducing the activation energy or the amount of energy necessary for a reaction to occur
2.54 1
centimeter to inch
1 10
centimeter to millimeter
what part of the brain is associated with muscular coordination?
cerebellum
what part of the brain is associated with movement and sensory input?
cerebrum
what consists of the girdles and the limbs?
appendicular skeleton
structure proteins
are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form.
function of proteins
are very important molecules in our cells. They are involved in virtually all cell functions. Each protein within the body has a specific function. Some proteins are involved in structural support, while others are involved in bodily movement, or in defense against germs.
what carries blood away from the heart
arteries
what is the regulator of blood pH?
carbon dioxide
cease
come to an end
alkalosis is?
high pH
oxidation-reduction reaction (redox)
involve the transfer of electrons from one element to another
what organ reabsorbs water and stores and eliminates undigested food?
large intestine
what white blood cells are active in phagocytosis?
neutrophils and monocytes
what organ contributes to dilute the chyme and bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid from the stomach?
pancreas
what raises/lowers blood sugar and is active in carbohydrate metabolism?
pancreas islets
what regulates calcium levels in the blood?
parathyroid
all actions of the nervous system depend on what?
transmission of nerve impulses over neurons/nerve cells
Compound Sentence
two or more independent clauses Each have a subject and predicate and can stand alone as a sentence.
what is reabsorbed at the tubules of the nephron?
water
What are the linking verbs that reflect a state of being?
Appear, seem, become, grow, turn, prove, and remain
Labile
Changing rapidly and often
Labile
Changing rapidly and often; Easily altered; fluctuating Example: Because the child's temperature was very labile, the nurse instructed the unlicensed assistant to check the temperature frequently.
Consistency
Degree of viscosity; how thick or thin a fluid is
Consistency
Degree of viscosity; how thick or thin a fluid is in relation to how it flows
Consistency
Degree of viscosity; how thick or thin a fluid is; TEXTURE Example: The drainage coming from the wound had the consistency of mucus but looked like blood.
sarcomeres
Small units that make up myofibrils, which make up each muscle cell.
Insidious
So gradual as to not become apparent for a long time
atomic mass
*average* mass of each element's isotopes.
mathematic sign
A symbol used in mathematics
Celsius
A temperature system used in most of the world & by the scientific community; abbreviated C.
digit
Any number 1 through 9 and 0 (e.g., the number 7 is a digit).
organelles
Any of many cell "organs" or organized components.
estrogen
Any of several major female sex hormones produced primarily by the ovarian follicles of female mammals, capable of inducing estrus, developing and maintaining secondary female sex characteristics, and preparing the uterus for the reception of a fertilized egg.
lateral
Away from the midline or toward the sides.
groups
Elements that are placed together in columns in the periodic table.
amino acids
Organic compounds that contain at least one amino group and a carboxyl group; building blocks of proteins.
basic unit of measure
Standard unit of a system by which a quantity is accounted for & expressed
distal
Term of direction usually use din reference to limbs. Distal refers to further away from the point of attachment.
internal respiration
The exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells.
external respiration
The exchanges of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli.
context clue
The information provided in the words or sentences surrounding an unknown word or words.
epidermis
The layer of skin that consists of the outermost protective layer of dead keratinized epithelial cells.
dermis
The layer of skin that consists of the underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and the associated skin structures.
fraction bar
The line between the numerator and denominator. The bar is another symbol for division.
abstract noun
The name of a quality or a general idea (e.g., persistence, democracy).
dividend
The number being divided.
divisor
The number by which the dividend is divided.
medulla oblongata
The part of the brain that controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate.
direct object
The person or thing that is directly affected by the action of the verb.
indirect object
The person or thing that is indirectly affected by the action of the verb.
least common denominator
The smallest multiple that two numbers share.
arterioles
The smallest type of arteries
infundibulum
The stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
histology
The study of tissues.
numerator
The top number in a fraction.
bolus
ball of food that's formed after food's broken down by teeth & saliva.
cell
basic unit of life & the building block of tissues & organs
clause
group of words that has a subject and a predicate.
pelvic girdle
hip/pelvis bones: ilium, ischium, pubis
atomic number
number of protons in the nucleus
cerebrum
part of the brain associated with movement & sensory input
cerebellum
part of the brain responsible for muscular coordination.
appendicular skeleton
part of the skeleton including the girdles and upper/lower limbs
anatomic position
position of the body: -body's erect, -feet slightly apart, -head held high, and -hands are facing forward.
interrogative
sentence asks a question.
antonym
word that means opposite of another word.
adjective
word, phrase, or clause that modifies a noun or pronoun
adverb
word, phrase, or clause that modifies a verb, and adjective
Cavity
An opening or empty area.
Annual
Occurring every year.
Impending
Occurring in the near future, about to happen
Latent
Present but not active or visible; hidden
Bilateral
Present on both sides
Ingest
To swallow for digestion; to absorb or intake
Supplement
To take in addition to or to complete
supplement
To take in addition to or to complete
device
Tool or piece of equipment
what are the smallest of the blood vessels?
capillaries
DNA
is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms with the exception of some viruses. The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information
Supplement
To take in addition to or to complete; "to complete or enhance when added
Abstain
To voluntarily refrain from something
heterozygous
Trait in an organism that contains different alleles.
homozygous
Trait in an organism that contains identical alleles.
Transmission
Transfer, such as of a disease, from one person to another
transmission
Transfer, such as of a disease, from one person to another
the insertion of the bone does what?
moves as the muscle contracts and relaxes
mitochondia
"power plants" of the cell; contain enzymes and generators that break down food molecules and use the energy released to produce ATP
Which vs. That
"which" is used to introduce nonessential clauses (adds information to a sentence but is not necessary to make meaning) and "that" is used to introduce essential clauses.
Whole, Part, and Percent equations
%=Part/Whole and Whole= Part/%
coordinating conjunction
(FANBOYS) For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
virulent
(adj.) extremely poisonous; full of malice; spiteful
vital
(adj.) having life, living; necessary to life, essential; key, crucial
therapeutic
(adj.) having the power to heal or cure; beneficial
isotonic
(used of solutions) having the same or equal osmotic pressure
the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also known as
neurohypophysis
Lateral
on the side
0 degrees Celsius
32 degrees Fahrenheit (the freezing point of water)
Terminating Decimal
A decimal that is not continuous
terminating decimal
A decimal that is not continuous.
abstain
voluntarily refrain from something
Preexisting
Already present
variable
A letter representing an unknown quantity (i.e., *x*).
Cellular Respiration
...
Vacuoles
...
Water is polar
...
Water molecules are covalently bonded to 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen
...
I
1
1 milliliter = ___ centimeters
1 cubic centimeter
2.54 centimeter = ___ inches
1 inch
Convert ounces to quarts
1 quart= 32 ounces
How many centimeters in a meter
1,000
How many grams are in a kilograms
1,000
How many meters are in a kilometer
1,000
How many milliliters are in 1 liter
1,000
M
1,000
1 kilogram =___ grams
1,000 grams
1 kilometer = ____ meters
1,000 meters
1 gram =___ miligrams
1,000 milligrams
1 liter =___ milliliters
1,000 milliliters
1 mile = __ yards
1,760 yards
Variable
A letter representing an unknown quantity (i.e., x)
Asexual Reproduction (2 types )
1. Binary Fission 2. Mitosis
Scientific Process
1. Form a hypothesis 2. The experiment to gather data to support or refuse the hypothesis 3. Conclusion
polarity of molecules
1. a molecule is said to be polar if one side of a molecule is slightly negative and one side is slightly positive 2. a molecule containing only NP bonds will be NP
How many centimeters in a millimeter
1/10
The number 2 is 20% of what number
10
X
10
1 centimeters = ___ millimeters
10 millimeters
C
100
1 meter = ___ centimeters
100 centimeter
how many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
1 foot = ___ inches
12 inches
1 gallon = ___ ounces
128 ounces
1 pound =__ ounces
16 ounces
The number 44 is 25% of what number
176
What is 95% of 20
19
Alleles
2 alternative versions of a gene
1 pint =___ cups
2 cups
phospholipids (cell membranes )
2 fatty acids bonded to a phosphate group . Protects the cell
1 quart = ___ pints
2 pints
1 ton = ___ pounds
2,000 pounds
1 pound= ___ kilograms
2.2 kilograms
What is 15 out of 75 as a percent
20%
What is 20 out of 100 as a percent
20%
100 degrees Celsius
212 degrees Fahrenheit (the boiling point of water)
The number 65 is 25% of what number
260
what is 28% of 100
28
1 yard = ___ feet
3 feet
Oligosaccharides
3-10 monosaccharides
1 ounce = ___ mililiters
30 milliliters (cubic centimeters)
1 gallon = ___ quarts
4 quarts
What is 2 out of 50 as a percent
4%
The number 9 is 20% of what number
45
V
5
how many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
how many sacral vertebrae are there?
5
Mitosis
5 stages of cell division: 1. Prophase 2. pro-metaphase 3. metaphase 4.Anaphase 5. Telophase
1 mile = ___ feet
5,280 feet
L
50
D
500
how many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
1 cup = ___ ounces
8 ounces
What is 15.5% of 600
93
Deficit
A deficiency or lack of something
deficit
A deficiency or lack of something
Deficit
A deficiency or lack of something; SHORTFALL The patient demonstrated a neurological deficit he had not shown prior to the accident.
symptom
A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease
Parameter
A characteristic or constant factor, limit
parameter
A characteristic or constant factor, limit
Parameter
A characteristic or constant factor, limit, guideline Example: The dietician explained that the number of calories needed for energy is one of the important parameters of a healthy diet.
dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
Disaccharide
A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis -most well known disaccharide is sucrose, which is ordinary sugar -milk is also a disaccharide
possessive pronoun
A form of personal pronoun that shows possession or ownership.
Codon
A group of 3 bases on RNA that codes for an amino acids
phrase
A group of two or more words that acts as a single part of speech in a sentence.
sentence
A group of words that expresses a complete thought.
Clause
A group of words that has a subject and a predicate
Solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
progesterone
A hormone secreted by the corpus luteum, which further stimulates development of the endometrium.
expression
A mathematic sentence containing constants and variables (e.g., 3x - 2).
Expression
A mathematical sentence containing constants and variables
Access
A means to obtain entry or a means of approach.
Glycolysis
A metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP
euphemism
A mild, indirect, or vague term that has been substituted for one that is considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.
misplaced modifier
A modifier that is not placed near the word it modifies
Molarity
A mole is 6.02 x 10^23 molecules of something (Avagadro's number)
phospholipids
A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
Anion
A negatively charged ion
predicate nominative
A noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and helps to explain or rename the subject.
Exponent
A number or symbol placed above and after another number or symbol (a superscript or subscript), indicating the number of times to multiply.
exponent
A number or symbol placed above and after another number or symbol (a superscript or subscript), indicating the number of times to multiply.
Constant
A number that cannot change
constant
A number that cannot change.
participial phrase
A phrase that is formed by a participle, its object, and the object's modifiers; the phrase functions as an adjective.
Cation
A positively charged ion
Contraindication
A reason something is not advisable or should not be done
Contraindication
A reason why something is not advisable or why it should not be done. Example: The patients' excessive bleeding was a contraindication for discharge from the hospital.
Ratio
A relationship between two numbers
ratio
A relationship between two numbers.
Combustion
A self sustaining exothermic (creates heat) chemical reaction where oxygen and a fuel compound such as hydrocarbon react
exclamatory
A sentence expresses strong feelings or makes an exclamation.
interrogative sentence
A sentence that asks a question
imperative sentence
A sentence that requests or commands.
periods
A series of rows within the periodic table that classify the elements.
Equilibrium
A state in which reactants are forming products at the same rate that products are forming reactants A+B <-> C+D -four ways to increase reaction rate: increase temperature in the reaction, increase surface area, add a catalyst, increase concentrations of reactants
equilibrium
A state of balance
periodic table
A table that organizes the elements based on their structure; made up of a series of rows called *periods* and columns called *groups*.
Fahrenheit
A temperature measuring system used only in the United States, its territories, Belize and Jamaica; abbreviated F.
virus
A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.
steroids
A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.
participle
A type of verb form that functions as an adjective.
Kelvin
A unit of measure for temperature that is used only in the scientific community
Participle
A verb form that can be used as an adjective Usually end in -ing or -ed
What is a linking verb?
A verb that "links" the subject to a noun, pronoun, or predicate adjective. A linking verb does not show action.
Noun
A word or group of words that names a person, place, thing, or idea
noun
A word or group of words that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
interjection
A word or phrase that expresses emotion or exclamation.
verb
A word or phrase that is used to express an action or state of being.
Adverd
A word that describes a verb
conjunction
A word that joins words, phrases, or clauses.
synonym
A word that means the same thing as another word.
Preposition
A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word
preposition
A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence.
Pronoun
A word that takes place of a noun, another pronoun, or a group of words acting as a noun
pronoun
A word that takes the place of a noun or a group of words acting as a noun.
Conjunction
A word used to join words or groups of words
Adjective
A word, phrase or clause that modified the Noun
subject
A word, phrase, or clause that names whom or what the sentence is about.
The proliferation of text messaging among teens has alarmed parents. A. Increase B. Summarization C. Ambiance D. Rampant
A. Increase
what system maintains homeostasis within the body?
ANS
what must be present in order for a muscle cell to contract?
ATP and calcium
textspeak
Abbreviations and slang commonly used to shorten a text or instant message, like using "?s" for "questions"
Empathy
Ability to share what others are feeling; understanding the feelings of another
Audible
Able to be heard
Audible
Able to be heard Example: The respiratory therapist noticed that when the patient was having difficulty breathing, the therapist could hear an audible wheezing sound.
What are a few of the commonly used prepositions?
About, across, after, along, at, as, behind, below, by, down, except, for, from, in, into, out, up, upon, with, to (There are many more than the list above)
DNA Bases (A-T/C-G)
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
Untoward
Adverse or negative unseemly, inappropriate
What are some commonly used subordinating conjunctions?
After, because, before, until, since, when
Specific heat
Amount of heat needed to raise the temp. of 1 gram of the molecule by 1 degree Celsius
Volume
Amount of space occupied by a fluid
Volume
Amount of space occupied by a fluid; The quantitative measurement of a liquid.
amount vs number
Amount refers to things in bulk. (e.g.) The nurse had a huge amount of paperwork. Number refers to individual countable units. (e.g.) The nurse had a number of charts to complete.
Transcription
An RNA strand similar to the DNA strand is produced
Verb
An action word
ATP
An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.
Predicate Adjective
An adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject
predicate adjective
An adjective that follows a linking verb and helps to explain the subject.
Ion
An atom that is electrically charged, "ionic state"
inference
An educated guess or conclusion drawn by the reader based on the available facts and information.
platelets
An element of blood that is active in the process of blood clotting.
amylase
An enzyme in saliva
glycogen
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
Symptom
An indication of a problem
Manifestation
An indication or sign of a condition
Manifestation
An indication or sign of a condition; appearance; indicators Example: The dietician looked for manifestations of poor nutrition, such as excessive weight loss and poor skin condition.
Cavity
An opening or an empty area
Complication
An undesired problem that is a result of some other event.
Complication
An undesired problem that is the result of some other event.
glycolysis
Anaerobic breakdown of glucose; first stage in cell respiration.
Affect
Appearance of observable emotions. Example: The nurse noticed that a depressed patient exhibited no obvious emotion and reported that the patient had a flat affect.
The parameters of medical ethics require the nurse to report instances of suspected child abuse. A. Laws B. Limits; guideline C. Common Sense D. Sturcture
B. Limits
Equilibrium
Balance
Atom
Basic building block of all molecules -physical structure is that of a nucleus and orbits, called electron clouds
Cell
Basic unit of life (Biology)
Paroxysmal
Beginning suddenly or abruptly; convulsive; SUDDEN; a violent seizure
Symmetric
Being equal or in same size, shape, and relative position
Symmetric
Being equal or the same in size, shape, and relative position
symmetric
Being equal or the same in size, shape, and relative position
Ubiquitous
Being or seeming to be everywhere at once
Flexion
Bending a joint
2 types of Ribosomes
Bound: Attached to the ER Free: Found in the cytoplasm
Decomposition
Breaking of a compound into its component parts
Concise
Brief, to the point, succinct Example: When teaching a patient, the nurse tried to be concise, so the instructions would be easy to remember.
one hundred
C
100,000
C WITH LINE OVER
what is compromised of the spinal cord and brain?
CNS
Serene
Calm, Tranquil
Serene
Calm, tranquil Example: The masasge therapist played serene music during the massage session to help the patient relax
Nucleus
Center of the atom, composed of protons and neutrons
Potential
Capable of occurring or likely to occur
Enzymes (Protein)
Catalyze (Speed up reactions)
implement
Cause it to happen
Increasing the temperature
Causes the particles to have a greater kinetic energy, causing them to move around faster, increasing their chances of contact and the energy with which they collide
Toxic
Causing harm, poisonous
Pathogenic
Causing or able to cause disease
meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
Golgi apparatus
Cell organelle that packages, processes, and distributes molecules about or from the cell.
Cell Membrane(most important cell part)
Cell protection, communication and passage of substances in and out the cell. (Phospholipid bilayer makes it hydrophobic and selectively permeable)
interphase
Chromosomes are duplicated and the cell prepares for division.
Meiosis
Chromosomes are reduced from 46 to 23.
Occluded
Closed or obstructed
Occluded
Closed or obstructed, prevent, blocked Example: Because the patient's food was cold and blue, the nurse reported that the patient's circulation to that foot was occluded.
Cease
Come to an end or bring to an end
Cease
Come to an end or bring to an end.
nutrient
Compounds in food that the body requires for proper growth, maintenance, and functioning
Types of solutions
Compounds- mixtures of different elements to create a single matter Alloys- solid solutions of metals to make a new one (such as bronze, which is copper and tin, or steel, which is iron and carbon, and may contain tungsten, chromium, and manganese) Amalgams- specific type of alloy in which a metal is dissolved in mercury Emulsions- mixtures of matter that readily separate such as water and oil
Status
Condition
neuroglia
Connective tissue cells in nerve tissue.
Exposure
Contact
Chromosomes
Contains the instructions for the cell regeneration and function
Infection
Contamination or invasion of body tissue by pathogenic organisms
Ongoing
Continuous
Aegis
Control, protection
Aegis
Control/Protection
Glycolysis (1st step in cell respiration)
Converts glucose to pyruvate
Rough ER
Covered with ribosomes ; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS and membrane production
Phagocytosis
Creating a vacuole to eat food through (Surrounding it)
Transdermal
Crossing through the skin
transdermal
Crossing through the skin
Laceration
Cut/Tear
Laceration
Cut; tear
500
D
50,000
D WITH LINE OVER
500,000
D WITH LINE OVER
Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
DNA which contains the code for replication RNA used in transfer and as a messenger
What are the 4 types of sentences?
Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamatory
Contingent
Dependent
Contingent
Dependent; reliant Example: The hygienist told the patient that a healthy mouth is contingent on careful daily brushing and flossing.
Lethargic
Difficult to arouse
lethargic
Difficult to arouse
Lethargic
Difficult to arouse, sluggish Example: The assistant observed that the morning after a patient received a sleeping pill, the patient was too lethargic to eat breakfast.
Impaired
Diminished or lacking some usual quality or level
Impaired
Diminished or lacking some usual quality or level. Example: The paramedic stated that the patient's impaired speech was obvious in the way she slurred her words.
Distal
Distant; away from the center
Discrete
Distinct, separate
discrete
Distinct, separate
Discrete
Distinct, separate Example: A paramedic observed several distinct bruise marks on the patient's body.
Comply
Do as directed
Depth
Downward measurement from a surface
depth
Downward measurement from a surface
What is a Clichés?
Expression or ideas that have lost their originality or impact over time because of excessive use. (e.g.) Dead as a door nail Raining cats and dogs
cliché
Expressions or ideas that have lost their originality or impact over time because of excessive use.
prefix
Each metric measurement is composed of a metric _____ and a basic unit of measure (e.g., "kilogram" where "kilo" is the _____ and "gram" is the basic unit of measure)
run-on sentence example
Ecologists study nature they protect it.
Stop Codon
Ends the DNA chain.
Distended
Enlarged or expanded from pressure
distended
Enlarged or expanded from pressure
Distended
Enlarged or expanded from pressure Example: When a blood vessel is distended, the laboratory technician can easily insert a needle to obtain a blood sample.
Vital
Essential
Vital
Essential; IMPORTANT
Virulent
Extermely harmful and severe
Pronoun Case Error example
Ex: Her loves him is WRONG. She loves him is CORRECT.
Convert pounds to kilograms
Example: Say you want to convert 4 pounds into kilograms. You would first divide 1 kg by 2.2 lbs which equals .45. Then multiply .45 by 4 which equals 1.81. Therefore 4 pounds equals 1.81 kilograms.
Acidosis
Excessive acidity of body fluids due to the accumulation of acids, as in diabetic acidosis
Urinate
Excrete or expel urine
Defecate
Expel feces
defecate
Expel feces
Fatigue
Extreme tiredness, exhaustion
Virulent
Extremely harmful and severe
farther vs further
Farther is a measurable distance further is a figurative distance that is "to a greater degree"
Lipids
Fats and encompass a large group of molecules, including oils, fats, and fatty acids -triglyceride- a neutral fat that is three fatty acids generally joined to a glycerol or some other backbone structure -phospholipids- similar to neutral fats, but one of the three fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group
fewer vs less
Fewer refers to the number of things that can be counted or numbered-and is used in plural nouns. (e.g.)The professor had fewer students in his morning class than he has in his afternoon class. Less refers to degree or amount-things in bulk or in the abstract-used with singular nouns. (e.g.) Fewer patients means less work for the staff.
Primary
First or most significant
primary
First or most significant
Chloroplast
Found in plants and is the site for photosynthesis
what are the 5 tropic hormones of the endocrine system?
GH,ACTH,TSH,FSH,LH
DNA
Genetic material of the cell, vehicle of inheritance
Oral
Given through or affecting the mouth
Syndrome
Group of symptoms that, when occurring together, reflect a specific disease or disorder
Phrase
Groups of two or more words that act as a single part of speech. Can be a noun, adjective or adverb
Cast
Hard protective device applied to protect a broken bone while the bone heals.
Eukaryote cell
Has nucleus
Saturated fats
Have no double bond between carbon atoms of the fatty acid chains
Unsaturated
Have one or more double bonds between some of the carbon atoms of the fatty acid chains and are more desirable in our diet than saturated fats
what runs vertically throughout compact bone and is surrounded by concentric circles of bone tissue called lamellae?
Haversian canals
febrile
Having a fever
Convulsive
Having or causing convulsions, i.e., violent shaking of the body
Hear vs here
Hear refers to the auditory sense. Here refers to a location
Gamma radiation
High-energy radiation emitted by the nuclei of radioactive atoms.
What is the indirect object in the sentence? The professor gave his class the test results.
His class is the indirect object. It comes between the verb (gave) and the direct object (the results), and answers the question to whom.
Steroids
Hormones
one
I
two
II
three
III
Lysosomes
INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
four
IV
nine
IX
Diagnosis
Identification of an injury or disease
diagnosis
Identification of an injury or disease
Dysfunction
Impaired or abnormal functioning
dysfunction
Impaired or abnormal functioning
Impervious
Impenetrable, not allowing anything to pass through
Synthesis
In a synthesis reaction, two elements combine to form a product
Intact
In place, unharmed
intact
In place, unharmed
Abstract Noun
Is the name of a quality or general idea (e.g., persistence, democracy)
Least Common Denominator (LCD)
Is the smallest multiple that two numbers share
sentence fragment
Incomplete sentence.
Chemical equations
Ingredients, called reactants, react to produce desired end results or compounds called products -reactants -> products
Respiration
Inhalation and exhalation of air
respiration
Inhalation and exhalation of air.
Trauma
Injury, wound
Invasive
Inserting or entering into a body part
invasive
Inserting or entering into a body part
Single replacement
Involve ionic compounds; whether the reaction will take place is based on the reactivity of the metals involved. Reactions consist of a more active metal reacting with an ionic compound containing a less active metal to produce a new compound.
double replacement
Involve two ionic compounds, the positive ion from one compound combines with the negative ion of the other compound
Equation for Kelvin to Celsius
K=C+273
Hierarchic System of Organization
Kingdom (King) Phylum (Phillip) Class (Came) Order (Over) Family (For) Genus (Good) Species (Spaghetti)
Lipids
Known as fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids.
fifty
L
sixty
LX
seventy
LXX
eighty
LXXX
Smooth ER (Detoxification)
Lacks ribosomes ; DETOXIFICATION and metabolism pf cells
Learn vs teach
Learn means to receive or acquire knowledge Teach mean to give or impart knowledge
Extension
Lengthening; unbending a joint
Extension
Lengthening; unbending a joint.
What is a euphemism?
Less negative or offensive way of saying something. (e.g.) Did you know that Clara passed away? Passed away is the euphemism for the word died
lie vs lay
Lie is to recline (e.g.) I lie down after school Lay is to put (e.g.) I lay my bookbag down on the floor.
Impending
Likely to occur soon; Occuring in the near future, about to happen, approaching
Flaccid
Limp, lacking tone.
steroids
Lipid that is a component of a cell membrane; many steroids are precursors to significant hormones.
Posterior
Located behind; in the back
External
Located outside the body
Internal
Located within the body
internal
Located within the body
Site
Location
Linking verbs are sometimes verbs that relate to the five senses
Look, taste, sound, feel, and smell
1,000
M
1,000,000
M WITH LINE OVER
Incidence
Occurence; trend
Hydration
Maintenance of body fluid balance
hydration
Maintenance of body fluid balance
Hydration
Maintenance of body fluid balance.
Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change -therefore, once the reactants have been written and the products predicted, the equation must be balanced -the same number of each element must be represented on both sides of the equation
Hygiene
Measures contributing to cleanliness and good health
hygiene
Measures contributing to cleanliness and good health
Incidence
Occurrence
Virus
Microscopic infectious agent capable of replicating only in living cells, usually causing infectious disease
Virus
Microscopic infectious agent capable of replicating only in living cells, usually causing infectious disease.
Misplaced Modifier Example
Misplaced modifier: Buffy called her adorable kitten opening the can of food and filled the bowl. Correctly placed modifier: Opening the can of food, Buffy called her adorable kitten and filled the bowl.
Excess
More than what is needed or usual
Convert centimeters to inches
Multiply number of centimeters by 2.54
synergists
Muscles that work in cooperation with the prime mover muscle.
voluntary muscles
Muscles that you are able to control
What is the possessive pronoun in the following sentence? That is my book.
My
Proper Noun
Names a specific person, place, thing, or idea and are always capitalized (e.g., Paris, Fred)
Electrons
Negatively charged particles
Overt
Obvious, easily observed The doctor had put his _____________opinion in the plainest language possible; there was nothing more to be done for the patient besides comfort care.
What is the equation for what percent does (fraction) exceed (another fraction)
New fraction- original fraction/original fraction times 100% = percent increase
Prokaryote cell
No nucleus
Improper Fraction
Occurs when the numerator is larger than the denominator
Priority
Of great importance
Kinetic
Of or related to movement
Kinetic
Of or related to movement Example: Kinetic energy from the battery of the medical assistant's tablet causes the device to feel warm to the touch
Hematologic
Of or relating to blood
Vascular
Of or relating to blood vessels
vascular
Of or relating to blood vessels
Musculoskeletal
Of or relating to muscle and skeleton
musculoskeletal
Of or relating to muscle and skeleton
Musculoskeletal
Of or relating to muscle or skeleton
Hematologic
Of or relating to the blood
Cardiac
Of or relating to the heart
Renal
Of or relating to the kidney
Renal
Of or relating to the kidneys
Neurologic
Of or relating to the nervous system
neurovascular
Of or relating to the nervous system and blood vessels
Neurovascular
Of or relating to the nervous system and the blood vessels
Gastrointestinal
Of or relating to the stomach and the intestines
Therapeutic
Of or relating to the treatment of a disease or a disorder
Therapeutic
Of or relating to the treatment of a disease or disorder
Otic
Of the ear
Compensatory
Offsetting or making up for something
Compensatory
Offsetting or making up for something; corrective, balancing Example: When the patient's blood pressure decreased, the paramedic noted that the heart rate increased, which the paramedic recognized as a compensatory action.
Lateral
On the side
Patent
Open
Patent
Open Example: The nurse checked to see whether the intravenous needle was patent before giving the patient a medication.
Chronology
Order of events as they occured; timeline
Chronology
Order of events as they occurred; timeline
what is composed of all other neurons in the body?
PNS
Reciprocals
Pairs of numbers that equal 1 when multiplied together
reciprocals
Pairs of numbers that equal 1 when multiplied together.
Collective Noun
Represents a group of persons, animals or things (family, flock, furniture)
Percent
Per hundred (part per hundred)
percent
Per hundred (part per hundred).
Otic
Pertaining to the ear
phospholipids
Phosphate-containing fat molecule; forms the bilayer of a cell membrane.
What are the 3 primary tenses?
Present - Mary works Past - Mary worked Future - Mary will work
HESI Hint
Placeholders help keep the problem aligned
Proteins
Polymers of 20 AMINO ACIDS. Largest biologic molecules. Important to cellular function
Carbohydrates
Polymers of sugars. Function: storage, structure and energy
Protons
Positively charged particles
Latent
Present but not active or visible
Bilateral
Present on two sides
Depress
Press downward
depress
Press downward
Depress
Press downward; compress
Precaution
Preventative measure
Precaution
Preventive measure
Triage
Process used to determine the priority of treatment for patients according to the severity of a patient's condition and likelihood of benefit from the treatment
Pathology
Processes, causes, and effects of a disease; abnormality
Pathology
Processes, causes, and effects of a disease; adnormality
Mitochondria
Produce cell energy and found in most eukaryotic cells
Ribosomes
Produce proteins
mRNA
Produced from transcription
Exogenous
Produced outside the body
Endogenous
Produced within the body Example: The nurse explained the endogenous insulin produced by the body's pancreas helps regulate the body's blood sugar levels.
Electron Transport Chain (3rd step in cell respiration)
Produces the greatest amount of ATP (28-32)
Potent
Producing a strong effect
Beta radiation
Product of the decomposition of a neutron or proton. Composed of high energy, high-speed electrons that began as neutrons or protons and have "decayed" to electrons.
Genotype (Combination of alleles) is predicted by using a :
Punnett Square
Krebs Cycle (2nd step in cell respiration)
Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria
Curosry
Quick, perfunctory, not thorough
Cursory
Quick, perfunctory, not thorough, During traige, the paramedic gave each accident victim a cursory examination
Precipitous
Rapid, Uncontrolled
Precipitous
Rapid, uncontrolled, abrupt
Metabolic Pathways
Reactions that take place from high energy to low energy
erythrocytes
Red blood cells.
Flushed
Reddened or ruddy appearance
flushed
Reddened or ruddy appearance
Inflamed
Reddened, swollen, warm, and often tender
inflamed
Reddened, swollen, warm, and often tender
Accountable
Responsible
Fatal
Resulting in death
Concave
Rounded inward
Concave
Rounded inward;bowed inward
Fatty Acids (Saturated and Unsaturated)
Saturated: Solid at room temp, bad for your health. No double bonds Unsaturated: liquid at room temp. double bonds
rough ER
Section of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that is covered with ribosomes; responsible for protein synthesis and membrane production.
smooth ER
Section of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that lacks ribosomes; functions in detoxification and metabolism of multiple molecules.
Gender
Sex of an individual
Contour
Shape or outline of a shape Example: While bathing an overweight patient, the unlicensed assistive personnel noticed that the contour of the patient's abdomen was quite rounded.
Improper Fraction
Should be reduced and made a whole number
Ominous
Significantly important and dangerous; portentous, threatening, menacing, foreboding
Bacteria
Single-cell. microscopic organiams
Bacteria
Single-celled, microscopic organisms
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Sooth and Rough ER
Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit
Take the temperature in Fahrenheit and multiply 1.8. (9/5) Subtract 32 degrees. The result is degrees Celsius.
sexist language
Spoken or written styles that do not satisfactorily reflect the presence of women in our society.
Verbal
Spoken, using words
Indirect Object
Tells to whom, for whom the action of the verb. Indirect objects come between the verb and direct object.
extension
Straightening a body part
Strict
Stringent, exact, complete
What is the antecedent in the sentence? The students wanted their test papers graded and returned to them in a timely manner.
Students is the antecedent of the pronouns their and them
What does a Phrase lack?
Subject and predicate
subject-verb agreement
Subject must agree with its verb; verb must be singular or plural to match the subject (e.g.) The nurses (plural noun) were (plural verb) in a hurry to get there.
Solute
Substance being dissolved
Nutrient
Substance or ingredient that provides nourishment
Abrupt
Sudden Example: The nurse noticed an abrupt change in the patient's level of pain.
Acute
Sudden, intense, sharp
Acute
Sudden/Intense
Carbohydrates
Sugars and starches -their most important function is to store and provide energy for the body -the sugars deoxyribose and ribose are used in the formation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) -most abundant than any other biomolecule
Sentence Fragment Example
Swam into the ocean. (missing subject)
Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius
Take the temperature in Celsius and multiply 1.8. (9/5) Add 32 degrees. The result is degrees Fahrenheit.
axial skeleton
The 28 bones of the skull; 14 facial & 14 cranial
Cohesion
The ability of a molecule to stay bonded to another molecule of the same substance.
Adhesion
The ability of water to bond or to attract other molecules or substances.
proteins
The amino acids in a polymer are joined together by the peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids
volume
The amount of space an object takes up
Quotient
The answer to a division problem
quotient
The answer to a division problem.
product
The answer to a multiplication problem.
Prognosis
The anticipated or expected course or outcome
Prognosis
The anticipated or expected course or outcome; forecast
tone
The attitude or feelings the author has about the topic.
Dipole-dipole interactions
The attraction of one dipole on one molecule for the dipole of another molecule - a dipole is created when an electron pair is shared unequally in a covalent bond between two atoms or elements
significand
The base value of the number or the value of the number when all the values of ten are removed. Used in scientific notation.
What is the best definition for the word latent? Dormant-presnt but not active or visible Thorough Current Obvious
The best definition for the word latent is dormant. Present but not active or visible
What is the best definition of the word recur? Redo Return Recreate Revolve
The best definition for the word recur is return. A recurring problem is one that keeps coming back.
Denominator
The bottom number in a fraction
denominator
The bottom number in a fraction.
monosaccharides
The building blocks of carbohydrates are single sugars such as glucose and fructose.
Alkalosis
The buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body fluids.
Cytokinesis
The cell pinches into 2 identical separate cells
osteoblasts
The cells that form compact bone.
Binary Fission
The chromosome binds to the plasma membrane where it replicates. As the cell grows it pinches into 2 creating 2 identical cells
pH
The concentrations of acids
Diameter
The distance across the center of an object
Alpha radiation
The emission of helium nuclei. The particles contain 2 protons and 2 neutrons causing them to have a charge of +2
connotation
The emotions or feelings that the reader attaches to words.
Pronoun Case
The form of a noun or pronoun indicating its relation to other words in a sentence.
Compound Sentence Example
The hard drive is fine, but the fan has burnt out.
Fraction Bar
The line between the numerator and denominator. The bar is another symbol for division.
What is the meaning of the word precipitous? Subtle Languid Abrupt; rapid uncontrolled Cautious
The meaning of the word precipitous is abrupt. Rapid; uncontrolled A precipitous change in health is immediate and unexpected; in other words, it happens abruptly.
What is the meaning of the word void? Determine Emit Confirm Prevent
The meaning of the word void is emit; or the word that means "to urinate."
passive transport
The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy
Dividend
The number being divided
Divisor
The number by which the dividend is divided
Etiology
The origin or cause of a diease or condition. The nurse interviewed the patient to determine the etiology of the patient's food posioning
Etiology
The origin or cause of a disease or condition
Stoichiometry
The part of chemistry that deals with the quantities and numeric relationships of the participants in a chemical reaction
predicate
The part of the sentence that tells what the subject does or what is done to the subject.
Solvent
The part that is doing the dissolving
Remainder
The portion of the divided that is not evenly divisible by the divisor
remainder
The portion of the dividend that is not evenly divisible by the divisor.
scientific notation
The scientific system of writing numbers; a method to write very big or very small numbers easily; composed of three parts: a mathematical sign (+ or -), the significand, and the exponential, sometimes called the *logarithm*.
Telophase
The separate chromosomes go on either side of the separating cell
Anaphase
The sister chromatids begin separating
Metaphase
The sister chromatids line up in the middle
Genetics
The study of heredity
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
Numerator
The top number in a fraction
Rationale
The underlying reason
Rationale
The underlying reason; reasonable
Place Value
The value of the position of a digit in a number (e.g. in the number 321, the number 2 is in the "tens" position). Numbers to the right of the decimal point have different terms from the whole numbers to the left of the decimal point. Each digit in a number occupies a position
place value
The value of the position of a digit in a number (e.g., in the number 659, the number 5 is in the "tens" position).
HESI Hint
The word "and" stands for the decimal when writing a number in words. Ex. 5.7 (five and seven tenths)
Who vs. Whom
The word "who" is used as a subject in a sentence. The word "whom" is used as an object.
What is the meaning of the word insidious? Reliable Limited Rapid Subtle
The word insidious suggests something that is sneaky, unobtrusive, and subtle; a gradual, subtle process
antecedent
The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.
Abstain
To voluntarily refrain from something; FORGO Example: The patient decided to abstain from alcohol for the rest of his life, which his family agreed was for the better.
Device
Tool or piece of equipment
golgi bodies
They receive proteins and other newlly formed materials from the ER, package them, and distribute them to other parts of the cell
Imply
To suggest without explicitly stating
Imply
To suggest without explicitly stating Example: The look on the admin's face implied that she was happy about the results of the inspection
Ingest
To swallow for digestion
ingest
To swallow for digestion
mRNA Bases (A-U/ C-G)
Thymine is replaced with Uracil
What are the most commonly used linking verbs?
To be Am Is Are Was Were Being Been
Accountable
To be responsible
Initiate
To begin or put into practice
Exposure
To come in contact
recur
To come up again or to happen again
Infer
To conclude or deduce
Constrict
To draw together or become smaller
Constrict
To draw together or become smaller.
Contract
To draw together, to reduce in size
Dilate
To enlarge or expand
Assent
To give consent/ to agree
Adhere
To hold fast or stick together
Adhere
To hold fast or stick together.
Retain
To hold or keep
Expand
To increase in size or amount
Elevate
To lift up or place in a higher position
Restrict
To limit
Dilute
To make a liquid less concentrated
dilute
To make a liquid less concentrated
Predispose
To make more susceptible or more likely to occur
Predispose
To make more susceptible or more likely to occur The patient was ________ to aspiration, and that's why they made sure he was sitting upright for dinner.
Exacerbate
To make worse or more severe
Exacerbate
To make worse or more severe, aggravate Example: The physical therapist recognized that too much exercise would exacerbate the patient's breathing difficulties.
Recur
To occur again
Apply
To place, put on, or spread something
Suppress
To stop or subdue
Suppress
To stop or subdue; COUNTER Soon after the surgery, the patient found he had to suppress the urge to vomit. What does "suppress" mean in this context?
Golgi Apparatus
Transports materials from the ER to the whole cell
How do you identify adjectives?
What kind? Which one? How many? How much? Usually precede the noun or noun phrase
run-on sentence
Two or more complete sentences are written as though they were one sentence.
Common Denominator
Two or more fractions having the same denominator
common denominator
Two or more fractions having the same denominator.
Proportion
Two ratios that have equal values
proportion
Two ratios that have equal values.
Ambivalent
Uncertain, having contradictory
Ambvalent
Uncertain, having contradictory feelings
Sublingual
Under the tongue
Adverse
Undesired, possibly harmful
Adverse
Undesired, possibly harmful, unfavorable Example: Vomiting is an adverse effect of many medications.
Among vs. Between
Use among to show a relationship involving more than 2 persons or things being consider as a group (e.g.) The professors will distribute the textbooks among the students in the class Use between to show relationship between 2 people or things, to compare 1 person or thing with an entire group (e.g.) I sit between Holly and Jo in class.
Comma Series Rule
Use to separate three or more items in a series or list
Calvin Cycle
Uses ATP and NADPH to create sugar
Photosynthesis
Uses light energy which converts solar energy to chemical energy
five
V
5,000
V WITH LINE OVER
six
VI
seven
VII
eight
VIII
anterior
View facing forward
superior
View from above.
inferior
View from below.
posterior
View toward the back.
medial
View toward the midline.
What questions can you ask yourself to held identify a direct object?
What or whom (E.g.) The students watched the professor distribute the examinations. The professor answers whom the students watched.
Lattice
When water freezes it spreads apart allowing it to float
leukocytes
White blood cells.
HESI Hint
Whole numbers are written to the left of the decimal point and place values are written to the right of the decimal point. Line the numbers up vertically before solving the problem
Gaping
Wide open
misplaced modifier
Words or groups of words that are not located properly in relation to the words they modify.
Deteriorating
Worsening
Deteriorating
Worsening Example: The hygienist explains that the condition of the patient's gums is deteriorating and treatment by the dentist is needed right away.
ten
X
10,000
X WITH LINE OVER
ninety
XC
eleven
XI
forty
XL
twenty
XX
thirty
XXX
0 32
__ C = __ F
100 212
__ C = __ F
Nucleic acid
a biological macromolecule that carries the genetic information of a cell and carries instructions for the functioning of the cell -include DNA and RNA
hydrolysis
a chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds
circuit
a circular journey or one beginning and ending at the same place; a round.
laceration
a cut, tear
prognosis
a forecast of the probable course and outcome of a disease or situation
precaution
a measure taken in advance to prevent harm
cytoskeleton
a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence
Predicate Nominative
a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames or identifies the subject (E.g.) Professors are teachers
collective noun
a noun that represents a group of persons, animals, or things
factor
a number that divides evenly into another number
nucleus
a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
mitosis interphase
a period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins
compound preposition
a preposition that is made up of more than one word
possessive pronoun
a pronoun that shows ownership
cell wall
a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms
exclamatory sentence
a sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark
declarative sentence
a sentence that makes a statement
endoplasmic reticlum
a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids
How many amino acids are essential for human life? a. 20 b. 22 c. as many as 585 d. amino acids are not essential for life
a. 20
the nucleic acids DNA and RNA: a. are found in the cell nucleus b. are not found in the cell mitochondria c. contain different kinds of fat d. include very small molecules
a. are found in the cell nucleus
What is the strongest type of chemical bond? a. covalent b. hydrogen c. ionic d. dipole interactions
a. covalent
What is the correct name for MgSO4? a. magnesium sulfate b. manganese c. magnesium sufar d. manganese silicate
a. magnesium sulfate
what draws a limb away from the midline?
abductors
impending
about to happen
lethargic
acting in an indifferent or slow, sluggish manner
what returns a limb closer to the midline?
adductors
the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also known as
adenohypophysis
what controls cardiac function/ raises blood sugar levels?
adrenal medulla
affect vs effect
affect: verb "to influence or change" effect: noun "result or outcome"
preexisting
already present
Ionic bonding
an electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions, or a cation and an anion -generally formed between a metal and a nonmetal
manifestation
an indication or sign of a condition
what is the muscle that produces an opposite movement?
antagonist
enzyme
any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions
the systemic arteries begins with what that sends branches to all part of the body?
aorta
what contains bits of cytoplasm from the secreting cells and is mainly found in the armpits or groin area?
apocrine glands
the smallest arteries are known as
arterioles
Dispersion forces
attractions between molecules caused by the electron motion on one molecule affecting the electron motion on the other through electrical forces; these are the weakest interactions between molecules
what system includes the para/sympathetic nervous systems?
autonomic nervous system
Atomic mass
average mass of each of that element's isotopes -protons and neutrons each have approximately the same mass or weight, which makes up nearly all of the atom's total mass
lateral
away from the midline
what consists of the skull, vertebral column, 12 pairs of ribs, and the sternum?
axial skeleton
what transmits the impulse away from the cell body?
axons
A pentose is: a. pentateuch b. a 5 carbon sugar c. one of the bases of the base pairs in DNA and RNA d. found in DNA but not RNA
b. a 5 carbon sugar
Gluconeogenesis is a process that produces: a. energy and ATP b. glucose from proteins and fats c. DNA and RNA d. fats from glucose and proteins
b. glucose from proteins and fats
bad vs. badly
bad is an adjective badly is an adverb
dependent clause
begins with a subordinating conjunction and does not express a complete thought and therefore cannot stand alone as a sentence.
organic
being or relating to or derived from or having properties characteristic of living organisms
flexion
bending a joint
what two muscles move the lower arm?
biceps/triceps brachii
what valve is on the left side of the heart?
bicuspid valve
what serves to transport oxygen/nutrients to body cells and to carry away CO2/ metabolic waste?
blood
what includes the cochlea,semicircular canals, and vestibules of the ear?
bony labyrinth
correlative conjunctions
both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, whether...or Work in pairs to join words or phrases
concise
brief; to the point
Bring vs take
bring conveys action toward the speaker take conveys action away from the speaker
What would be the oxidation state of the sulfur atom in sulfuric H2SO4? a. +4 b. +5 c. +6 d. +8
c. +6
How many neutrons does Carbon-14 have? a. 6 b. 7 c. 8 d. 9
c. 8
Glycogen is: a. a plant starch b. a disaccharide c. an animal starch d. not a starch or a disaccharide
c. an animal starch
When two monosaccharides are joined together they make a: a. polysaccharide b. oligosaccharide c. disaccharide d. fat
c. disaccharide
serene
calm, peaceful
can vs may
can and could - imply ability or power may and might - imply permission
what is a period from the end of the best ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction?
cardiac cycle
etiology
cause of disease
Increasing the concentration
causes more collisions between the reactants and produce more products
fatal
causing death
pathogenic
causing disease
Specialized glands in the ear canal produce earwax called ____ that protects the middle ear of foreign particles
cerumen
what is an increase in carbon dioxide and a decrease in arterial pH?
chemoreceptor stimulation
pectoral girdle
clavicle and scapula
occluded
closed or obstructed
proximal
closer to point of attachment
proximal
closer to the point of attachment
syndrome
complex of symptoms
status
condition
what is the framework of the body that provides structure and support for the organs?
connective tissue
DNA structure
consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. These two strands run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called bases. It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone that encodes information.
RNA
contains the sugar ribose, has the nucleobase uracil, single-stranded, and encodes genetic information
ongoing
continuous
aegis
control, protection
blood is supplied to the heart muscle by what?
coronary arteries
what released from the adrenal cortex helps to reduce inflammation, raises the blood sugar level and inhibits the release of histamine?
cortisol
1 8
cup to ounce
How many amino acids are in a dipeptide? a. 3 b. an even number c. an odd number d. 2
d. 2
The 3 in the power of 10^3 is called the: a. coefficient b. significand c. subscript d. exponent
d. exponent
acids are: a. proton acceptors b. proton donors c. electron acceptors d. electron donors
d. proton donors
what transmits the impulse toward the cell body?
dendrites
contingent
dependent
what is the underlying nerve endings associated with the skin structure called?
dermis
hypertonic
describes a solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell
hypotonic
describes a solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside a cell
the relaxation phase of the heart is called
diastole
Isotopes
different kinds of the same atom that vary in weight
osmosis
diffusion of water
alimentary canal
digestive tube that consists of the -mouth, -pharynx, -esophagus, -stomach, -small intestine, -large intestine, -rectum, and -anus.
dependent clause
does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence
sensory impulses enter where on the spinal cord?
dorsal horns
what is the most widely distributed sweat gland that regulates body temperature by releasing a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin called?
eccrine glands
what type of glands are activated as part of the bodies thermoregulation?
eccrine glands
what assists the nervous system in homeostasis and plays an important role in growth and sexual maturation?
endocrine system
lipids
energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
what is the outer most protective layer made of dead, keratinized epithelial cells called?
epidermis
once produced the sperm is matured and stored where in the male reproductive system?
epididymis
what covers lines and protects the body and its internal organs?
epithelial cells
red blood cells are known as
erythrocytes
what is modified for transport of oxygen?
erythrocytes
what is a passive process in which the lungs recoil as respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size?
exhalation
what produced by follicles initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy?
estrogen
patent
evident or obvious
urinate
excrete or expel urine
independent clause
expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.
independent clause
expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Has both a subject and a verb.
Interjection
expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence
wha increases the angle at a joint?
extensor
what refers to the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood through alveoli?
external respiration
what muscles elevate and depress the ribs?
external/internal oblique
fatigue
extreme tiredness
Amphoteric refers to the ability of water to be both a base and a peptide. True or False?
false
distal
farther away from point of attachment
unsaturated fats
fats that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms and have less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon.
saturated fats
fatty acid chains lack double bonds; therefore, the chains pack tightly, solid at room temp and bad fats, major source is animals
what is the inner layer of the dermis composed of?
fibrous connective tissue with blood vessels
lysosomes
filled with enzymes used to break down food into particles that can be used
1 12
foot to inch
mitosis prophase
first and longest phase of mitosis, chromatin condenses into chromosomes and becomes visable, centrioles separate and move to opposite sides of the nucleus, spindle begins to form, nucluer envelope bracks down
what reduces the angle at a joint?
flexor
the base of the skull is known as
foramen magnum
the spinal cord extends from
foramen magnum to L1/L2 vertebrae
Covalent bonding
formed when two atoms share electrons, generally in pairs, with one pair from each atom -single covalent bond- sharing of one pair of electrons -double covalent bond- formed when two electron pairs are shared -triple covalent bond- formed when three electron pairs are shared -covalent bond IS THE STRONGEST OF ANY TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND and is generally formed between two nonmetals -in a covalently bonded compound, if the electrons in the bond are shared equally, the bond is termed non-polar
1 128
gallon to ounces
1 4
gallon to quarts
what two muscles extend the foot?
gastrocnemius and soleus
Common Noun
general, not particular, name for a person, place, thing, or idea (e.g., nurse, hospital)
assent
give consent; agree
Increasing surface area
gives the particles more opportunity to come into contact with one another
Good vs. Well
good- adjective - use before nouns and after linking verbs well- adverb
1 1,000
gram to milligram
properties of water
great solvent/dissolves waste products/participates in chemical reactions/absorbs and releases heat slowly/requires a lot of heat to change to gas/good lubricant/makes up most volume of cells and body fluids
convulsive
having or causing convulsions, i.e., violent shaking of the body
what is a double pump that sends blood to the lungs for oxygenation through the pulmonary circuit and to the remainder of the body through the systemic circuit?
heart
most of the oxygen transported by erythrocytes is bound to a pigmented protein called?
hemoglobin
adhere
hold fast; stick together
sebum is produced by what type of secretion?
holocrine secretion
what are chemical messengers that control the growth, differentiation, and metabolism of specific target cells called?
hormones
where do the endocrine and nervous system meet?
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
i.e. vs. e.g.
i.e. means "that is" and specifies or explains things further, e.g. means "for example" and gives examples.
mitosis
in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes
Sentence Fragments
incomplete sentences
expand
increase in size
what requires the contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the thoracic cavity?
inhalation
insidious
intended to deceive or entrap; sly, treacherous
what refers to the exchange of gases between the blood and body cells?
internal respiration
what produces testosterone?
interstitial cells
what are the abundant bacteria in the digestive system known as?
intestinal flora
infection
invasion of the body by a pathogenic organism
what organ filters blood?
kidneys
1 1,000
kilogram to gram
1 1,000
kilometer to meters
white blood cells are known as
leukocytes
1 1,000
liter to milliliter
Anti-codon
located on a tRNA (Transfer RNA)
Oxidation
loss of electrons -the element that is oxidized is the reductant or reducing agent
acidosis is?
low pH
what stimulates ovulation and the conversion of the follicle to the corpus luteum?
luteinizing hormone
what white blood cells are active in antibody formation?
lymphocytes
Proteins
made up of amino acids -dipeptide- a union of two amino acids using a peptide bond -peptides (polypeptides)- groups of fewer than 30 amino acids
carbohydrates
main source of energy for the body
what part of the brain controls many vital functions such as respiration and the heart rate?
medulla oblongata
what is the special cell division that takes place in the gonads?
meiosis
1 100
meter to centimeters
1 5,280
mile to feet
1 1,760
mile to yards
1 1
milliliter to cubic centimeter
DNA is duplicated and distributed evenly to two daughter cells what is this?
mitosis
Polysaccharides
more than six and up to thousands of monosaccharides -also called a starch
what transmits nerve impulses away from the CNS to the effector organs such as muscles,glands and digestive organs?
motor efferent
what is the result from the sliding together of actin and myosin filaments within a muscle cell or fiber called?
muscle contraction
what tissue has the ability to contract or shorten and can be involuntary or voluntary?
muscle tissue
what produces movement by contracting in response to nervous stimulation?
muscles
What does the subject of a sentence do?
names the person, place, or thing that the sentence is about
what are the functional units of the kidneys?
nephrons
what system works closely with the endocrine glands in correlating/integrating body functions such as digestion and reproduction?
nervous system
what is composed of neurons and neuroglia?
nervous tissue
Neutrons
no charge
ribosomes
non membrane bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis
impervious
not affected or hurt by; admitting of no passage or entrance
Atomic number
number of protons in the nucleus, defines an atom as a particular element
incidence
occurrence
priority
of great importance
neurologic
of or relating to the nervous system
initial
of, relating to, or occurring at the beginning; first:
compensatory
offsetting; making up for something
cavity
opening or empty area
starch
or amylum is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by all green plants as an energy store. It is the most important carbohydrate in the human diet and is contained in such staple foods as potatoes, wheat, maize (corn), rice, and cassava.
what muscle closes the eye?
orbicularis oculi
what muscle draws the lips together?
orbicularis oris
chloroplasts
organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
eukaryotes
organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
auditory bones called_____ transmit the sound vibrations
ossicles
1 30
ounce to milliliter
external
outside the body
what are the hormones released in the neurohypophysis called?
oxytocin, ADH
what muscles moves the upper arm?
pectorals major, deltoid, latissimus dorsi
kinetic
pertaining to motion
otic
pertaining to the ear
cardiac
pertaining to the heart
renal
pertaining to the kidney
oral
pertaining to the mouth
gastrointestinal
pertaining to the stomach and intestines
what has an influence on daily biorhythms/ sexual activity?
pineal gland
1 2
pint to cup
what is nicknamed the master gland?
pituitary gland
what plays an important role in growth/development?
pituitary gland
apply
place, put on
what contains approximately 10% proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products and hormones that is dissolved or suspended in water?
plasma
what is active in the process of blood clotting?
platelets
toxic
poisonous
potential
possible, able to happen; something that can develop or become a reality
2.2 1
pound to kilogram
1 16
pound to ounce
potent
powerful; highly effective
bilateral
present on two sides
ubiquitous
present or existing everywhere
latent
present, but not active; hidden
diffusion
process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
meiosis
process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
the corpus luteum secrets what hormones?
progesterone/estrogen
what hormones remain at the surface and act as a secondary messenger?
protein hormones
what three muscles move the lower leg?
quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, sartorius
1 2
quart to pint
contraindication
reason something shouldnt be done
Erythrocytes
red blood cells
personal pronoun
refers to a specific person, place, thing, or idea by indicating the person speaking (first person), the person or people spoken to (second person), or any other person, place, thing, or idea being talked about (third person).
what are the reflexes in which nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain called?
simple spinal reflexes
Personal Pronoun
refers to the one speaking, the one spoken to, or the one spoken about
hematologic
relating to blood
the origin of the bone does what?
remains immobile
what is controlled by the respiratory control center in the medulla oblongata?
respiration
accountable
responsible
blood drains from the myocardium directly into what?
right atrium through coronary sinus
concave
rounded inward
vacuoles
saclike structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates in the cytoplasm
what plane divides the body into left and right halves?
sagittal plane
what contains an enzyme known as amylase?
saliva
Monosaccharides
simple sugars
what gland releases an oily substance known as sebum through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin and prevents drying?
sebaceous glands
what is produced by holocrine secretion in which whole cells of the gland are part of the secretion?
sebum
mitosis metaphase
second stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up across the center of the cell, mictotubles connect the centromere of each chromosome to the 2 poles of the spindle
what valves are found at the entrance of the pulmonary trunk and the aorta?
semilunar valves
what glands of the male reproductive system produce the transport medium or semen?
seminal vesicles,prostate gland,bulbourethral gland
what transmits nerve impulses to the CNS?
sensory afferent
imperative
sentence makes a command or request.
declarative
sentence makes a statement.
compound sentence
sentence that has two or more independent clauses. Each independent clause has a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a sentence.
cilia
short structures projecting from a cell and containing bundles of microtubules that move a cell through its surroundings or move fluid over the cell's surface
prokaryotes
single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus
the intrinsic beat in the heart is initiated by what?
sinoatrial node
Prophase
sister chromatids are visible
what type of muscles work in pairs to move various parts of the body and are voluntary?
skeletal muscle
functions of what include support, movement, blood cell formation, protection of internal organs, detoxification, provision for muscle attachment, and mineral storage?
skeletal system
where does digestion and absorption of food occur?
small intestine
what type of muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and are involuntary?
smooth muscle
what system controls the five senses and the movement of skeletal muscles?
somatic nervous system
verbal
spoken, using words
which type of bone consists of trabeculae?
spongy bone
chyme
soupy substance that's created by stomach churning & mixing bolus food mass.
what develops within the seminiferous tubules of each testis?
spermatozoa
formed elements are produced from what?
stem cells in red bone marrow
what muscle moves the head?
sternocleidomastoid
what hormone enters the target cell and has a direct effect of the DNA of the nucleus?
steroid hormones
what are the two major groups of hormones called?
steroid/nonsteroid hormones
pathology
study of disease
acute
sudden, intense
What vein returns blood to the heart, draining the head, neck, and upper torso?
superior vena cava
what are the large valves that empty into the right atrium of the heart called?
superior/inferior vena cava
what in the nervous system deals with stressful or emergency situations?
sympathetic nervous system
what muscle works in cooperation with the prime mover called?
synergists
the contraction phase of the heart is called
systole
Predicate
tells what the subject does or what is done to the subject
the skin is involved in what through the activation of the sweat glands?
temperature homeostasis
what is controlled by a negative feedback system consisting of a receptor,control center, and effector?
temperature of the body
what muscles move the mandible?
temporalis/masseter
empathy
the ability to understand and share the feelings of another
What is quotient?
the answer to the divison problem
Hydrogen bonds
the attraction for a hydrogen atom by a highly electronegative element
endocrine system
the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
nervous system
the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
biological molecules
the chemical compounds that provide physical structure and that bring about movement, energy, use, and other cellular functions
Reduction
the gain of electrons -the element that is reduced (gains electrons) is the oxidant or the oxidizing agent
common noun
the general, not the particular, name of a person, place, or thing (e.g., nurse, hospital, syringe).
the actual filtration process of the urinary system occurs through what?
the glomerulus in the bowmans capsule of the nephron
triage
the medical screening of patients to determine their relative priority of need and the proper place of treatment
What is the dividend?
the number being divided
What is the divisor?
the number by which the dividend is divided
Direct Object
the object that receives the direct action of the verb
proper noun
the official name of a person, place, or thing (e.g., Fred, Paris, Washington University); capitalized.
Biochemsitry
the study of substances and processes occurring in living things
rationale
the underlying reason
Intermolecular forces
these are NOT BONDING interactions between atoms within a molecule but instead are WEAKER forces of attraction between whole molecules
cell membrane
thin, flexible barrier around a cell, regulates what enters and leaves the cell
mitosis anaphase
third phase of mitosis where sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart into two groups near the poles of the spindle, phase ends when chromosomes stop moving
what plays a role in the immune responses?
thymus gland
what helps regulate metabolism/functions in growth and development?
thyroid gland
initiate
to begin
exposure
to come in contact
Infer
to conclude or deduce Remember: the sender of a message implies, and the receiver of the message infers
infer
to find out by reasoning; to arrive at a conclusion on the basis of thought; to hint, suggest, imply
Assent
to give consent; to agree
retain
to hold or keep
predispose
to incline to beforehand
restrict
to limit
dilate
to make larger; expand
exacerbate
to make worse
suppress
to stop by force, put down
imply
to suggest
1 2,000
ton to pound
medial
toward the midline
sublingual
under the tongue
active transport
transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient, requires energy
what plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
transverse plane
what muscle moves the shoulder?
trapezius
what valve is on the right side of the heart?
tricuspid valve
run-on sentence
two or more complete sentences run together as one
adverse
undesired
ambivalent
uncertain
labile
unstable, open to change
what are tubes that transport urine to to the urinary bladder known as?
ureters
what is the final product produced by millions of nephrons per each kidney?
urine
Apostrophes
used to show possession or show that letters have been omitted
what does pathway of sperm include?
vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
what carries blood to the heart
veins
motor impulses leave through where on the spinal cord?
ventral horns
nucleic acids
very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important information in the cells
precipitous
very steep
impaired
weakened or damaged
what consists approximately of 55% plasma and 45% formed elements?
whole blood
deteriorating
worsening
trauma
wound or injury
1 3
yard to feet