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"Phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves with honesty and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts, emotions, and behaviors." This explanation for anxiety disorders would MOST likely be offered by: A.) humantistic theorists B.) sociocultural theorists C.) behaviorists D.) cognitive theorists
A
A group if physical illnesses that seem to be cause or worsened by an interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors is called: A) psychological factors affecting other medical conditions B) illness anxiety disorders C) conversion disorders D) somatic symptom disorders
A
A person who is suicidal and can see no reason for living BEST fits which definition of abnormality? A) danger B) deviance C) dysfunction D) distress
A
A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who refuses to talk about it is: A.) experiencing avoidance B.) experieicning increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt C.) reexperiencing the traumatic event D.) experiencing reduced responsiveness
A
A previously neutral environmental event that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus is called a(n): A) conditioned stimulus B) discriminative stimulus C) learned stimulus D) unconditioned stimulus
A
A psychologist studies memory techniques in adult volunteers and learns how to facilitate memory and thena pplies the results to a new class of students ina psychology course. This demonstrates faith in: A) the external validity of the study B) the conceptual validity of the memory C) the internal validity of the study D) the content validity of the technique
A
A researcher wishes to study the effect of a new drug on symptoms of depression. Research participants were randomly assigned to two groups. Participants in Group A received the drug whenever they reported depressive symptoms to the experimenter; participants in Group B received nothing when they reported depressive symptoms to the experimenter. After a month of this procedure, participants in Group A reported significantly fewer symptoms of depression. A serious flaw of this study is that it: A) was not a double-blind design B) was not a natural experiment C) involved a placebo therapy D) was really a case study
A
A test is constructed to identify people who will develop schizophrenia. Of the 100 people the test identifies, 93 show signs of developing schizophrenia within five years. The test may be said to have high: A) predictive validity B) concurrent validity C) test retest reliability D) internal reliability
A
A therapist's preferred method of assessing abnormal behavior is to watch clients in their everyday environments and record their activities and behaviors. This approach is known as: A) naturalistic observation B) structured observation C) self-monitoring D) battery observation
A
According to Edwin Scneidman, people who commit suicide with clarity and commitment, yet who believe that they are simply facilitating a process that is already under way, are called: A) death initiators B) death ignorers C) death darers D) death seekers
A
According to Freud, a generalized anxiety disorder is MOST likely to result when: A.) defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety B.) a person never has a chance to experience trauma C.) defense mechanisms are too strong D.) a person does not dream, and has had no outlet for anxiety
A
Another term for developing norms for an assessment tool is: A) standardization B) reliability C) face validity D) predictive validity
A
Changes in body image among African American women and among women in non-Westernized cultures support the idea that ______ has/have a strong influence on body image. A) exposure to white U.S. culture B) the impact of gender C) cognitive distortions D) genetic similarities
A
Compared to people with anorexia nervosa, MOST people with bulimia: A) are of a more normal weight B) have obsessive thoughts about food C) have less education D) are younger
A
Deciding that a client's psychological problems represent a particular disorder is called: A) diagnosis B) psychotherapy C) triage D) assessment
A
Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable. If these factors vary systematically with the independent variable, they are called _________ variables. A) confounding B) blind C) controlled D) irrelevant
A
Family members are overinvolved in each other's lives but are affectionate and loyal. This description fits Salavador Minuchin's defintion of an: A) institutionalized family pattern B) autonomous family pattern C) under functioning family pattern D) enmeshed family pattern
A
For which disorder would you expect to find nearly equal numbers of men and women sufferers? A) binge-eating disorder B) purging-type anorexia nervosa C) bulimia nervosa D) restricted-type anorexia nervosa
A
Ideally, ctrical incident stress debriefing occurs: A.) immediately and is short-term B.) after a "recovery" period and is long-term C.) after a "recovery" period and is short-term D.) immediaitely and it long-term
A
If a clinician begins by asking, "Would you tell me about yourself?" the clinician is MOST likely conducting a(n): A.) unstructured interview B.) structured interview C.) mental status exam D.) interview schedule
A
If a person complains of a wide variety of physical symptoms over a period of time in the absence of a physical basis for the symptoms, the diagnosis would likely be: A) somatic symptom disorder B) psychophysiological disorder C) conversion disorder D) body dysmorphic disorder
A
If a person criticized everything he did, looking for flaws, and could never measure up to his personal standards, he would be exhibiting what Rogers called: A) conditions of worth B) empathy C) moral anxiety D) unconditional positive regard
A
If one wanted a drug to improve the effectiveness of GABA, one would choose: A.) a benzodiazepinde B.) any of the antidepressants C.) a drug that works on the endocrine level rather than the neuron level D.) a drug that increased neuronal firing speed
A
If stress levels and physical health are negatively correlated, the researcher can conclude that: A) as stress increases, health decreases B) mental illness causes both stress and poor health C) stress causes people to have poor health D) poor health causes people to experience stress
A
Lasting improvement for a person with anorexia nervosa depends on: A) addressing underlying psychological problems B) recognizing the need to give up control C) drug therapy over several years D) continuing medical treatment
A
One of the drawbacks of exposure and response prevention as a therapy is that it: A.) is less effective with clients with obsessions but no compulsions B.) is less effective with clients who have both obessions and compulsions C.) does not result in more improvement in obsessive-compulsive clients than do other cognitive-behavioral therapies D.) has a more than 50 percent relapse rate
A
Research indicates that suicides by people with schizophrenia are in response to: A) feelings of demoralization B) a feeling of invincibility C) voices commanding them to kill themselves D) overdoses of antipsychotic drugs
A
Salina was terrified during the San Francisco earthquake of 1989--who wouldn't be? For a couple of weeks after, she did not sleep well or feel comfortable inside a building. However, the fears gradually diminished, disappearing within a month. Her reaction to the earthquake would MOST likely be diagnosed as a(n): A.) acute stress disorder B.) posttraumatic stress disorder C.) phobic reaction D.) panic attack
A
Second-generation antidepressants appear to act by: A) selectively blocking the reuptake of serotonin B) blocking the reuptate processes of all neurotransmitters more completely C) facilitating the reuptake process D) destroying MAO
A
Symptoms such as sadness, loss of appetite, and low energy cluster together to form a: A) syndrome B) treatment C) medical condition D) classification system
A
The case study MOST likely to be helpful in the study of abnormality would be one that included a well-tested, research-supported form a therapy used to treat a(n): A) uncommon disorder B) substance abuse C) common disorder D) depression
A
The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them: A.) misinterpret bodily sensations B.) experience more stress than average C.) are prone to allergies and have immune deficiencies D.) have relatives who are atypically anxious
A
The experience of constant weeping would be considered a(n) _________ symptom of depression. A) emotional B) motivational C) cognitive D) behavioral
A
The first step in using the treatment called "systematic desensitization" is to: A) teach the skill of relaxation over the course of several sessions B) confront the client with the feared stimulus or thought C) construct a fear hierarchy D) construct a list of useful reinforcers
A
The major advantage of a correlational study over a case study is that it: A) has better external validity B) allows us to determine causation C) requires fewer participants D) is more individualized
A
The major advantage of a correlational study over a case study is that it: A) has better external validity B) requires fewer participants C) is more individualized D) allows us to determine causation
A
The term "external validity" refers to the extent to which the results of a study: A) apply to subjects and situations other than the ones studied B) rule out alternative explanations C) support the theory being tested D) reflect the manipulation of a single variable
A
The term "external validity" refers to the extent to which the results of a study: A.) apply to subjects and situations other than the ones studied B.) support the theory being tested C.) reflect the manipulation of a single variable D.) rule out alternative explanations
A
There were 10 new cases of schizophrenia in a small town in the Midwest this week. This observation refers to the _______ of schizophrenia in this small population. A.) incidence B.) prevalence C.) epidemiology D.) risk
A
What appears to be the key factor in determining the types of food that are likely to be eaten in a binge? A) rapidity through soft texture B) oral stimulation through crunchiness C) taste of the food D) high protein through meat
A
What is one important way obsssions and compulsions are related? A.) Compulsions help people control their obsessions B.) Obsessions are not related to compulsions C.) Obsessions generally lead to violent of immoral compulsions D.) Compulsions are a way to prevent obsessions from occuring
A
What we would call "conscience" is MOST like what Freud would call the: A) superego B) ego C) erogenous zone D) defense mechanism
A
When would religious rituals and superstitious behavior (such as not stepping on cracks) be considered compulsive behaviors? A) when they interfere with daily function and cause distress B) never C) when done more than once a day D) when done to provide comfort and reduce tension
A
Which correlation coefficient represents the weakest relationship? A) -.06 B) +.30 C) +.54 D) -.95
A
Which has been proposed as a possible cause of dissociative disorders? A.) self-hypnosis B.) classical conditioning C.) regression D.) lack of repression
A
Which is NOT a consequence of anorexia nervosa? A) fever and high blood pressure B) development of the silky hair that covers newborns C) dry, rough, cracked skin D) amenorrhea
A
Which is a behavioral symptom of depression? A) staying in bed for hours during the day B) lack of desire to eat C) a negative view of oneself D) experiences of sadness and anger
A
Which is an aspecr of the experimental approach? A.) the manipulation of a variable by the researcher B.) a detailed interpretive description of a subject C.) the use of confounding variables D.) observation of people over a period of time
A
Which is an aspect of the experimental approach? A) the manipulation of a variable by the researcher B) a detailed interpretive description of a subject C) the use of confounding variables D) observation of people over a period of time
A
Which is an example of a case study? A) a long-term study of a clinical client B) a study of all the cases of a disorder in a community C) the creation of a disorder in a group of lab rats D) a study involving use of a control group
A
Which is the MOST accurate biological explanation for people who gain weight after losing it? A) the brain is trying to restore the person to a set weight point B) abnormally high levels of serotonin persist despite dieting C) excessive stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus D) hypothalamus stops producing the appetite suppressant GLP-1
A
Which treatment produces the fastest results in the biological treatment for unipolar depression? A) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) B) second-generation antidepressant drugs C) MAO inhibitors D) tricyclic antidepressant medication
A
Women are _______ as likely as men to develop stress disorders. A.) twice B.) three times C.) four times D.) just
A
Which is NOT a way that case studies are useful? A) determining general laws of behavior B) suggesting new areas for further study C) studying unusual problems D) learning a great deal about a particular patient
A`
A campus newspaper publishes an "Exam Anxiety" test, which newspaper staffers put together one evening just before their publishing deadline. Despite its hasty construction, the test MOST likely has: A) predictive validity B) face validity C) a standardization sample D) standardization
B
A clinician has developed a test that requires test-takes to tell stories about a series of pictures of city skylines. MOST likely, this new test is a: A) response inventory B) protective test C) personality inventory D) neuropychological test
B
A combat veteran undergoing "eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" is experiencing: A.) insight therapy B.) exposure therapy C.) drug therapy D.) group therapy
B
A medical researcher develops a drug that decreases symptoms of depression and other "mood" disorders. The general term for this type of drug is: A) somatotropic B) psychotropic C) psychogenic D) somatogenic
B
A new test for anxiety shows consistent levels of anxiety across time for people, but very few people have taken the test, and accurate norms don't exist. The test has: A) low reliability, but adequate standardization B) high reliability, but inadequate standardization C) high reliability, and adequate standardization D) low reliability, and inadequate standardization
B
A person is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heart attack, but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a: A) obsessive-compulsive disorder B) panic attack C) posttraumatic disorder D) phobia
B
A researcher find that individuals who report large numbers of "hassles" in their lives usually also report higher levels of stress. Those who report fewer "hassles" generally report lower levels of stress. The correlation between numbers of "hassles" and stress level is: A) curvilinear B) positive C) nonexistent D) negative
B
A researcher spends 15 or more hours per day conducting experiments or doing library reading and records observations on color-coded index cards. This person lives alone in the country but doesn't interfere with others' lives. The BEST description of the researcher's behavior is that it is: A) dysfunctional B) eccentric C) abnormal D) dangerous
B
A researcher wishes to study the effect of a new drug on symptoms of depression. Research participants were randomly assigned to two groups. Participants in Group A received the drug whenever they reported depressive symptoms to the experimenter; participants in Group B received nothing when they reported depressive symptoms to the experimenter. After a month of this procedure, participants in Group A reported significantly fewer symptoms of depression. In this study, Group A was the: A) correlational group B) experimental group C) cross-sectional group D) control group
B
A researcher's expectations about a study can affect its outcome. The type of research design used specifically to address this problem is a(n): A) random-assignment design B) blind design C) experiment D) matched control group design
B
A student says, "Quick! I have to take a test in two minutes. I need help remembering what kind of correlation coefficient shows a weak relationship between two variables." Which will help the student? A) a correlation coefficient close to minus one (-1) B) a correlation coefficient close to zero (0) C) a correlation coefficient that doesn't prove a causal relationship between the variables D) a correlation coefficent that is statistically significant
B
A woman who was frequently beaten by her husband was finally taken to a shelter by the police. While there, she did not take advantage of educational and job training opportunities. How would cognitive theorists explain her behavior? A) faulty cognitive triad B) learned helplessness C) arbitrary attribution D) automatic negative thoughts
B
According to Edwin Shneidman, how do death ignorers primarily differ from other categories? A) They believe they are merely speeding up an ongoing process B) They believe death will not end their existence C) They employ more lethal means D) They intend to end their lives with their action
B
According to Edwin Shneidman, people who are ambivalent about their intent to die and whose actions leading to death do not guarantee death (e.g., swimming in shark-infested waters) are called: A) death ignorers B) death darers C) death initiators D) death seekers
B
An athlete who is fact well prepared nevertheless thinks just before a contest, "I can't do this! I need to be perfect, and I know I'm going to fail!" The theorist who would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in his subsequent poor performance MOST likely would support which model of abnormality? A.) behavioral B.) cognitive C.) psychodynamic D.) existential
B
An athlete who is in fact well prepared nevertheless thinks just before a contest, "I can't do this! I need to be perfect, and I know I'm going to fail!" The theorist who would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in his subsequent poor performance MOST likely would support which model of abnormality? A) existential B) cognitive C) behavioral D) psychodynamic
B
Another term for developing norms for an assessment tool is: A.) predictive validity B.) standardization C.) face validity D.) reliability
B
Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as snakes and the dark than they do to such objects as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of: A.) stimulus generalization B.) preparedness C.) modeling D.) conditoning
B
Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to such objects as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of: A) stimulus generalization B) preparedness C) modeling D) conditioning
B
Assume variables X and Y are correlated. A research would be able to make the MOST accurate predictions of scores on variable Y if the correlation between X and Y is: A) -.53 B) -.88 C) +.45 D) close to zero
B
Assume variables X and Y are correlated. A researcher would be able to make the MOST accurate predictions of scores on variable Y if the correlation between X and Y is: A.) -.53 B.) -.88 C.) +.45 D.) close to zero
B
Because people who exhibit mania have very elevated moods, a new test for mania includes questions about how happy a person feels and how often he or she laughs. This test has: A.) construct validity B.) face validity C.) concurrent validity D.) content validity
B
Behavior that violates legal norms is: A) distressful and psychopathological B) deviant and criminal C) distressful and criminal D) deviant and psychopathological
B
Compared to projective tests, personality inventories generally have: A) poorer reliability and poorer validity B) greater reliability and greater validity C) greater reliability and poorer validity D) poorer reliability but greater validity
B
Disorders that represent the conversion of conflicts and anxiety into physical symptoms would include: A) psychophysiological disorders B) conversion disorders C) disassociative disorders D) phobia disorders
B
Fear differs from anxiety in that: A.) anxiety is an interpersonal threat and fear is an inanimate threat B.) fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more general C.) anxiety is an immediate response; fear is more vague D.) anixety is more likely to lead to aggresion than is fear
B
If a person criticized everything he did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to his personal standars, he would be exhibiting what ROgers called: A.) moral anxiety B.) conditons of worth C.) empathy D.) unconditional positive regard
B
Jamal observed his parents' generous behavior throughout his childhood. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. According to the behavioral model, Jamal has acquired his lifestyle through the process of: A) operant conditioning B) modeling C) classical conditioning D) self-actualization
B
Not all participants are the same. Researchers use _________ to reduce the possibility that preexisting differences between groups are responsible for observed differences after experimental manipulation. A) random selection B) random assignment C) an experimental group D) a control group
B
One distinction that DSM-5 makes between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is based on: A.) what the cause of the anxiety-linked symptoms was B.) how long the anxiety symptoms last C.) what sort of treatment is contemplated for the anxiety-linked symptoms D.) how intense the anxiety-linked symptoms are
B
One who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which of the following paradigms? A) psychocultural B) sociocultural C) cognitive cultural D) biocultural
B
People who have a biological vulnerability for anxiety that is brought to the surface by social/psycholgical factors develop generalized anxiety disorders, according to the: A.) cognitive-behavioral model B.) diathesis stress model C.) evolutionary perspective D.) psychodynamic model
B
Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term is called: A) quaternary prevention B) tertiary prevention C) primary prevention D) secondary prevention
B
Research shows that danger to self or others is found in: A) most cases of abnormal functioning B) some cases of abnormal functioning C) no cases of abnormal functioning D) all cases of abnormal functioning
B
Studies that determine the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population are called: A) developmental studies B) epidemiological studies C) experimental studies D) longitudinal studies
B
Sylvia shot herself by placing the gun barrel in her mouth, in the middle of a dense wood, where she knew she wouldn't be heard or found. Sylvia is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a: A) death darer B) death seeker C) death initiator D) death ignorer
B
Symptoms such as sadness, laoss of appetite, and low energy cluster together to form a: A.) medical condition B.) syndrom C.) treatment D.) classification system
B
Teaching people to accept their worries and live in the present moment--mindfulness therapy--is MOST consistant with which theoretical approach? A.) biological B.) cognitive C.) behavioral D.) psychodynamic
B
The MOST common cognitive disturbance in anorexia nervosa is: A) a major clinical depression B) a distorted body image C) in their views of others D) a revulsion toward food
B
The case study MOST likely to be helpful in the study of abnormality would be one that included a well-tested, research-supported form of therapy used to treat a(n): A) substance abuse B) uncommon disorder C) depression D) common disorder
B
The central feature of bulimia nervosa is: A) purging either by vomiting or use of laxatives B) binge eating, followed by a compensatory behavior C) fanatic exercising proceeded by binge eating D) excessive dieting and weight loss
B
The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: A) a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality B) abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress C) only one factor--stress of predisposition--is necessary for abnormality to occur D) stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality
B
The first step in treating anorexia nervosa is to: A) resolve unresolved oral conflicts B) help the person stare to regain the lost weight C) correct family coping patterns D) correct maladaptive thought patterns
B
The phobia MOST often associated with panic disorder is: A.) acrophobia B.) agoraphobia C.) metrophobia D.) claustrophobia
B
The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in older men seen at a clinic tells you the: A) number of new cases of sexual dysfunction over a period of time B) total number of older men with sexual dysfunction at the clinic C) rate if sexual dysfunction in the community D) risk of a man developing sexual dysfunction
B
The term used to refer to the comprehensive view of the causes and the maintenance of a person's abnormal behavior that a psychologist develops to: A) an interpretation B) the clinical picture C) a diagnosis D) a model
B
The use of a food diary to keep track of eating behavior in the treatment of patients with bulimia is MOST likely to be used by a therapist from the: A) humanist perspective B) behavioral perspective C) psychodynamic perspective D) cognitive perspective
B
The usual goal of therapy for dissociaitive identity disorders it to: A.) have the "other" subpersonalities become subject to the subpersonality that has the "protector" role B.) merge the subpersonalties into a singel identity C.) have the subpersonalities develop equal "shares" of the person's functioning D.) gradually phase out all but one of the subpersonalities
B
They type of clinician who would MOST likely say, "Tell me about the quality of mutual support you receive from your marriage," is a: A) behavioral clinician B) sociocultural clinician C) psychodynamic clinician D) cognitive clinician
B
Those people MOST likely to develop stress disorders are: A.) not anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them B.) anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them C.) anxious, and think they can control negative things that happen to them D.) not anxious, and think they can control negative things that happen to them
B
To determine if a person's fear of snakes is severe enough to be categorized as a phobia, one could: A.) ask her if anxiety about snakes interferes with daily living; if she says "yes," she most likely has a fear B.) ask her if her fear of snakes has lasted for six months, if she avoids snakes, and if it interferes with daily living. If she says "yes," she most likely has a phobia C.) show her a snake; if she appears to be very uncomfortable, she most likely has a phobia D.) show her a snake, if she appears to be very uncomfortable, she most likely has a fear
B
To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, melancholic, an individual must display: A) fluctuation in mood during the year B) almost not emotional response to pleasurable events C) repeated episodes D) motor inability of excessive activity
B
Under the instructions of a psychologist, Tina's mother records the number of times Tina hits her brother at home and what happens immediately before the hitting. In this situation, Tina's mother is: A) engaging in self-monitoring behavior B) a participant observer C) demonstrating observer bias D) conducting structured observations
B
What is the MOST common outcome for individuals with anorexia nervosa? A) suffering irreversible physical harm B) recovery C) suffering lifelong physiological trauma D) starving to death
B
Which aspect of the defintion of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively?A.) danger to self or others B.) dysfunction C.) distress D.) deviance
B
Which person would be MOST likely to cut out sweets, then eliminate more and more types of foods, but not engage in forced vomiting? A) someone experiencing bulimia nervosa B) someone experiencing restricting-type anorexia nervosa C) someone experiencing acute-type bulimia D) someone experiencing purging-type anorexia
B
Which statement is true about factitious disorders? A) Those with factitious disorder do not want to assume the sick role B) Those with factitious disorder are not trying to achieve some external gain by faking illness C) Those with factitious disorder do not intentionally create illness D) Those with factitious disorder have no control over their behavior
B
Which theoretical positon explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditoining? A.) sociocultural B.) behavioral C.) psychodynamic D.) biological
B
`One distinction that DSM-5 makes between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is based on: A) what sort of treatment is contemplated for the anxiety-linked symptoms B) how long the anxiety symptoms last C) how intense the anxiety-linked symptoms are D) what the cause of the anxiety-linked sympoms was
B
"I do not know why you think you are a terrible surgeon. You have not lost a patient during an operation in two years. No one else in the city has that kind of record." Which orientation is MOST likely to describe the therapist who made this statement? A) behavioral B) interpersonal C) cognitive D) humanistic
C
"Isn't the ABAB design pretty much a case study?" asks a student. The BEST answer would be: A) "They're similar, but the ABAB design has greater external validity." B) They're not very similar, and the ABAB design has greater internal validity and greater external validity." C) "They're similar, but the ABAB design has greater internal validity D) "Yes"
C
"Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality." Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? A) cognitive B) humanistic existential C) psychodynamic D) behavioral
C
"When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living." A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? A) psychodynamic B) cognitive C) humanistic-existential D) cognitive behavioral
C
A clinician has developed a new assessment tool. Clients write stories about their problems, and then two different judges evaluate the stories in terms of how logically they are written. For this assessment to be useful, there must be: A) low test-retest reliability B) high split-half reliability C) high interrater reliability D) low observer reliability
C
A clinician has developed a new assessment tool. Clients write stories about their problems, and then two different judges independently evaluate the stories in terms of how logically they are written. For this assessment technique to be useful, there must be: A) low test-retest reliability B) high split-half reliability C) high interrater reliability D) low observer reliability
C
A person is sweating, experiencing shortness of break, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. IF it is not a heart attack, but an indicator of an anxiety disorder, it is probably: A.) postraumatic disorder B.) obsessive-compulsive response C.) panic attack D.) phobia
C
A person who loses weight by forcing herself to vomit after meals or by using laxatives and who otherwise fits the definition of anorexia is experiencing: A) food-phobia anorexia nervosa B) variable-limited anorexia nervosa C) binge-eating/purging-type anorexia nervosa D) restricted-type anorexia nervosa
C
According to DSM-5, one must demonstrate which set of symptoms to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder? A) excessive worry for five months, edginess, sleep changes, distress B) excessive worry for two months, edginess, sleep changes, distress C) excessive worry for six months, edginess, sleep changes, distress D) excessive worry for four months, edginess, sleep changes, distress
C
According to DSM-5, one must demonstrate which set of symptoms to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder? A.) excessive worry for four months, edginess, sleep changes, distress B.) excessive worry for five months, edginess, sleep changes, distress C.) excessive worry for six months, edginess, sleep changes, distress D.) excessive worry for two months, edginess, sleep changes, distress
C
According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: A) anal stage B) latency stage C) oral stage D) phallic stage
C
According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode EXCEPT: A) inflated self-esteem B) decreased need for sleep C) suicidal ideation D) distractbility
C
An entomologist's fear of spiders is debilitating. To treat this phobia, a therapist puts the entomologist in a room with spiders, asking her to handle them. This technique might be used in: A.) systematic desensitiziation B.) modeling C.) flooding D.) covert desensitization
C
An older person retires and begins experiencing health problems. Consequently, the person loses contact with old friends and becomes unpleasant to be around. A behaviorist would explain the resulting depression in terms of: A) object relations loss B) sociocultural changes C) loss of positive social rewards D) learned helplessness
C
At a suicide prevention center, you hear a counselor say, "Who can you think of who might be able to come over and stay with your for a few hours?" Which of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention does the quote best represent? A) establishing a positive relationship B) assessing suicide potential C) assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources D) understanding and clarifying the problem
C
Barney's mother is taking coookies out the oven. When statement would suggest most strongly that the id is firmly in control of Barney's behavior? A) Barney asks for some cookies in a whiney voice, and when he is denied, throws a tantrum. B) Barney waits for his mother to leader the room, takes a few cookies, and runs away C) Barney grabs some of the cookies and runs D) Barney wants the cookies desperately but asks his mother for a couple
C
Behavior that violates legal norms is: A.) distressful and criminal B.) distressful and psychopatholigical C.) deviant and criminal D.) deviant and psychopathological
C
Benzodiazepines are believe to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of _____ at certain receptor sites in the brain. A) dopamine B) serotonin C) GABA D) acetylcholine
C
Cognitive theorists have found that people who develop obsessive-compulsive disorder also: A.) have lower standards of conduct and morality B.) believe it is impossible and undesirable to have control over everything C.) believe their thoguhts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others D.) have a lower rate of depression
C
Cognitive theorists have found that people who develop obsessive-compulsive disorder also: A) believe it is impossible and undesirable to have control over everything B) have a lower rate of depression C) believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others D) have lower standards of conduct and morality
C
Cognitive therapsists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by: A.) lack of empathy B.) overacttive id impulses C.) maladaptive assumptions D.) interpersonal loss
C
Colin is asked to "free associate" about his mother's new husband, and he responds by changing the subject. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A) countertransference B) catharsis C) resistance D) transference
C
Dorian was only 10 miles away from Mount St. Helens when it erupted with one of the largest blasts in history. There was ask and lava everywhere, and he was terrified and sure he was going to die. When rescue teams found him a week later, he was cold, hungry, and scared. More than a year later, he still had nightmares and woke up in a cold sweat. This description BEST fits a(n): A.) acute stress disorder B.) generalized anxiety disorder C.) posttraumatic stress disorder D.) phobia
C
Having frequent headaches, distrubances in sleep, and loss of appetitie are ______ symptoms of depression. A) motivational B) behavioral C) physical D) emotional
C
Ideally, critical incident stress debriefing occurs: A) after a "recovery" period and is short-term B) immediately and is long-term C) immediately and is short-term D) after a "recovery period" and is long-term
C
If a chronically ill child was removed from his or her home and placed in foster care, and then became quite healthy, one might suspect that the parent (usually the mother) was experiencing: A) a somatoform disorder B) malingering C) a factitious disorder D) a psychophysical disorder
C
If a clinician begins by asking, "Would you tell me about yourself?," the clinician is MOST likely conducting a(n): A) structured interview B) mental status exam C) unstructured interview D) interview schedule
C
If a clinician wanted to know more detailed information about a person's functioning in a specific area, the clinician would use: A) standardization B) a measure of reliability C) a response inventory D) a validity assessment
C
If the idea of "preparedness" is accurate, then: A.) phobias should be less frequent in modern than in ancient times B.) animals and humans should have the same phobias C.) some phobias should be acquired more easily than others D.) all phobias dimish--with treatment--at about the same rate
C
If you wanted to be on the cutting edge of research regarding the causes of bipolar disorders as we understand them today, you would MOST likely do research on: A) the "cognitive triad" B) parent-child patterns of interaction C) neurotransmitters in the brain D) learned helplessness
C
If your therapist tries to reintroduce you to pleasurable activities, reinforce nondepressive actions, and improve your social skills, your therapist would be using: A) sociocultural therapy B) physchodynamic therapy C) behavioral therapy D) cognitive therapy
C
In a study designed to test a new antidepressant, a large number of outpatient psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One of the groups was given the drug as a pill. The other group was given identical-looking inert pills. All participants were tested in the morning. The level of depression of each subject was measured by three psychologists independently, using the Beck Depression Inventory. Which was the independent variable in this study? A) the assignment of the participants to groups B) the Beck Depression Inventory C) the drug D) the level of agitation
C
Individuals with anorexia often show which personality characteristic? A) episodes of mania B) multiple phobias C) obsessions D) low anxiety
C
Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because: A) while they distressed by their behavior, others are not B) they are not deviant C) they freely choose and enjoy their behavior D) they are only dangerous to others, not themselves
C
On average, patients receiving therapy for a psychological problem improve more than do ________ of people with similar problem who do not receive treatment. A) 100 percent B) 0 percent C) 75 percent D) 25 percent
C
People who experince obessions shows: A.) a lack of awareness that the thoughts are inappropriate B.) typical levels of worry about real problems C.) thoughts that intrusive and foreign to them D.) thoughts that they can easily ignore and resist
C
People with one anxiety disorder are MOST likely to: A.) experience only that one anxiety disorder B.) experience hallucinations C.) experience another anxiety disorder, too D.) expereince another type of psychiatric disorder as well
C
Relapse for people with bulimia and people with anorexia is MOST likely triggered by: A) medication withdrawal B) weight gain C) life stresses D) media exposure
C
Russ wants to be a good participant. He knows that his professors is an environmentalist, so his answers on the survey reflect a pro-environment position. This is an example of: A) experimenter bias B) random variation C) subject bias D) a placebo effect
C
Some people are stimulated by exciting, potentially dangerous activities that terrify others. These varying reactions represent differences in: A.) neurotic anxiety B.) existential anxiety C.) state anxiety D.) trait anxiety
C
Someone who experiences a half-dozen alternations between mild mania and major depression within a one-year time span would be classified as: A) bipolar I mixed episodes B) bipolar I C) bipolar II rapid cycling D) bipolar II seasonal
C
Sometimes interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably represents the _______ perspective. A.) cognitive B.) humanistic-existential C.) sociocultural D.) psychodynamic
C
The age group MOST likely to commit suicide in the United States is: A) adolescents B) young adults C) the elderly D) children
C
The correlational method and the experimental method are similar in that: A) both have internal validity B) neither has external validity or internal validity C) both have external validity D) both have external validity and internal validity
C
The function of the double-blind design is to guard against: A) the Rosenthal effect B) subject bias C) participant and experimenter expediencies D) imitation therapies
C
The most appropriate motto for someone with generalized anxiety disorder is: A.) "Life's a gamble; give it your best shot." B.) "Nothing ventured, nothing gained." C.) "Better safe than sorry." D.) "When you reach the mountaintop, it's hard to come back down."
C
The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in older men seen at a clinic tells you the: A.) risk of a man developing sexual dysfunction B.) rate of sexual dysfunction in the community C.) total number of older men with sexual dysfunction at the clinc D.) number of new cases of sexual dysfucntion over a period of time
C
Under the instructions of a psychologist, Tina's mother records the number of times Tina hits her brother at home and what happens immediately before the hitting. In this situation, Tina's mother is: A.) engaging ins self-monitoring behavior B.) conducting structured observations C.) a participant observer D.) demonstrating observer bias
C
Using "the four Ds" to define abnormal behavior: A) allows us to eliminate those who are merely eccentric B) allows us to include those who experience no distress C) is still often vague and subjective D) allows us to create diagnoses that are clear-cut and not debatable
C
When a person is under stress, the adrenal glands release: A) collagen B) cytokines C) corticosteriods D) norepinephrine
C
When a young child yells and throws toys ("temper tantrum"), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. As time goes on, the temper tantrums become more and more common. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: A) neurotransmitter unbalances B) unresolved intrapsychic conflict C) operant conditioning D) unconditional positive regard
C
When all of the subpersonalities in a person with dissociative identity disorder are aware of one another, it is termed a: A.) mutually amnseiac relationship B.) coconsious relatonship C.) mutually cognizant pattern D.) one-way amnesiac relationship
C
Which is MOST consistent with a contingency management approach? A) limiting the contact family members have with the person B) analyzing the person's irrational thoughts C) praising the person for engaging in nondepressive activities D) providing sympathy when the person talks about depressed feelings
C
Which is a motivational symptom of depression? A) a negative view of oneself B) staying in bed for hours during the day C) lack of desire to eat D) experiences of sadness and anger
C
Which medical condition is MORE common in people with bulimia than those with anorexia? A) high potassium levels in the blood B) growth of immature body hair C) dental problems D) amenorrhea
C
Which problem is a possible medical complication of anorexia nervosa? A) elevated body temperature B) high blood pressure C) increased bone mineral density D) decreased heart rate
C
Which theoretical position explains the origin of anxiety disorders as the overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety? A.) the humanistic approach B.) the sociocultural approach C.) the psychodynamic approach D.) the behavioral approach
C
With ___________, a person pays attention to the feelings, thoughts, and sensations that are flowing through his or her mind but do so with detachment and objectivity and, most important, without judgement. A) relaxation training B) biofeedback training C) mindfulness meditation D) behavioral medicine
C
A child is bitten by a vicious dog in front of a park. The child is later very afraid of the park. According to classical conditioning, the park is a(n): A) unconditioned response B) conditioned response C) unconditioned stimulus D) conditioned stimulus
D
A child is bitten by a vicious dog in front of a park. The child is later very afraid of the park. According to classical conditioning, the park is a(n): A.) uncondtioned stimulus B.) unconditioned response C.) conditioned response D.) conditoned stimulus
D
A client in a totally relaxed state vividly imagines formerly anxiety-arousing situations without feeling any lingering anxiety. MOST likely, that client has just completed what type of therapy? A) family systems B) cognitive therapy C) Freudian psychoanalysis D) systematic desensitization
D
A person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing: A.) physiological damage B.) typical panic attacks C.) a normal response to stress D.) panic disorder
D
A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is having "flashbacks" is A.) experieincing reduced responsiveness B.) experieincing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt C.) experieincing avoidance D.) reexperiencing the traumatic event
D
A study included 60 people suffering from an ordinary headache. Twenty received aspirin, 20 received a sugar pill that looked like aspirin, and 20 got nothing at all. In 65 percent of the aspirin group, the headache disappeared. In the other two groups the "cure" rates were 35 and 5 percent, respectively. Other than the drug condition, the participants were treated identically. This study: A) has three dependent variables B) contains an important confound C) demonstrates a double blind design D) is an experimental study
D
A young woman believes that everything negative that happens to her is her own fault, that she ruins everything, and that she always will. The therapist diagnoses her as suffering from a learned helplessness-induced depression because she attributes negative events in her life to: A) internal specific, stable factors B) internal, global, unstable factors C) internal, specific, unstable factors D) internal, global, stable factors
D
According to Emile Durkheim, suicides by people over whom society has little or no control and who are not concerned with the norms and rules of society are called: A) imitative suicides B) anomic suicides C) altruistic suicides D) egoistic suicides
D
All the treatment methods for bulimia nervosa share the immediate goal of: A) addressing the underlying causes of the bulimic patterns B) forcing patients to accept the responsibility for their actions C) changing distored self-perceptions D) assisting patients to eliminate their pinge-purge patterns
D
An individual with which disorder would least likely need therapy to avoid a recurrence and to recover lost memories? A.) conversion disorder B.) depersonalization disorder C.) dissociative amnesia D.) dissociative fugue
D
An obsessive-compulsive person who was told that everyone was required to wear shoes at all times in the ouse and not vacuum for aweek would be experiencing what therapy procedures? A.) reinforcement for compulsice behavior B.) family therapy C.) free associaiton D.) exposure and response prevention
D
Antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder serve to: A.) increase the level of all brain neurotransmitters B.) decrease serotonin activity in the brain C.) increase norepinephrine activity in the brain D.) increase serotonin activity in the brain
D
At a suicide prevention center, you hear a counselor say, "Do you have a gun? Is it loaded and do you know how to use it?" Which one of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention do these questions BEST represent? A) understanding and clarifying the problem B) establishing a positive relationship C) assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources D) assessing suicide potential
D
Because people who exhibit mania have very elevate moods, a new test for mania includes questions about how happy a person feels and how often he or she laughs. This test has: A) construct validity B) concurrent validity C) content validity D) face validity
D
Behaviorists believe that compulsive behavior: A.) is logically rather than randomly connected to fearful situations B.) is exhibited by everyone C.) originally is associated with an increase in anxiety D.) is reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety
D
Benzodiazepines are believe to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of _______ at certain receptor sites in the brain. A.) dopamine B.) acetylcholine C.) serotonin D.) GABA
D
Clients check off either "Applies" or "Does Not Apply" to a series of 200 items dealing with what they do and what they think in a variety of situations. The kind of test they are taking MOST likely is a: A) sentence-completion test B) neuropsychological battery C) protective test D) personality inventory
D
Clinical interviews are the preferred assessment technique of many practitioners. One particular strength of the interview process is: A) the reliability of the technique B) that it asks only the open-ended questions C) validity D) the chance to get a general sense of the client
D
Compared to projective tests, personality inventories genreally have: A.) greater reliability and poorer validity B.) pooer reliability but greater validity C.) pooer reliability and greater validity D.) greater reliabity and greater vvalidty
D
Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable. If these factors vary systematically with the independant variable, they are called ________ variables. A.) controlled B.) blind C.) irrelevant D.) confounding
D
Having to walk the dog several times a day when it is raingin is an example of a: A.) stress response B.) stress disorder C.) psychophysical disorder D.) stressor
D
If a clinician wanted to know more detailed information about a person's functioning in a specific area, the clinician would use: A) a measure of reliability B) standardization C) a validity assessment D) a response inventory
D
If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: A) disengaged B) externalized C) cultural D) enmeshed
D
If a new test for assessing anorexic tendencies produces scores comparable to those of others tests for assessing anorexic tendencies, then the new test has high: A) standardization criteria B) performance criteria C) predictive validity D) concurrent validity
D
If a person had bulimia nervosa and engaged in frequent binges, about how many of his or her binges per week would a friend of this person expect to witness? A) 7 B) 10 C) 40 D) 0
D
If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: A) psychoanalytic therapy B) humanistic therapy C) existential therapy D) cognitive therapy
D
Imagine that there is a statistically significant result found in a well-designed experimental research project without any confounding variables. The MOST appropriate conclusion would be that: A) causation by the independent variable cannot be assumed B) the probability that the results were due to chance is more than 5 percent C) the sample size was too small D) differences in the dependent variables are likely due to the independent variable
D
Infants tend to do things that feel good. This is in accord with what Freud called: A) secondary process thought B) primary process thought C) reflex D) the pleasure principle
D
Infants tend to do things that feel good. This is in accord with what Frued called: A) primary process thought B) reflex C) secondary process thought D) the pleasure principle
D
Lithium has been found to: A) be more effective in treating bipolar disorder when used in conjunction with ECT than when used alone B) increase the effectiveness of drugs used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder C) be useful in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder D) reduce the number of manic episodes in those with bipolar disorder
D
Not all participants are the same. Researchers use ______ to reduce the possibility that preexisting differences between groups are responsible for observed differences after experimental manipulation. A.) an experimental group B.) a control group C.) random selection D.) random assignment
D
One who systematically gathers information in order to describe, predict, and explain abnormality is a clinical: A) legalist B) practitioner C) mentalist D) scientist
D
Pairing the thought of fear objects and relaxtion traingin is: A.) self-instruction training B.) experimental extinction C.) implosive therapy D.) systematic desensitication
D
People who are overweight and regular binge eat without compensatory behaviors are experiencing: A) anorexia-bulimia disorder B) noncompensatory binge disorder C) binge-purge disorder D) binge-eating disorder
D
People who experience a postive event, get excited, breathe harder, then interpret the sympotoms as a heart attack, are experiencing what cognitive theorists call: A.) exposure relapse B.) biological challenge C.) behavioral inhibition D.) anxiety sensitivity
D
People with ___________ are said to be consistently angry, cynical, driven, impatient, competitive, and ambitious. A) factitious disorder B) conversion disorder C) Type B personality style D) Type A personality style
D
Someone who fasts or exercises strenuously following a binge is engaging in: A) enmeshment B) exposure and response prevention C) purging D) compensatory behaviors
D
Someone who is experieicning "doubling" is: A.) transitoning from one subpersonality to another B.) malingering C.) showing two out of several multiple personalitites at the same time D.) feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her
D
That people with somatic symptom disorders use their symptoms to express emotions they cannot easily express otherwise reflects the: A) humanistic view B) psychodynamic view C) behavioral view D) cognitive view
D
The MOST common cognitive description of someone exhibiting mania is that the person is: A) excessively optimistic, with normal self-esteem B) very coherent, with good judgement C) very coherent, with abnormally high self-esteem D) excessively optimistic, with poor judgement
D
The form of therapy that helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events is: A) humanistic B) psychodynamic C) gestaly D) cognitive
D
The most appropriate motto for someone with generalized anxiety disorder is: A) "When you reach the mountaintop, it's hard to come back down." B) "Nothing ventured, nothing gained." C) "Life's a gamble; give it your best shot." D) "Better safe than sorry."
D
The term "external validity" refers to the extent to which the results of a study: A) reflect the manipulation of a single variable B) support the theory being tested C) rule out alternative explanations D) apply to subjects and situations other than the ones studied
D
There were 10 new cases of schizophrenia in small town in the Midwest this week. This observation refers to the ________ of schizophrenia in this small population. A) prevalence B) risk C) epidemiology D) incidence
D
When would religious rituals and superstitious behavior (such as not stepping cracks) be considered compulsive behaviors? A.) when done more than once a day B.) never C.) when done to provide comfort and reduce tension D.) when they interfere with daily function and cause distress
D
Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively? A) danger to self or others B) distress C) deviance D) dysfunction
D
Which disorder is NOT experienced by more women than men? A.) specific phobia B.) social anxiety disorder C.) generalized anxiety disorder D.) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D
Which is a likely reason for using adjunctive therapy to treat bipolar disorder? A) People stop taking lithium because they miss the depression B) People take overdoses of lithium because it makes them feel so food C) People stop taking lithium because they dislike the euphoria it causes D) People stop taking lithium because they feel more productive and creative when not taking it
D
Which item is an analogue study? A) studying the elderly in nursing homes B) studying the effects of metaphors on memory C) studying children in their classrooms D) studying the effects of stress in nonhumans
D
Which mental disorders have been found to contribute to the greatest number of suicides? A) sexual disorders B) personality disorders C) psychophysiological disorders D) mood disorders
D
Which model is MOST likely to emphasize the importance of one's history of conditioning as the source of depression? A) humanist-existential B) psychodynamic C) sociocultural D) behavioral
D
Which statement BEST describes the difference between dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue? A.) Those with dissociative amnesia often develop amnesia without experiencing an upsetting event B.) Those with dissociative fugue expereinces a loss of semantic, rather than episodic knowledge C.) Those with dissociative amnesia expereince a loss of semantic, rather than episodic knowledge D.) Those with dissociative fugue change where they live
D
Which statement is NOT a reason that correlational studies and experiments are preferred over case studies? A) They typically observe many individuals B) They are more easily replicable C) They use statistical tests to analyze results D) They offer rich details that make the results extremely interesting
D
Which statement is true about case studies and single-subject designs? A) Case studies have more external validity B) Case studies have more internal validity C) Single-subject designs have more external validity D) Single-subject designs have more internal validity
D
Which treatment is a nondrug biological treatment for anxiety that is in general use today? A.) relational-emotive therapy B.) behavior modificaton C.) psychoanalyis D.) relxaion therapy
D
The model of abnormality that pays particular attention to a client's roles in society is: A) cognitive behavioral B) humanistic C) existential D) sociocultural
D
When someone who is about to leave for work checks the stove 10 times to make sure it is turned off, tha tperson is exhibiting a(n): A.) phobia B.) obsession C.) compulsion D.) panic attack
C
The primary motivating emotion a person with anorexia experiences is: A) hate B) shame C) fear D) anger
C