HIS 1043-001 US History: Pre-Columbus-Civil War Smartbook Assignment #1

Most North Americans' first contact with European culture came via ______.

European goods such as brass kettles and glass beads

The kingdom of _____ controlled a significant empire in medieval West Africa that was dominant from the eight century onward.

Ghana

England's campaigns of brutal suppression of the indigenous population of ____ provided both a parallel theater to and a training ground for its campaigns in North America.

Ireland

Large-scale enslavement of African people in the Atlantic began in the _____ colony of São Tomé and Príncipe.

Portuguese

The first Europeans to reach the Americas were from _____ and arrived around 980.

Scandinavia

Invaders from _____ conquered the islands of Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Cuba in the early 1500s.

Spain

Missionaries from ____ established missions and initiated direct contact with Americans in the upper Rio Grande valley and the Chesapeake Bay.

Spain

How did Spain's Atlantic empire differ from Portugal's?

Spain's empire was in the western Atlantic.

In 1565, _____ forces founded St. Augustine, the oldest city still in existence in the United States.

Spanish

What was the encomienda system that was used in Spain's American colonies?

Spanish colonizers forced indigenous people to work for them against their will.

Portuguese exploration of _____ helped convince Europeans of the existence of a large continent in the western Atlantic that was separate from Asia.

Terra Santa Cruz

What 1588 event signaled a major shift in the balance of power between Europe's Catholic and Protestant states?

The English navy defeated the Spanish Armada.

Which European nations were among those which began exploring and colonizing North America? Select all that apply. -Portugal -England -France -Italy

-England -France

The _____ refers to the flow of people, information, goods, and microbes across the Atlantic.

Columbian exchange

In 1534, the monarch of which northern European power officially ended his nation's relationship with the Catholic Church?

England

Which Europeans were largely uninvolved in fifteenth-century Atlantic exploration and colonization? Select all that apply. -Portuguese -Spanish -French -English

-French -English

What advantages did Christopher Columbus have that made his first voyage successful? Select all that apply. -Unlike geographical authorities of the day, he believed the earth was round. -He had extensive seafaring experience. -He was a visionary geographer. -He had a good understanding of the Atlantic's circular wind patterns

-He had extensive seafaring experience. -He had a good understanding of the Atlantic's circular wind patterns.

How did the agricultural revolution transform societies in North America? Select all that apply. -Key crops became a central part of indigenous religions. -It led to denser living patterns. -It led to a rise in warfare among different North American peoples. -There were fewer class divisions within indigenous cultures.

-Key crops became a central part of indigenous religions. -It led to denser living patterns.

How did the cultures of the Pacific coast differ from Mississippian cultures? Select all that apply. -They did not rely on agriculture. -They had very little social stratification and economic inequality. -They shared a common language. -They did not develop large chiefdoms.

-They did not rely on agriculture. -They did not develop large chiefdoms.

The government of Queen Elizabeth viewed the people of Ireland as "savages" and justified their subjugation based upon which of the following reasons? Select all that apply. -They had not been part of Europe's agricultural revolution. -They were Catholic. -They launched regular attacks on English lands. -They believed in collective ownership of land and property.

-They had not been part of Europe's agricultural revolution. -They were Catholic.

Why did northern Europeans initially have trouble competing with Spain and Portugal in the business of exploration and colonization? Select all that apply. -They lacked comparable financial resources. -They had less sophisticated technical skills. -North America, which was closest to them, seemed less appealing. -Italian navigators refused to work with England or France.

-They lacked comparable financial resources. -They had less sophisticated technical skills. -North America, which was closest to them, seemed less appealing.

What did the peoples who made up the Mississippian civilization have in common? Select all that apply. -They all made their homes in the flood plains of the Mississippi River valley. -They shared a common language. -They lived in the eastern half of North America. -They cultivated maize, squashes, and beans.

-They lived in the eastern half of North America.

What is a known contributing factor to the development of agriculture among North Americans in the first millennium CE? Select all that apply. -Mesoamericans conquered vast stretches of North America and brought agricultural knowledge with them. -Warmer temperatures led to longer and more dependable growing seasons. -North Americans traveled to Mesoamerica to learn about maize cultivation. -North Americans developed a technique for melting glaciers to irrigate fields.

-Warmer temperatures led to longer and more dependable growing seasons.

Paleo-Indians in North America ______. Select all that apply. -developed many distinct cultural and religious practices -shared a common language across the continent -domesticated pigs and cows to serve as food sources -relied on hunting and gathering to obtain protein sources

-developed many distinct cultural and religious practices -relied on hunting and gathering to obtain protein sources

During the sixteenth century, the largest groups of people arriving in New Spain were ______. Select all that apply. -enslaved West Africans -indigenous peoples fleeing Portuguese colonies -Spanish families -male Spanish immigrants

-enslaved West Africans -male Spanish immigrants

Which two factors were most responsible for Spain's devastation of the Tainos in the Caribbean and defeat of the Aztec empire? Select all that apply. -military advantages -alliances with Portugal -European diseases -droughts and crop failures

-military advantages -European diseases

Which of the following factors common to Mississippian culture emphasized the division between powerful elites and common people? Select all that apply. -monumental architecture -the cultivation of esoteric knowledge -the display of prestigious ceremonial goods -standardized dwelling sizes

-monumental architecture -the cultivation of esoteric knowledge -the display of prestigious ceremonial goods

For the peoples of North America, the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were a time of ______. Select all that apply. -increased urbanization -population movement -monument building -political transition

-population movement -political transition

Which of the following were lasting effects of the Crusades? Select all that apply. -providing a model for expanding Latin Christendom to distant lands -suspending trading relationships between Europe and Southwest Asia for several hundred years -fostering a broad shared identity among many Europeans -securing a lasting Catholic presence in Southwest Asia

-providing a model for expanding Latin Christendom to distant lands -fostering a broad shared identity among many Europeans

Why did French Huguenots establish the colony of La Caroline in what is now Florida? Select all that apply. -to await the English forces they had allied with -to establish an American base to fend off Spanish Catholic forces -to mine for gold and silver -to escape religious persecution in Europe

-to establish an American base to fend off Spanish Catholic forces -to escape religious persecution in Europe

Which two products, originally cultivated in Mesoamerica, were objects of special social exchange and ritual on both sides of the Atlantic? Select all that apply. -maize -tobacco -cacao -potatoes

-tobacco -cacao

The early humans who arrived in North America around 15,000--14,000 BP came directly from ______.

Asia

The metropolitan center at the core of Mississippian civilization is now known as ______.

Cahokia

Indigenous peoples of what is now _____ were an exception to the rule that agriculture was necessary for dense settlement.

California

The largest of several major cities built by the Ancestral Puebloans was ______.

Chaco Canyon

How do historians believe that the agricultural revolution might have affected Ancestral Puebloan women?

It may have had an empowering effect due to women's association with agriculture.

What West African kingdom emerged as an imperial superpower and trading center in the thirteenth century?

Mali

The Protestant Reformation began after a monk named _____ began calling for reforms in the governance of the Catholic Church.

Martin Luther

The Native Americans of eastern North America were connected to a broad cultural complex called ______.

Mississippian civilization

How did Mississippian civilization change around the beginning of the Little Ice Age?

Mississippians abandoned their major cities.

During the Reconquista, armies from Aragon, Castile, Catalonia, and Portugal waged a prolonged war to drive _____ kingdoms out of the Iberian Peninsula.

Muslim

Why did King Henry VII instigate the English Reformation?

The pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

By 1590, what had happened to the English settlement at Roanoke Island?

The settlement was abandoned and there were no survivors.

Support for the idea of a continent called America increased after _____ landed at Panama, crossed the isthmus, and reported the presence of a large sea on the other side.

Vasco Núñez de Balboa

Walter Raleigh named the first English colony in North America ______.

Virginia

Beringia refers to ______.

a land bridge that once connected Asia and North America

In Mali in the sixteenth century, a Muslim was most likely to become ______.

a trading partner

In the sixteenth century, an enslaved person in the Muslim world was LEAST likely to be used as which of the following? Select all that apply. -a concubine -an agricultural laborer -a domestic servant

an agricultural laborer

What was the Black Death of the fourteenth century?

an epidemic disease

After establishing their Atlantic island empire and trading posts along the African coast, what was the next priority of the Portuguese?

finding a sea route to Asia

During his second voyage to Hispaniola, Columbus established a colony centered around obtaining ____ to ship back to Spain.

gold

Under the encomienda system, the Spanish Empire gained enormous wealth by forcing indigenous peoples to labor in _____ mines.

gold and silver

The warmer climates of Mesoamerica and South America allowed for the cultivation of ____, which sustained larger populations than in the North.

maize

In sixteenth-century New Spain, the term mestizo referred to ______.

people who had both Spanish and indigenous ancestry

Which crop, originally cultivated in the Andes, eventually became part of the diets of northern Europeans?

potatoes

From the 1560s until 1605, English naval adventurers known as _____ attacked Spanish ships.

sea dogs

Which was the only disease to travel from the Americas to Europe (rather than from Europe to the Americas)?

syphilis

In fourteenth and fifteenth century Europe, unlike in North America, people ______.

tended to migrate toward cities rather than away from them

The Ninety-five Theses called for reforms in what aspect of the Catholic Church?

the authority of the Church to grant pardon from sin

What is the Columbian Exchange?

the transfer of people, information, plants, animals, and disease across the Atlantic following European arrival in the western hemisphere