Hist 202- Unit 7

Which of the following best describes Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

After her protector, the marquis of Laguna, left Mexico in 1688, she was forced to renounce writing and give up her books and scientific instruments

Adam Smith

A Scottish economist and philosopher. One strand of Smith's writing is most significant: his observations on productivity and the division of labor. Smith's most famous example of this was his description of what he admitted was a "very trifling manufacture": pin making. Smith noted that the traditional way of making pins was carried out in the way that most things were made: a single worker or artisan made the product from start to finish. But this method was clearly not terribly productive. Smith observed that an unskilled worker "could scarce, perhaps, with his utmost industry, make one pin a day, and certainly could not make twenty". Even though Smith championed the self-interest of the "butcher, the brewer, or the baker" because it provides our food and drink, he also argued that the selfish tendencies of humans need to be tempered with "moral sentiments" in order for society to function harmoniously

Corperations

A corporation was a private business owned by many investors who financed the business through the purchase of stocks rep-resenting shares in the company. When a corporation flourished, investors received dividends in proportion to their stake in the company. But if a corporation went bankrupt, laws protected shareholders from liability or financial loss beyond the extent of their investments—which made them extremely attractive to investors.

Briefly describe an idealist and a materialist explanation for the outcome of the U.S. Civil War.

According to idealism, the Union won the civil war because of their ideals. For example, Abraham Lincoln's declaration of a house being divided cannot stand. According to the materialists view, the union won because of their resources. For example, they had more soldiers and factories. The South did not have all the materials the North did, so the materialists believe this is why the North worn.

Briefly explain why industrialization happened first in Britain and not in China.

Britain had a more fortunate geographical location that allowed for more transportation and steam power from water sources. They also had more coal near big cities. The British also thought about how they could save labor which brought about more inventions whereas in China they never thought of that, but instead brought in more laborers. British also had more available labor and had more legal advantages as they were better able to protect property rights. This allowed for factories to be built.

Henry Ford

In 1913 Henry Ford improved manufacturing techniques further when he introduced the assembly line to automobile production. Ford designed a conveyor system that allowed each worker to perform a specialized task at a fixed point on the assembly line.

Factory Model of Education

Classes are bounded not by discrete chunks of learning but by time. The beginning and ending of the school day, as well as transitions between classes, are often marked by bells, the school equivalent of the factory whistle. Students are largely treated as standardized, interchangeable parts of the process. With rare exceptions, they progress from grade to grade in lockstep uniformity regardless of how well they master the subjects of the previous grade. Even the rooms and the rows of desks emphasize uniformity, standardization, and regimentation. Recently an increasing share of assessments are, you guessed it, standardized.

Middle Class

Consisting of small business owners, factory managers, engineers, and professionals such as teachers, physicians, and attorneys.

Frederick W. Taylor

Frederick Winslow Taylor, who is regarded today as the father of industrial engineering, worked to develop what he called "scientific management of production." He carefully observed each step of the production process and sought to improve efficiency and productivity by requiring workers to carry out their tasks not according to their gut, or the so-called rule of thumb, but in strict accordance with clear, specific instructions. The result were dramatic increases in productivity. Taylor was open about how his management principles more or less reduced the workers to mindless cogs in the machine.

The first practical automobile was developed in

Germany

Which of the following is true of the Agricultural Revolution?

Global population grew following the Agricultural Revolution, but the average farmer ended up working longer hours for less nutrition than his or her hunter-gatherer counterpart.

Coal

Great Britain was the first to transcend these ecological constraints by exploiting coal deposits fortuitously found at home and natural resources found abroad. That fortunate conjunction encouraged the substitution of coal for wood, thus creating a promising framework for industrialization.

Urbanization

In order for factories to operate, there needs to be large numbers of workers collected together in a relatively small area. As economies industrialize, their societies urbanize. urban life was overcrowded, lacking in water, sewage and other basic facilities, and prone to pollution and disease, but the migration from the countryside to the city seemed irreversible and impossible to stop.

Working Class

Industrial workers became mere wage earners who depended on their employers for their livelihood. The repetitious and boring nature of many industrial jobs, moreover, left many workers alienated from their work and the products of their labor. In addition, any broad-range skills that workers might have previously acquired as artisans often became obsolete in the factory work environment.

Karl Marx

Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a well-known critic of capitalism and industrialization. He argued that human history was driven largely by the struggle between those who owned the means of production (slave owners, feudal lords, modern capitalists) and those who did the actual work of production (slaves, serfs, and workers, which he often called the proletariat). Marx predicted that the struggle between the proletariat and the owners of production (which he called the bourgeoisie) in the industrial age would ultimately result in widespread revolution as the workers of the world would unite and overthrow their oppressors. His 1848 Communist Manifesto saw this revolution as imminent.

Match the following figures with their correct description

Karl Marx- critic of capitalism, predicted revolution led by the workers William Woodsworth- English romantic poet, lamented industrializations destruction of nature Adam Smith-scottish economist, noted the productive potential of division of labor.

Friedrich List

List was born in Germany but later migrated to the United States. He wrote extensively advocating what he called a national system of economic organization. In this national system, the state played a significant role in protecting infant industries through tariffs. It also chose which industry should receive the resources and capital necessary to succeed. Once these new industries were able to stand on their own feet, it might be proper for the state to back off and allow the market to dictate outcomes from there on. But this is only after an extensive period of state tutelage.

Which of the following is true of Ferdinand Magellan's 1519-1522 voyage?

Magellan himself did not complete the voyage as he was killed in the Philippines in 1521.

Match the following figures with their most accurate description or accomplishment:

Samuel Slater- Father of American industrial Revolution Eli Whitney- Interchangeable parts Frederick Taylor- Scientific Management Henry Ford- Assembly line and mass production Friedrich List-National system of economics

Samuel Slater

Slater was born in the United Kingdom and worked as an apprentice in British cotton mills before migrating to the United States at the age of 21. He brought with him intimate and detailed knowledge of how cotton textile mills operated, knowledge he had deliberately memorized during his time in Britain. This knowledge was used to create and improve some of the first textile mills in the United States. His efforts earned him the title "Father of the American Industrial Revolution" in the United States. To some in Britain, he was known as Slater the Traitor because he gave away British secrets. For what it's worth, Slater also brought with him the British practice of religious education and instruction on Sundays, which earned him the additional title of Father of the American Sunday School System.

William Woodsworth

The English Romantic poet William Wordsworth (1770-1850) lived through the first stages of industrialization in Britain. Like other Romantics, he lamented the disappearance of older ways of life and of the natural beauty all too often marred by railroads, factories, and smokestacks.

Meji Restoration

The Meiji restoration returned authority to the Japanese emperor and marked the birth of a new Japan. Determined to gain parity with foreign powers, a conservative coalition of daimyo, imperial princes, court nobles, and samurai formed a new government dedicated to the twin goals of prosperity and strength: "rich country, strong army." The Meiji government looked to the industrial lands of Europe and the United States to obtain the knowledge and expertise to strengthen Japan. The Meiji government sent many students and officials abroad to study every-thing from technology to constitutions, and it also hired foreign experts to facilitate economic development and the creation of indigenous expertise.

The "Great Divergence"

The book's arguments are multifaceted and complex, but at least two elements emerge as particularly important: coal and colonies.

Factory System

The factory system became the characteristic method of production in industrial economies. It emerged in the late eighteenth century, when technological advances transformed the British textile industry, and by the mid-nineteenth century most cotton production took place in factories. Many of the newly developed machines were too large and expensive for home use, so it became necessary to move work to centralized locations. That centralization of production brought together more workers doing specialized tasks than ever before.

Steam Engine

The most crucial technological breakthrough of the early industrial era was the development of a general-purpose steam engine in 1765 by James Watt. Watt's version relied on steam to force a piston to turn a wheel, whose rotary motion converted a simple pump into an engine. By 1800 more than a thousand of Watt's steam engines were in use in the British Isles. They were especially prominent in the textile industry, where they allowed greater productivity for manufacturers and cheaper prices for consumers. Steam engineering and metallurgical innovations both contributed to improvements in transportation technology.

Enclosure

This was the establishing of single ownership and control over an ever-increasing amount of rural land and resources. Land that used to be designated as common land, where anyone could hunt, graze their animals, chop wood, or gather nuts and berries, were now placed off limits to all but the owner. This meant that a growing number of British farmers found themselves eking out an ever more tenuous existence in the countryside. Therefore, they were increasingly willing to give the factory in the city a try, even though they had already heard of its problems and difficulties.

Eli Whitney

Though best remembered as the inventor of the cotton gin (1793), Whitney also developed the technique of using machine tools to produce interchangeable parts in the making of firearms. This method meant that unskilled workers made only a particular part that fit every musket of the same model. Before long, entrepreneurs applied Whitney's method to the manufacture of everything from clocks and sewing machines to uniforms and shoes.

Time-Work discipline

Workers had to be trained to work a certain number of hours, arriving before the factory whistle blew in the morning and leaving when it blew again at the end of the day, only to start the same process all over again the next day

From the perspective of the consumer, the factory system meant

cheaper manufactured goods

According to Kenneth Pomeranz in his work, The Great Divergence, which two factors were critical in Britain's first-ever development of industrialization?

coal and colonies

The Meji Revolution

enabled a group of oligarchs to set Japan on a course of rapid industrialization and modernization

Enclosure is the

establishing of single ownership and control over rural land and resources that were formerly shared in common

Overall industrialization resulted in

larger and more developed economies in the Northern Hemisphere as compared to the Southern Hemisphere

Agricultual Revolution

the Agricultural Revolution is the shift in human economy from a situation in which the chief productive activity was hunting and gathering, to one in which the chief productive activity was growing food in the ground. A key element in this transformation was, of course, the domestication of plants like wheat and barley. Along with the domestication of plants came the domestication of animal and the development and use of an increasingly sophisticated array of tools, the advent of pottery, and later metal.

All of the following are important elements of an industrial economy

the factory system, workers, consumers, non-human sources of energy

Rural laborers new to the factory had difficulty adjusting to

the rigid timetables of industrial work