HIST-3470

AHMAD RIZA KHAN

"Ala-Hazrat", was an Islamic scholar, jurist, theologian, ascetic, Sufi, Urdu poet, and reformer in British India, and the founder of the Barelvi movement.

What is the difference, according to the Hindutva reading, between "Hinduism" and "Hindutva"?

"Hinduism" refers to a religious creed, while "Hindutva" embraces all aspects of Hindu civilization and the Hindu race.

"STATE POWER"

"Power over man" Draining the fruits of society for the benefit of non-productive rulers.

"SOCIAL POWER"

"Power over nature" for the benefit of all participating people.

KHALSA

"Pure ones." An order within Sikhism to which most Sikhs belong, founded by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699

AKAL TAKHT

"Thrown of the Timeless" Established by Hargobind Next to Golden Temple Seat of the Sikh political and military power

AHMAD SIRHINDI

"restorer of the original faith". Scholar who believed in trying to bring back pure Islam and opposed Akbar.

According to the reading, each of the following is generally true.

1) Jinnah made promises in the run-up to Partition that implied that his vision for Pakistan included its being an explicitly Islamic state. 2) After the creation of Pakistan, Jinnah seemed bent on establishing a secular Pakistan, not an Islamic state. 3) Both the Deobandi and Barelvi parties tried to influence Pakistan's constituent assembly to include explicitly Islamic provisions into the new constitution, with mixed results.

AHMADIYYA

1. An offshoot of Sunni Islam, but often viewed as kafir (="unbelievers") or shirk (="idolatry/polytheism") by many Sunnis 2. Began in Punjab; believe Ahmad was the Mahdi (="the guided one"; a messiah figure) 3. Ahmad's goal was to bring about the perfect Ummah; he was anti-religious wars, and preached social justice, moral responsibility to self and others, and the peaceful spread of Islam

COW SLAUGHTER

20 out of 29 states in India currently have various laws regulating act of slaughtered cow, prohibiting the slaughter or sale of cows. Kerala, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura and West Bengal are the states where there are no restrictions on cow slaughter.

THE EMERGENCY

21-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had a state of emergency declared across the country.

Match era with phenomenon.

2500-1700 BC = Indus Valley civilization 1700-1200 BC = Arrival and spread of the Veda-composing Indo-Aryans 1200-300 BC = From clans to mahajanapadas, to kings & emperors 300 BC-300 AD = Mauryas, Indo-Greeks, Shakas, Kushanas 300-600s AD = Guptan classical period, Hindu golden age, Harsha 700s-1500 = Arrival/spread of Islam through trade, conversion, raids, and conquest.

CHOLAS

3rdBC - 13thAD southern India, longest running dynasty in southern India and organized a navy. Pandyan dynasty took over

LUCKNOW PACT

A 1916 alliance between the Hindus leading the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League.

RAMA RAJYA

A 1943 Hindi historical film, directed by Vijay Bhatt, with Prem Adib and Shobhna Samarth in the lead roles of Rama And Sita. It was the third highest grossing Indian film of 1943. The film gained significance, as for title it used the term Ram Rajya (Rule of Rama), Mahatma Gandhi often used to define democratic-righteous rule during the Indian independence struggle, and it was the only film he, who didn't think much of the medium, ever saw. It was the first Indian movie that premiered in the USA.

ISRAEL

A Jewish state on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora.

AKALI DAL

A Sikh extremest party that drastically grew in the 1970's and which congress supported for some time.

SANSKRITIZATION

A form of upward social mobility found in contemporary India whereby people born into lower castes can achieve higher status by taking on some of the behaviors and practices of the highest (Brahmin) caste.

PESHWA

A minister under the Emperor of the Maratha empire

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

JAMIAT ULEMA-I-PAKISTAN

A political party in Pakistan usually seen as being political vehicle for the religious Barelvi strain of Sunni Islam.

RANN OF KUTCH

A salt marsh in the Thar Desert in the Kutch District of Gujarat, India. It is about 7500 km² in area and is reputed to be one of the largest salt deserts in the world. This area has been inhabited by the Kutchi people.

NOAKHALI RIOTS

A series of semiorganized massacres, rapes, abductions and forced conversions of Hindus to Islam and looting and arson of Hindu properties perpetrated by the Muslim community in the districts of Noakhali in the Chittagong Division of Bengal (now in Bangladesh) in October-November 1946, a year before India's independence from British rule.

RASHTRIYA SWAYAMSEVAK SANGH

Abbreviated as RSS, is an Indian right-wing, Hindu nationalist, paramilitary volunteer organisation that is widely regarded as the parent organisation of the ruling party of India, the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Eventually the peshwa-dominated Maratha mega-state was shattered by the ___________, after which the polity __________.

Afghans; broke into several smaller states, nominally confederated.

PUNJABI SUBA MOVEMENT

After Independence, the Punjab state no longer existed, it was now just a bunch of principalities. During, this time the Indian states were reformed on linguistic basis, but the same was not done for these remaining northern states.

AIR INDIA FLIGHT 182

Air India flight operating on the Toronto-Montreal-London-Delhi route.

MUSLIM NATIONAL GUARD

Also known as the Muslim League National Guard was a quasi-military associated to the All-India Muslim League that took part in the Pakistan Movement. In East Bengal, the Muslim National Guard was popularly known as the Azrail Bahini.

SAYYID AHMAD OF RAEBARELI

An Indian Muslim revivalist from Raebareli, a part of the historical United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. The epithet Barelvi is derived from Raebareli

SUFISM

An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin.

MAHMUD HASAN

An academic who served as the 5th vice-chancellor of the University of Dhaka.

THE STATE

An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.

NATHURAM GODSE

Assassinated Mohandas K. Gandhi because he thought that Gandhi was too protective of Muslims.

ADOLF HITLER

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

At the turn of the 20th century, the Indian National Congress was divided into "Moderates" and "Extremists." Who, according to the reading, was the preeminent spokesperson for the second camp?

Bal Gangadhar Tilak

The All-India Sunni Conference was a __________-dominated outfit.

Barelvi

According to the final reading, the reactionary movement born especially to combat Deobandism:

Barelvism.

Vande Mataram

Bengali poem written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in 1870s, which he included in his 1882 novel Anandamath. The poem was first sung by Rabindranath Tagore in 1896.

By around 1920, what had seemingly fired up many of India's Muslims against the British (to whom they'd previously been mostly loyal for decades)?

Britain's foreign policy, which seemed to threaten core "Muslim" lands in the Middle East

STATES REORGANIZATION ACT

British formed provinces based on administrative convenience and political needs of moment, not along linguistic or cultural divisions; Nehru discouraged separatism, maintaining India unity was priority after the partition, but he couldn't ignore increasing clamor for linguistic states; divided into 14 linguistic states

CHANDIGARH

Capital of Punjab province of India, and the only realized plan of Le Corbusier

The Mughals swept into northern India from

Central Asia

VEDAS

Collections of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring the barious gods of the Aryans.

"WAHHABISM"

Conservative, puritanical sect of Islam started by Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab in the 18th century; Quran the basis of life; anti-innovation because innovation is brought by outsiders; took refuge with the house of Saud; became the spiritual leader of the Kingdom with the Saudi family as temporal rulers

INDIRA GANDHI

Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister. She was also prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977.

DEFENCE OF INDIA ACT OF 1915

Defence of India Regulations Act, was an emergency criminal law enacted by the Governor-General of India in 1915 with the intention of curtailing the nationalist and revolutionary activities during and in the aftermath of the First World War.

The dominant pre-Partition ________ view of "nationhood" conceived of an Indian nation geographically demarcated, one in which Islam and India were inextricably connected. Meanwhile, the dominant pre-Partition ________ view was based on the umma, on faith, on the Islamic concept of the "pure society," not in any way tied to some fixed space. This led to a sort of self-segregation from India's non-Muslim communities--and, eventually, a call for more complete separation.

Deobandi; Barelvi

The reading highlighted the spread of __________ among the Pathans of today's northwest Pakistan and southern Afghanistan.

Deobandism

SLUM CLEARANCE AND STERILIZATION

Destruction of the slum and low-income housing in the Turkmen Gate and Jama Masjid area of old Delhi.

Akbar's rule was characterized by its strict adherence to Islamic orthodoxy, including the persecution of sufi saints and the re-application of the jizya tax on Hindus, Jains, and other non-Muslims.

False

During the rule of Akbar, the power of the Sufi shix decreased while the power of the ulema sharply increased.

False

For all his "democratic" tendencies, Shah Waliullah was ultimately a harsh critic of all forms of sufism.

False

Golwalkar's top political ally was Jawaharlal Nehru, with whom he shared heavy socialist leanings.

False

Interestingly, the authors of the reading never used historical precedent as an argument in favor of a new and independent Sikh state (for example, failing to mention the previous existence of an actual Sikh state, notably the empire led by Ranjit Singh).

False

The author of the reading (Murray Rothbard) defines the State as a generally amiable institution of social service.

False

The author of the reading argues that the various revivalist movements covered in the article all stem from a "common origin"--indeed, a single teacher of hadith in Medina.

False

Waliullah saw the central role of the ulema as one to be played by a special elite, not open to the participation of the community at large.

False

HINDUTVA

Fundamentalist Hindu movement that became politically important in India in the 1980s by advocating a distinct Hindu identity and decrying government efforts to accommodate other faith groups.

The Khilafat Movement at least temporarily joined many of India's Muslims, including ulema, with

Gandhi's Indian National Congress.

The "Indigenist" view of Harappan history may include each of the following interpretations except one. Which one?

Harappan sites represent the oldest cities on earth--older than those in Mesopotamia by at least 500 years.

SHIVAJI

He was a leader of the Marathas, Hindus, who inhabited the rough hills of the Western Ghats. Some of his attacks further weakened the Mughals. He practiced Robin-hood like exploits, Aurangzeb called him the Mountain Rat.

BHAKTI

Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine.

HINDUSTAN vs. INDIA

Historically, the word Hindustan, used interchangeably with the word "Hind" has been used primarily for North India.

PARTITION OF BENGAL

In 1905 Viceroy Lord Curzon decided to divide the province of Bengal in two halves for administrative efficiency. He did not see that he was dividing West Bengal and East Bengal into Hindu majority and Muslim majority regions and thus angered locals because he was breaking them apart. This action was protested by all Indians because of its 'divide and rule' tactic. Eventually Britain revoked the partition in 1911.

JAMIAT ULEMA-I-ISLAM

In 1945, it is the result of a factional split of 1988, F standing for the name of its leader, Fazal-ur-Rehman. JUI-F is as of 2013 Pakistan's 5th largest party, winning 3.2% of the popular vote, or 15 out of 272 general seats in the National Assembly.

SMILING BUDDHA

India's first nuclear weapons test conducted in 1974. India tested again in 1998. It has ~100 nuclear weapons.

Mutiny of 1857

Indian Mutiny, also called Sepoy Mutiny, widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India in 1857-58.

LALA LAJPAT RAI

Indian freedom fighter. He played a pivotal role in the Indian Independence movement. He was popularly known as Punjab Kesari. He was one third of the Lal Bal Pal triumvirate.

ALIGARH UNIVERSITY

Indian public central university. It was originally established by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875. Its chief architect was Nawab SarwarJung. The Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920.

GURU NANAK

Indian religious leader who founded Sikhism in dissent from the caste system of Hinduism. Enlightened teacher

Vishva Hindu Parishad

Indian right-wing Hindu organisation based on the ideology of Hindutva. The VHP was founded in 1964 by M. S. Golwalkar and S. S. Apte in collaboration with Swami Chinmayananda.

DAYANAND SARASWATI

Indian social leader and founder of the Arya Samaj, a reform movement of the Vedic dharma. He was the first to give the call for Swaraj as "India for Indians" in 1876, a call later taken up by Lokmanya Tilak.

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).

Integral Humanism

Integral humanism was a set of concepts drafted by Deendayal Upadhyaya as a political program and adopted in 1965 as the official doctrine of the Jan Sangh.

SHAH WALIULLAH

Islamic scholar, muhaddith reformer, historiographer, bibliographer, theologian, and philosopher. Known as Shah Walliullah because of his piety. He was a prominent Islamic scholar of Delhi. He memorized the Qur'an by the age of seven. Soon thereafter, he mastered Arabic and Persian letters. He was married at fourteen. By sixteen he had completed the standard curriculum of Hanafi law, theology, geometry, arithmetic and logic.

DARUL ULOOM DEOBAND

Islamic university in India where the Sunni Deobandi Islamic movement began. It is located at Deoband, a town in Saharanpur district, Uttar Pradesh. The school was founded in 1866 by Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi.

OPERATION BLUE STAR

June 1984, Indian Prime Minister order the Indian army to launch Operation Blue Star to remove Sikh from the Darbar Sahib the holiest Sikh gurdwara in the region. Large number of innocent pilgrims were killed. In october, the prime minister was assassinated by two Sikh bodyguards. This caused the 1984 Anti-Sikh massacre and Hindu-Sikh conflicts

MOHENJO DARO

Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning.

MOHANDAS K. GANDHI

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920.

The Maratha heartland:

Maharashtra.

TARA SINGH

Master Tara Singh was a Sikh political and religious leader in the first half of the 20th century. He was instrumental in organising the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabhandak Committee and guiding the Sikhs during the Partition of India. He later led their demand for a Sikh-majority state in Punjab, India.

TUGHLUQS

Muslim dynasty of Turko-Indian origin

After the "Mutiny," the British deeply mistrusted the ___________. Interestingly, within a generation or so, this group had come to be regarded as particularly loyal to the British.

Muslims

"ISLAMIC PROVISIONS"

Muslims of India demanded a separate homeland for themselves in the first half of this century.

MUNIR REPORT

On 19 June 1953 a Court of Inquiry was established to look into disturbances in the Punjab, Pakistan caused by agitation against the Ahmadiyya minority group. ... The inquiry was headed by Chief Justice Muhammad Munir and its report is commonly referred to as the "Munir Report", or "Munir-Kiyani report".

SHAH ABDUL AZIZ

One of the Islamic scholars of Hadith in India who is considered as Mujadid of 18th century. He was of the Naqshbandi school of Sufism which emerged from a tradition of violent backlash against the modernization of Sunni culture.

JAMIAT ULEMA-I-HIND

One of the leading organizations of Islamic scholars belonging to the Deobandi school of thought in India. It was founded in 1919 by a group of Deobandi scholars. Mufti Kifayatullah Dehlavi was elected the first president of the organization.

ABUL A'LA MAUDUDI

Pakistani Muslim philosopher, jurist, journalist and imam. His numerous works, which "covered a range of disciplines such as Qur'anic exegesis, hadith, law, philosophy and history", were written in Urdu, but then translated into English, Arabic, Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Burmese and many other languages.

MUHAMMAD SHAFI

Pakistani Sunni Islamic scholar of the Deobandi school of Islamic thought. A Hanafi jurist and mufti, he was also an authority on shari'ah, hadith, tafsir, and tasawwuf.

OPERATION SEARCHLIGHT

Pakistani attempt to prevent the independence of Bangladesh

ZULFIQAR 'ALI BHUTTO

Pakistani barrister and politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that as the 4th President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. He was also the founder of the Pakistan People's Party and served as its chairman until his execution in 1979.

ALL-INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE

Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded the partition of a Muslim Pakistan.

RAM JANMABHOOMI DISPUTE

Political, historical and socio-religious debate in India, centred on a plot of land in the city of Ayodhya, located in Faizabad district, Uttar Pradesh.

ZIA UL-HAQ

President of Pakistan from 1978 until 1988. Imposed martial law on Pakistan, and hanged his predecessor, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Accepted CIA intervention in Afghanistan, as long as it was run through the ISI.

RED SHIRT MOVEMENT

Red Shirts (United States) The Red Shirts or Redshirts of the Southern United States were white supremacist paramilitary terrorist groups that were active in the late 19th century in the last years of, and after the end of, the Reconstruction era of the United States.

Both the Deobandi and Barelvi movements, unlike the Muslim League, were led almost entirely by

Religious Scholars

FATEH SINGH

Sahibzada Fateh Singh Ji was the fourth and youngest son of Guru Gobind Singh. He and his older brother, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh are among the most hallowed martyrs in Sikhism. He is also known as Baba Fateh Singh. The term Baba is used in India for an elder who is respected for his wisdom.

Whom did Tilak argue could serve as exemplar and model for the Indian patriot opposed to British rule?

Shivaji

Maratha independence and kingship was finally declared by

Shivaji Bhonsle.

According to the reading, the Sikhs needed their own independent state for each of the following reasons except one. Which one?

Sikh numbers were dropping as a result of conversions to both Hinduism and Islam; without an independent state, the very existence of the faith could be in jeopardy.

The "Azad Punjab" plan was meant to preserve _______ political power while limiting the power of _______.

Sikh; Muslims

The reading presented an argument for a ________ state in ________.

Sikh; the Punjab.

According to Guha, Golwalkar identified three major "outside" threats to the formation of a Hindu nation, including each of the following except

Sikhs

Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, was a Muslim pragmatist, Islamic reformist, philosopher of nineteenth century British India. Born into a family with strong ties to the Mughal court, Syed studied the Quran and Sciences within the court.

INDO-PAKISTANI WAR OF 1947-1948

Sometimes known as the First Kashmir War, was fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of four Indo-Pakistan Wars fought between the two newly independent nations.

Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902)

Swami Vivekananda, born Narendranath Datta, was an Indian Hindu monk, a chief disciple of the 19th-century Indian mystic Ramakrishna.

According to the reading, who was the first great modernizer of India's Muslims?

Syed Ahmad Khan

1984 SIKH MASSACRE

The 1984 anti-Sikh riots, also known as the 1984 Sikh Massacre, was a series of organised pogroms against Sikhs in India in response to the assassination of Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards. The ruling Indian National Congress had been in active complicity with the mob, as to the organisation of the riots. Wikipedia

GURDWARA REFORM MOVEMENT

The Akali movement, also called the Gurdwara Reform Movement, was a campaign to bring reform in the gurdwaras in India during the early 1920s.

KAPUR COMMISSION

The Kapur Commission was a commission of inquiry of Mysore, India, into the murder conspiracy of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

According to the Gilmartin piece, how were the 1946 provincial elections so crucial for the League?

The League won the overwhelming majority of Muslim seats, especially in the two largest Muslim-majority provinces of Punjab and Bengal.

When Syed Ahmad Khan spoke of his "nation," to what was he referring?

The Muslims of India.

TRICOLOR vs. SAFFRON

The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron, white and India green; with the Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its centre.

SANGH PARIVAR

The Sangh Parivar refers, as an umbrella term, to the collection of Hindu nationalist organisations spawned by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and remain affiliated to it.

RUSSIANS IN AFGHANISTAN

The Soviet Union entered Afghanistan to "protect" Communist interests in the country. Rebels were supported by the United States, and finally after a long, costly war, the Soviets were forced to withdraw from the country. Ironically, the Afghan rebels later used the arms supplied by the U.S. to fight the Americans.

Which of the following aligns most of the author's (Rothbard's) apparent view of the State?

The State is the organization of the "political means."

INDO-ARYAN

The dominant language family of the northern regions of South Asia; a branch of Indo-European languages; includes Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi, and other North Indian languages

PASHTUNISTAN

The geographic historical region inhabited by the indigenous Pashtun people of modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan, wherein Pashtun culture, language, and national identity have been based.

AKBAR

The greatest of the Mughald Emperors. Second half of 1500s. Descendant of Timur. Consolidated power over northern India. Religiously tolerant. Patron of arts, including large mural paintings.

LOK SABHA

The lower house of parliament in India, where all major legislation must pass before becoming law.

KHALISTAN

The name of a proposed Sikh state hoped for by some Punjabi Sikhs

M. S. GOLWALKAR

The second Sarsanghchalak of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Golwalkar authored the books Bunch of Thoughts and We, or Our Nationhood Defined.

AYUB KHAN

The second president of Pakistan, from 1958 to 1974. Khan seized control of the government in 1958 and then staged elections. He was the first of Pakistan's many military leaders.

MAHMUD OF GHAZNI

Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression.

HINDU MAHASABHA

This is an important Hindu nationalist organization. Founded in 1915, the Mahasabha promoted cow protection, Sanskritized Hindi, and other aspects of Hindu religious identities to ally Indian national identity with Hinduism. The ideology of this movement is called Hindutva. Another important Hindutva organization is the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), established in 1925 to train militant Hindu volunteers who provide much of the manpower for the Hindutva movement. It was RSS member Nathuram Godse who assassinated Gandhi in 1948, for which the organization was banned for one year. The Sangh Pariwar refers to the larger "family," or pariwar, of Hindu right organizations.

THE TWO-NATION THEORY

This theory held that most of India's population could be divided up into blocs of Hindu and Muslim populations and that these religious communities each constituted their own nation. Until the final independence settlement in 1947, it was not clear that each nation would have its own state in the form of a partitioned India and Pakistan. For example, recall that in 1946 the Cabinet Mission Plan had put forward an idea of one state in which the various nations were "grouped" at a level between the province and the central government. The 1940 Lahore Resolution of the Muslim League, as well, called for independent states with autonomy where Muslims were in the majority. However, the meaning of Pakistan was still vague and undefined at this point. It was not until the very final days of British rule in the subcontinent that the Lahore Resolution came to fruition in the form of a divided India and Pakistan.

What was the purpose, according to Guha, of the RSS?

To serve the cause of the "Hindu Rashtra," working toward the creation of a Hindu nation-state

According to the reading, as a rule no Sufi shix, no pir, would accept state patronage.

True

Aurengzeb's rule was characterized by its mostly strict adherence to Islamic orthodoxy, including the re-application of the jizya tax on Hindus, Jains, and other non-Muslims. He even beheaded his own brother for alleged apostasy and idolatry.

True

Golwalkar spoke reverently of the "motherland," home for thousands of years to "the Hindu People" and their forefathers, as something "Divine" and worthy of devotion.

True

Perhaps the majority of both Indian and especially Western scholars hold that the Indo-European-speaking Aryans--the authors of the Rig Veda, Hinduism's oldest text--originally came from outside India.

True

Shah Waliullah emphasized the critical role the ulema should play as those presiding over the "inner caliphate," at least partially blaming the Islamic scholars for the political decay of the Muslim world around him.

True

The author argues that Shah Waliullah's intellectual development was based largely on his perception of the period of political crisis he lived through.

True

According to the Laws of Manu, a king's role was to maintain the ________ system.

Varna

JAN SANGH

Was an Indian right wing political party that existed from 1951 to 1977 and was the political arm of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, a Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation.

SHABBHIR AHMAD USMANI

Was an Islamic scholar who supported the Pakistan Movement in the 1940s. He was a religious scholar, writer, orator, politician, and expert in tafsir and Hadith.

ALL-INDIA SUNNI CONFERENCE

Was an organisation of Indian Sunni Muslims associated with Sufism and this Conference became the voice of Barelvi movement in British India. The Conference was established in 1925 in the wake of Congress led secular Indian nationalism, changing Geo-political situation of India by leading Barelvi personalities of that time

SHUDDHI MOVEMENT

Was started by Arya Samaj in earlier part of 20th century to bring back the people who transformed their religion to Islam and Christianity from Hinduism. The literal meaning of Shuddhi is purification but Arya Samajis didn't aim at literal meaning rather they meant reconversion by the term.

Partition of India

Was the partition of British India in 1947 which accompanied the creation of two independent states, India and Pakistan. The Union of India is today the Republic of India and Dominion of Pakistan, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The partition involved the division of two provinces, Bengal and the Punjab, based on district-wise Hindu or Muslim majorities. It also involved the division of the British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, the Indian Civil Service, the railways, and the central treasury, between the two new dominions. The partition was set forth in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the British Raj, or Crown rule in India. The two self-governing countries of India and Pakistan legally came into existence at midnight on 14-15 August 1947.

DHARMASHASTRA

a Brahmanical collection of rules of life often in the form of a metrical law book

ULEMA

a group of religious advisers to the ottoman sultan; this group administered the legal system and schools for educating Muslims

According to the Metcalf & Metcalf reading, the British attitude to ruling India after the mid-19th century might best be described as

a paternalist self-assurance.

SOCIALISM

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

BAL BANGADHAR TILAK

an Indian nationalist, teacher, and an independence activist. He was one third of the Lal Bal Pal triumvirate. Tilak was the first leader of the Indian Independence Movement. The British colonial authorities called him "The father of the Indian unrest."

RAMMOHAN ROY

an Indian religious, social, and educational reformer who challenged traditional Hindu culture and indicated the lines of progress for Indian society under British rule, sometimes called father of Modern India

JANATA PARTY

an amalgam of Indian political parties opposed to the state of emergency (1975-1977) imposed by the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and her Indian National Congress. In the general election held after the end of the state of emergency in 1977, the Janata party defeated Congress to form the first non-Congress government in the history of the Republic of India.

According to the Deobandis (generally speaking), the university at Deobandi was founded in order to

carry on the struggle of 1857 via pen and tongue in preparation for a future political and spiritual Islamic resurgence.

Amjad 'Ali A'azmi would not have supported

cooperation with Hindus.

Shabbhir Ahmad Usmani would not have supported

cooperation with the Congress, and Hindus in general.

VIJAYANAGAR

definition: independent empire proclaimed by Harihara and Bukka; "city of victory". Dominate state in southern India until 1565 significance: brought order to Southern India

PIRS

elders, masters that have helped developed sufi practices

Under Mahmud Hasan, the Deobandi movement

entered an explicitly political, even anti-British, phase.

According to the reading, Syed Ahmad Khan's greatest institutional legacy is

his university at Aligarh.

GURU GOBIND SINGH

last human Sikh guru, declared the script of the Guru Granth as permanent Sikh guru

Line of Control in Kashmir

military control line between the Indian and Pakistani controlled parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir

RASHID AHMAD GANGOHI

ndian Deobandi Islamic scholar, a leading figure of the Deobandi movement, a Hanafi jurist and scholar of hadith. Along with Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi he was a pupil of Mamluk Ali.

FAZL-E-HAQ KHAIRABADI

one of the main poets of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He was a philosopher, an author, a poet, a religious scholar, but is most remembered for issuing a fatwa of armed fighting in favor of Jihad against the British empire in 1857.

MANU SMRITI

or the Manava-dharma-shastra, often called the 'Laws of Manu'; a ca. 200 CE shastra supposedly by the great sage Manu, often neatly summarizes all that was considered dharma in the brahmanic tradition; used in Asian Studies 100 to illustrate themes in the dharma tradition

In his autobiography, Dayanand Saraswati speaks of "the holy Reform." Reform of what?

religion--and the Vedic tradition specifically

ARYA SAMAJ

religious organization that redefined and defended reformed Hindu traditions

SEVĀ SURAKṢĀ SANSKṚTI

service, safety and culture

Nehru wanted a _________ central government, while Jinnah wanted a _________ central government. Partition was one result.

strong; weak

The Hindutva reading identified ____________ as India's natural and justifiable frontier, one necessary in order to avoid the "rather too unceremonious" "commingling of races" which was taking place in the region.

the Indus, or "Sindhu"

The author compared Golwalkar and the RSS to what other group--based on the speeches and writings of Golwalkar himself?

the Nazis of Germany

The All-India Muslim League's origin can be traced to a delegation formed during

the Partition of Bengal crisis.

Dayanand Saraswati drew his inspiration and knowledge from

the Vedas.

AURENGZEB

the last Mughal ruler. Strict Muslim. Overthrows Shah Jahan, expnad India through warfare. Persecutes the Hindus. Expanded the empire but exhausted the treasury in the process. Tried to impose Sunni law. Reinstates Jizya tax for non Muslims. Destroyed and defaced many Hindu temples, has the ninth guru killed.

According to Shah Waliullah, political corruption is but an outcome of

the scholars' neglect in performing their duties properly.

According to both the Deobandi and Barelvi schools, the revolt of 1857 was instigated and led by

the ulema.

According to the reading, the death of the State can come about in two major ways:

war or revolution.

AL-SHAMS

was an anti-Bangladesh paramilitary wing of several Islamist parties in East Pakistan composed of local Bengalis and Muhajirs that along with the Pakistan Army and the Al-Badr, is accused of conducting a mass killing campaign against Bengali nationalists, civilians, religious and ethnic minorities during 1971. The group was banned by the independent government of Bangladesh, but most of its members had fled the country during and after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which led to Bangladesh's independence.

RANJIT SINGH

was the founder and maharaja of the Sikh Empire in the Punjab region of northwest India. He was responsible for modernizing the Sikh military.

According to the authors of the reading, what ultimately makes a nation?

will

Shah Abdul Aziz may have revolutionized the fatwa by

writing/issuing them in answer to the queries of the faithful and thus giving them a more popular focus.

ANGLO-SIKH WARS

• War between the Sikhs and the British East Indian Company. In 1839-1849 after Ranjit Singh's death two wars occurred as the Sikh Empire fell into disorder. The wars went poorly for the Sikhs as Punjab went under the control of the British EIC. However, the British learned a lot from the Sikhs about their fighting.