History 121 (VPCC/TNCC) Module 10-15 Assorted Questions.

Oregon Boundary Dispute

A dispute between Great Britain and the US over land in Oregon; the US proposed the land should be divided at the 49th parallel north, but Britain denied its claims to land north of the Columbia River; Due to domestic and fears of war with America over the territory, Britain eventually ends up agreeing to the 49 parallel north division

What effect did Mexico's winning its independence from Spain have on American settlement in the Southwest?

American settlement and expansion into the former Spanish territories increased after Mexico gained independence.

David Wilmot

Pennsylvanian congressman who proposed the amendment that would have outlawed slavery from Mexican territories

Forty-Niners

People who went to California during the Gold Rush of 1849

May 12, 1846

Polk and Congress declare war on Mexico

December 1845

Polk officially annexes Texas to America as a slave state; as a result, Mexico refuses to discuss land purchases with the U.S. and cuts off all diplomatic contact between the two countries

January 1846

Polk orders his troops to build a fort on the "American" side of the Rio Grande, still officially Mexican territory; force met by Mexican cavalry, who kill/wound 16 of the troops

Filibuster

Private, unauthorized military adventurer

Most Anglo-American settlers in Texas were...

Protestant slave-holders

December 25, 1842

Texans avenge a Mexican assault on San Antonio by attacking the Mexican town of Mier

1841

Texas forces set out to claim Santa Fe for their conquest of New Mexico; taken prisoner by New Mexico army and sent to Mexico City

March 1837

The United States finally recognized the independent Republic of Texas.

Thomas O. Larkin

U.S. consul in Monterey, California; responsible for gathering both settlers and Californios who wanted independence from Mexico

1846

U.S. declares war on Mexico

Slave Power

a term northerners used to describe the disproportionate influence that they felt elite southern slaveholders wielded in both domestic and international affairs

carpetbagger

a term used for northerners working in the South during Reconstruction; it implied that these were opportunists who came south for economic or political gain

redeemers

a term used for southern White people committed to rolling back the gains of Reconstruction

American Party

also called the Know-Nothing Party, a political party that emerged in 1856 with an anti-immigration platform

Dred Scott v. Sandford

an 1857 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Black people could not be citizens and Congress had no jurisdiction to impede the expansion of slavery

moral suasion

an abolitionist technique of appealing to the consciences of the public, especially slaveholders

Missouri Compromise

an agreement reached in Congress in 1820 that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, brought Maine into the Union as a free state, and prohibited slavery north of 36° 30' latitude

Tallmadge Amendment

an amendment (which did not pass) proposed by representative James Tallmadge in 1819 that called for Missouri to be admitted as a free state and for all enslaved people there to be gradually emancipated

Wilmot Proviso

an amendment to a revenue bill that would have barred slavery from all the territory acquired from Mexico

Republican Party

an antislavery political party formed in 1854 in response to Stephen Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Act

Ironclad Oath

an oath that the Wade-Davis Bill required a majority of voters and government officials in Confederate states to take; it involved swearing that they had never supported the Confederacy

Dorothea Dix was important to which movement in the antebellum era?

asylums for the mentally ill

In Kansas, John Brown and his sons:

attacked pro-slavery families attempting to settle in the region

During Reconstruction, African Americans:

attempted to establish schools

Freedmen's Bureau

the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, which was created in 1865 to ease Black peoples' transition from slavery to freedom

All of the following were strengths of the Union EXCEPT:

the ability to fight defensively, rather than offensively

All the following were strengths of the Union except ________.

the ability to fight defensively, rather than offensively

. Which of the following was not a component of the Compromise of 1850?

the admission of Kansas as a free state

Compromise of 1877

the agreement between Republicans and Democrats, after the contested election of 1876, in which Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for withdrawing the last of the federal troops from the South

transcendentalism

the belief that all people can attain an understanding of the world that transcends rational, sensory experience

millennialism

the belief that the Kingdom of God would be established on earth and that God would reign on earth for a thousand years characterized by harmony and Christian morality

general in chief

the commander of army land forces

Corps of Discovery

the group led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on the expedition to explore and map the territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase

Seneca Falls

the location of the first American conference on women's rights and the signing of the "Declaration of Rights and Sentiments" in 1848

Northwest Passage

the nonexistent all-water route across the North American continent sought by European and American explorers that would connect the pacific and atlantic oceans

The "black codes" enacted by southern legislatures:

tried to restore key elements of slavery

The first real battle of the war:

was the First Battle of Bull Run (also called First Manassas)

1849-1850

$550 million worth of gold found inn California, with very little of that money going to individual miners

U.S. Military Strategy for the Mexican-American War

1. Take control of North Mexico (includes New Mexico) 2. Seize California 3. Capture Mexico City

1842

A US naval fleet, mistakenly believing that war had broken out, seized Monterey, California (at that time, a Mexican territory)

Moses Austin

A former entrepreneur reduced to poverty by the Panic of 1819, and one of the earliest American settlers and empresarios in Texas

Why would Americans view the Compromise of 1850 as a final solution to the sectional controversy that began with the Wilmot Proviso in 1846?

It ended the immediate conflict over the Mexican cession in way designed to compromise to both parties. Since both parties had received something, they hoped that conflict would not arise soon, but did not foresee the same issues of expansion occurring.

How did the "Bleeding Kansas" incident change the face of antislavery advocacy?

It started a guerrilla war in Kansas and began John Brown's career of violent abolitionism.In response to proslavery forces' destruction of the antislavery press and Free State Hotel, radical abolitionists, including John Brown, murdered proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie. This was a turning point for Brown and many other radical abolitionists, who—unlike their largely pacifist counterparts, such as William Lloyd Garrison—came to believe that slavery must be extinguished by any means necessary, including open violence. It also led to a gurilla war in Kansas through the end of the Civil War.

Does the history of the cotton kingdom support or undermine the Jeffersonian vision of White farmers on self-sufficient farms? Explain your answer.

It undermines Jefferson's ideals. Jefferson wanted farming and land ownership to grant sufficiency that would prevent tyranny, however the gentry class mirrored Jefferson's own fear of a tyrannical political force, although this time with less oversight then the federal government. This empire also led to a vastly unequal distribution of wealth, something that conflicted with the Jeffersonian ideals of equality. Not to mention it was based on captive human labor.

Free Soil Party

A political party that sought to exclude slavery from the western territories, leaving these areas open for settlement by White farmers and ensuring that White laborers would not have to compete with enslaved labor

Henry Smith

A pro-war delegate elected governor by the temporary Texan government created during the Consultation of 1835

Alcalde

An administrator of the Mexican legal system who often worked as a mayor, judge, and law enforcement officer at the same time; recordings of proceedings would be sent to a judge in Saltillo, who would decide the legal outcome

How did Anglo-American settlers in Texas see themselves? Did they adopt a Mexican identity because they were living in Mexican territory? Why or why not?

Anglo Americans felt superior to their "ignorant" "backwards" and "corrupt" Mexican Roman Catholic neighbors, and were tied to the American ideas of manifest destiny and American slavery and culture. Because of this superiority complex, Texans often never tried to assimilate to Mexican way of life and instead would try and bend their state to suit their agenda and culture, through rebellion, secession, and later U.S statehood.

What were southerners' and northerners' views of John Brown?

Antislavery northerners tended to view Brown as a martyr for the antislavery cause; some saw in him a Christ-like figure who died for his beliefs. Southerners, for their part, considered Brown a terrorist. They felt threatened by northerners' deification of Brown and worried about the potential for other, similar armed insurrections.

Consider the role of filibusters in American expansion. What are some arguments in favor of filibustering? What are some arguments against it?

Arguments against filibusters could involve the sovereignty of a nation's borders or its citizen's rights, alongside any other form of common moral or religious sentiment that disproves of invading your neighbors and seizing their land. The common belief in manifest destiny, as well as a belief in the superiority of your culture and way of life, along with a form of darwanism (i.e, the strong do what they can and the weak die or suffer what they must) would be some elements that could be construed to support filibustering.

What are the economic and political issues raised by having an imbalance between free and slave states? Why did the balance of free and slave states matter?

Because of the representative nature of government, both north and south did not want the opposite side to have any more representation through another state than they themselves had. The stability of the Union and its economic system that relied on both mechanized and agricultural production relied on this balance of power; to break it would be to break America.

The Northwest Passage would have given the U.S. trade access to what country?

China

Copperheads

Democrats who opposed Lincoln in the 1864 election

Hunkers

Democrats who were neutral to the issue of slavery, specifically the extension of slavery into the western states

1831

Fifty five delegates from Anglo-American settlements gather to demand the suspension of customs duties, the resumption of U.S. immigration, better protection from Native tribes, the granting of promised land titles, and the creation of an independent Texas

As a result of the Adams-Onís Treaty, the United States gained which territory from Spain?

Florida

Expansionists criticized Adams for what?

For not claiming all of Texas in the Adams-Onis Treaty

Fanny Kemble

Former wife of Pierce Butler. She kept a diary about her life on the Georgia plantation, which was circulated among abolitionists prior to the American Civil War, and was published both in England and the United States once the war broke out.

Texas sought and received independent recognition from...

France, Great Britain, Belgium, and the Netherlands

Which of the following was NOT an opinion of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott Decision?

Free Blacks could not legally reside in the United States

According to treaties signed in 1818 and 1827, with which country did the United States jointly occupy Oregon?

Great Britain

1818 Agreement between US and England

Great Britain and the US hold joint ownership of Oregon

What happened to Charles Sumner?

He was beaten by Preston Brooks on the floor of Congress.

. John Brown is often described as a terrorist. Do you agree with this description? Why or why not? What attributes might make him fit this profile?

He was. He massacred three families in Pottawatomie and raided a federal armory in Virginia. In doing so, he inflicted a sense of terror on southerners. These acts were done in protest of one of if not the most brutal systems of humanity. Does that mean they were justified? Faith without works is dead; in my opinion, they were.

Could the differences between the North and South have been worked out in late 1860 and 1861? Could war have been avoided? Provide evidence to support your answer.

I doubt it. The violence in Kansas illustrates how sectional divides had transcended political qubbles and fully reached the common sector of the United States. Even when efforts such as the Crrittenden Compromise was passed, it was ignored, showing how driven the Southern United States was to rebel against any hints of future threats to slavery.

If you were a proslavery advocate, how would you feel about the platform of the newly formed Republican Party?

I would be afraid, because now a legitimate abolitionist political force had formed, not only at a time when abolitionist sentiment was on the rise, but also while the proslavery democratic party was in the midst of debate and division.

Consider the problem of terrorism during Radical Reconstruction. If you had been an adviser to President Grant, how would you propose to deal with the problem?

I would have passed more force acts and tried to empower Black and allied white law enforcement from local and state communities to combat Southern terrorism. Declaring war on the KKK would be a valid consideration for me personally, but I doubt Grant would want another Civil War. Ultimately, federal oversight and enforcement would be necessary to defuse the KKK.

Consider filibustering from the point of view of the Cuban or Nicaraguan people. If you lived in Cuba or Nicaragua, would you support filibustering? Why or why not?

I would not support a bunch of self important white terrorists who think they have been justified by their god and race to invade my homeland, kill my friends and family, and take their barbaric practices into my nation.

If you were in charge of the Confederate war effort, what strategy or strategies would you have pursued? Conversely, if you had to devise the Union strategy, what would you propose? How does your answer depend on your knowledge of how the war actually played out?

If I was a Confederate, I would surrender. If I was a dedicated Confederate I would focus on mataining the Missisipi River vally and garnering European of foreign support. If I were a Union strategist, I would use the North's larger population to target Confederate assest in a close timeframe, being able to engage them with roughly the same if not more soldiers in each battle. The South lost at Gettysburg because Union Troops who were victorious in the Missipi River Valley were able to be diverted to the Battle of Gettysburg. The Union was largely able to win because Grant had enough manpower to push through defeat with the blood of his own soldiers. Both of these factors are the largest contributors to my answer.

. How do you think would history have been different if Lincoln had not been assassinated? How might his leadership after the war have differed from that of Andrew Johnson?

If Lincoln had not been assassinated, he likely would have continued his moderate reconstruction policy. However, unlike Johnson, his reputation and employment of federal power would have made his policies more successful despite the influence of radical republicans. Ultimately, I believed he would have successfully and thoroughly implemented moderate reconstruction.

By 1840

Nearly twelve thousand enslaved Africans had been brought to Texas by white slaveholders

January 1847

New Mexicans revolt against Sterling Price and his troops occupying New Mexico; Price later quashes the rebellion

During the war between the United States and Mexico, revolts against U.S. control broke out in ________.

New Mexico and California

1845

New York columnist and editor John O' Sullivan introduces the term "manifest destiny" into popular culture

September 1836

Sam Houston is elected as the president of Texas; Texans vote in favor of annexation to the U.S.

Texans defeated the army of General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna at the battle of ________.

San Jacinto

January 1835

Santa Anna dispatches troops to the town of Anahuac to collect customs duties

Which religious community focused on the power of patriarchy?

Shakers

How did defenders of slavery use the concept of paternalism to structure their ideas?

Slavery advocates argued that rather than a moral or nesscary evil, slavery was good. Based off of racist ideals and the infantilization of Black people, White slaveowners believed Black people were inherently incapable of living adult lives on their own or competing in a capatalist system. Pivoting from this belief, they thought that slaveowners exploiting Black people as free labor and providing them some of the bare nesscecities to survive as well as religious, racial, and cultural indoctrination was in the interest of naturally inferior Black people. These ideas aside from being ludicrously incorrect, and frighteningly racist, are everything the United States and the world must fight against.

Which of the following was not a provision of the Compromise of 1850?

Slavery was abolished in Washington, DC.

Why did the states of the Deep South secede from the Union sooner than the states of the Upper South and the border states?

Slavery was more deeply entrenched in the Deep South than it was in the Upper South or the border states. The Deep South was home to larger numbers of both slaveholders and enslaved people. Pro-Union sentiment remained strong in parts of the Upper South and border states, particularly those areas with smaller populations of slaveholders.

June 1835

Soldier William B. Travis and a small army march to Anahuac and force the fort to surrender

Why did some southerners believe their region was immune to the effects of the market revolution? Why was this thinking misguided?

Some southerners believed that their region's monopoly over the lucrative cotton crop—on which both the larger American and Atlantic markets depended—and their possession of a slave labor force allowed the South to remain independent from the market revolution. However, the very cotton that provided the South with such economic potency also increased its reliance on the larger U.S. and world markets, which supplied—among other things—the food and clothes enslaved people needed, the furniture and other manufactured goods that defined the southern standard of comfortable living, and the banks from which southerners borrowed needed funds.

How did the abolitionist movement impact the women's movement?

Some women drew from the parallels between slavery and patriarchy and began to campaign for equal rights between themselves and men as well as between Blacks and Whites.

How did both slaveholders and enslaved people use the concept of paternalism to their advantage?

Southern White people often used paternalism to justify the institution of slavery, arguing that enslaved people, like children, needed the care, feeding, discipline, and moral and religious education that they could provide. Enslaved people often used this misguided notion to their advantage: By feigning ignorance and playing into slaveholders' paternalistic perceptions of them, they found opportunities to resist their condition and gain a degree of freedom and autonomy.

Why was it difficult for southern free Black people to gain economic independence after the Civil War?

Southern blacks emerged from slavery with no money to begin their new lives, so they had to rely on the crop-lien and sharecropping systems. These systems enabled freed people to get tools and rent land to farm, but the high interest rate (paid in harvested crops) made it difficult for them to rise out of poverty.

Compare and contrast the steamboats of the antebellum years with technologies today. In your estimation, what modern technology compares to steamboats in its transformative power?

Steamboats allowed the Untied States' industries in the South and North not only to exchange their products with each other, but also allowed planters on the Mississippi River Valley to export their cotton to Europe and helped the domestic slave trade. While based on the same types of transport, the internet continues the cross-continent connections fostered by this technology through wholly digital communication. Consumers and businesses are able to connect across vast distances and ship their products to whole other continents between days and months, something participants of commerce in the 1800s would dream of, but be able to understand.

Who was the only presidential candidate in 1860 to campaign nationally?

Stephen Douglas

Spanish settlement in Florida was made nearly impossible by what?

The Creek and Seminole sheltering in Florida

Why did White people in California dislike the Chinese so much?

The Chinese were seemingly more disciplined than the majority of the White miners, gaining a reputation for being extremely hard-working and frugal. White miners resented the mining successes that the Chinese earned. They believed the Chinese were unfairly depriving them of the means to earn a living.

Why did the North prevail in the Civil War? What might have turned the tide of the war against the North?

The North prevailed because of its startegic approach and advantages which allowed it to lose its battles, but win the war overall. European alliance may have granted the Confederacy the resources and manpower to use its momentum in the defense of Virginia to execute a more successful Northern Campaign, or help it maitain the Missisip River vally, as potential European allies would understand its economic and strategic value.

What do you believe to be the enduring qualities of the Gettysburg Address? Why has this two-minute speech so endured?

The pure vision of the American Dream, as a land of freedom and opportunity for all, is a romanticization that was expressed in the Gettysburg address and has helped it endure the test of time. The refraiming of the Civil War as a battle between freedom and human tyranny apeals to the universal idea of good vs evil, and also boosts the speech to such noteriety.

In what ways do temperance, health reforms, and phrenology offer reflections on the changes in the United States before the Civil War? What needs did these reforms fill in the lives of antebellum Americans?

These changes reflected the growing scientific and social changes facilitated by Abolition and Feminism. Temperance especially gained traction among middle-class families who understood that alcoholic indulgences could ruin a family, while phrenology and health reforms sought to improve quality of life and offer insight into the human mind. Through these movements, supporters could feel connected to their fellow Americans and as advocates for a better world.

Draf Riots in the North

Who -many -Lincoln What -riots in New York over both the Union daft and th Emancipation Proclamation -Union draft began March 1863 -many New Yorkers supported the Confederacy due to Buisness ties, with New York's mayor suggesting secession in 1861 -July 11, 1863: draft lottery takes place, two days later the protest begins -a volunteer fire company commander, who had been drafted, began the riot which quickly spread over the city - an Union armory, Union contracted uniform store (Brooks Brothers) and an African American orphanage was destroyed. Black New Yorkers were especially targeted by the violence -after 4 days, Lincoln dispatched troops to the city, ending the violence -over one hundred people were killed, thousands were injured, and millions in property destriyed. Twenty percent of New York's African American population fled the city afterward Where -New York City When -July 1863 Context -Civil War, Union Draft, Emancipation Proclamation Significance -illustration of white hatred in the Union

Why did many in the North resist the Fugitive Slave Act?

This federal law appeared to northerners to be further proof of a "Slave Power" conspiracy and elite slaveholders' disproportionate influence over U.S. domestic policy. Northerners also resented being compelled to serve as de facto slave-catchers, as the law punished people not only for helping escaped enslaved people, but also for failing to aid in efforts to return them. Finally, the law rankled many northerners for the hypocrisy that it exposed, given southerners' arguments in favor of states' rights and against the federal government's meddling in their affairs.

Why did President Jackson initially refuse to annex Texas?

To avoid war with Mexico

Why did the Corps of Discovery befriend western Native tribes?

To ensure future white settlement would not be impeded

What was the goal of the Black codes?

To keep Black men in a system of economic dependence on white planters, landowners, and governments.

A week after Monterey is taken...

U.S. Navy seizes San Francisco, California

Response to Declaration of War on Mexico

Whigs and abolitionist factions criticize the decision as an attempt to expand America's considerable collection of slave states; Democrats encourage the war as the means by which expansion, and therefore economic gain, could be achieved

What strategies did enslaved people employ to resist, revolt, and sustain their own independent communities and cultures? How did enslaved individuals use White southerners' own philosophies—paternalism and Christianity, for example—to their advantage in these efforts?

While the revolt was employed, the devastating consequences of such violent action were generally enough to discourage potential rebels. Some slaves would exploit paternalism to subtly sabotage production and escape drastic punishment as Whites would chalk these "mistakes" to racial inferiority. Some captive people poisoned their owners slowly or reported plans of revolt to gain personal leniency or preference from the gentry. Enslaved people clung to messages of the Christian god uplifting people from slavery and bondage, both to cope and comfort in their situation, and also to demonstrate their humanity.

Consider the differences between the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. What does the Fourteenth Amendment do that the Thirteenth does not?

The Thirteenth Amendment freed Black people, while the Fourteenth Amendment gave Black people the rights of U.S citizens.

What was the purpose of the Thirteenth Amendment? How was it different from the Emancipation Proclamation?

The Thirteenth Amendment officially and permanently banned the institution of slavery in the United States. The Emancipation Proclamation had freed only those enslaved in rebellious states, leaving many enslaved people—most notably, those in the border states—in bondage; furthermore, it did not alter or prohibit the institution of slavery in general.

What role did women and African Americans play in the war?

Women and African Americans participated in the war, though largely in non-combat roles. In the South, women nursed wounded soldiers to health, and African Americans were banned from serving in the military. In the North, Women formed societies and joined organizations to provide health services, food, and laundry to soldiers among other task. African Americans enlisted in the north, and although many were limited to menial roles due to racist beliefs or fears of racial retaliation, others served with honor in combat roles. On both sides, women served as spies and some disguised as men to participate in combat.

Did the Spanish drive James Long and his troops out of Texas?

Yes

Did Santa Anna agree to an independent Texas after the Battle of San Jacinto?

Yes, but by the time the agreement was finalized, Santa Anna had been ousted from power, therefore Texas still remained a Mexican territory

Carpetbaggers

Who -many What -derogarory term applied to notherners who moved to the reconstucting south to help with reconstruction. -used by white terror groups and redeemers -implied a vagabond who, sensing the opportunity for riches in the south, packed up all their belongings in a carpetbag (a type of luggage) and headed to the south for quick money -in reality, these men were often young, educated, and idealistic men who wanted to help northern efforts to reconstuct the south -however, the false idea of them resonated with whites who were bitter over the economic and racial losses Where -Southern states When -late 1860s, early to middle 1870s (1865-1877) Context -Reconstruction, Racism in America, Rise of White terror groups

Election of 1848

Zachary Taylor wins against a split Democrat party

alcalde

a Mexican official who often served as combined civil administrator, judge, and law enforcement officer

Ku Klux Klan

a White vigilante organization that engaged in terroristic violence with the aim of stopping Reconstruction

abolitionist

a believer in the complete elimination of slavery

Crittenden Compromise

a compromise, suggested by Kentucky senator John Crittenden, that would restore the 36°30′ line from the Missouri Compromise and extend it to the Pacific Ocean, allowing slavery to expand into the southwestern territories

cash crop

a crop grown to be sold for profit instead of consumption by the farmer's family

sharecropping

a crop-lien system in which people paid rent on land they farmed (but did not own) with the crops they grew

cotton gin

a device, patented by Eli Whitney in 1794, that separated the seeds from raw cotton quickly and easily

Freeport Doctrine

a doctrine that emerged during the Lincoln-Douglas debates in which Douglas reaffirmed his commitment to popular sovereignty, including the right to halt the spread of slavery, despite the 1857 Dred Scott decision affirming slaveholders' right to bring their property wherever they wished

crop-lien system

a loan system in which store owners extended credit to farmers for the purchase of goods in exchange for a portion of their future crops

concurrent majority

a majority of a separate region (that would otherwise be in the minority of the nation) with the power to veto or disallow legislation put forward by a hostile majority

Underground Railroad

a network of free Black and northern White people who helped enslaved people escape bondage through a series of designated routes and safe houses

empresario

a person who brought new settlers to Texas in exchange for a grant of land

filibuster

a person who engages in an unofficial military operation intended to seize land from foreign countries or foment revolution there

Liberty Party

a political party formed in 1840 by those who believed political measures were the best means by which abolition could be accomplished

Free-Soil Party

a political party that sought to exclude slavery from the western territories, leaving these areas open for settlement by White farmers and ensuring that White laborers would not have to compete with enslaved labor

Bleeding Kansas

a reference to the violent clashes in Kansas between Free-Soilers and slavery supporters

Shakers

a religious sect that emphasized communal living and celibacy

Second Great Awakening

a revival of evangelical Protestantism in the early nineteenth century

Border ruffians helped to ________.

elect a proslavery legislature in Kansas

The largest group of White people in the South _______.

enslaved no one

contrabands

enslaved people who escaped to the Union army's lines

The rapid expansion of the cotton belt in the South:

ensured that the region became more dependent on enslaved black workers

greenbacks

paper money the United States began to issue during the Civil War

Under Radical Reconstruction, which of the following did former Confederate states not need to do in order to rejoin the Union?

pass the Fifteenth Amendment

Which of the following is not one of the methods the Ku Klux Klan and other terrorist groups used to intimidate Black people and White sympathizers?

petitioning Congress

Which of the following did William Lloyd Garrison not employ in his abolitionist efforts?

political involvement

.The practice of allowing residents of territories to decide whether their land should be slave or free was called ________.

popular sovereignty

What was President Zachary Taylor's top priority as president?

preserving the Union

Under the law in the antebellum South, enslaved people were ________.

property

border ruffians

proslavery Missourians who crossed the border into Kansas to influence the legislature

miscegenation

race-mixing through sexual relations or marriage

Fire-Eaters

radical southern secessionists

1844

James K. Polk, slaveholder from Tennessee, is elected into office

1820

James Long returns to Texas with a smaller force; he is arrested by Spanish authorities, imprisoned, and later killed

Summer of 1819

James Long, a planter from Natchez, Mississippi, becomes a filibuster when he leads 300 men across the Sabine River to seize Texas

January, 24, 1848

James Marshall discovers gold in the millrace of the sawmill he had built with partner John Sutter on the southern fork of the American River; beginning of the California Gold Rush

A proposal to prohibit the importation of enslaved people to Missouri following its admission to the United States was made by ________.

James Tallmadge

For what purposes did Thomas Jefferson send Lewis and Clark to explore the Louisiana Territory? What did he want them to accomplish?

Jefferson wanted Lewis and Clark to find an all-water route to the Pacific Ocean, strengthen U.S. claims to the Pacific Northwest by reaching it through an overland route, explore and map the territory, make note of its natural resources and wildlife, and make contact with Native American tribes with the intention of establishing trade with them.

July 1847

John D. Sloat, John C. Fremont, and California settlers seize Monterey, California, less than a month after settler group led by William B. Ide had taken control of Sonoma and declared California a republic

1848 Democratic Convention

Lewis Cass is nominated as the Democrat Party candidate, to the disgust of the antislavery Barnburners

1805

Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific ocean

1806

Lewis and Clark return to St. Louis

1805-1806

Lewis and Clark spend the winter in Oregon

Which of the following was not a result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates?

Lincoln successfully defended the principle of popular sovereignty.

ten percent plan

Lincoln's Reconstruction plan, which required only 10 percent of the 1860 voters in Confederate states to take an oath of allegiance to the Union

The Confederates were inspired to bombard Fort Sumter as a result of:

Lincoln's decision to resupply it

To balance votes in the Senate, ________ was admitted to the Union as a free state at the same time that Missouri was admitted as a slave state.

Maine

Why did expansionists set their sights on the annexation of Spanish Cuba?

Many slaveholding expansionists believed that the events of the Haitian Revolution could repeat themselves in Cuba, leading to the overthrow of slavery on the island and the creation of an independent Black republic. Americans also feared that the British would seize Cuba—which, since Britain had outlawed slavery in its colonies in 1833, would result in all enslaved people on the island having free status.

California Gold Rush

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848

The Mexican War erupted when:

Mexican and U.S. troops clashed north of the Rio Grande

1829

Mexican government abolishes slavery

Californios

Mexican residents of California

Tejanos

Mexican residents of Texas

1846-1848

Mexican-American War

September 1846

Californios stage a short-lived rebellion against U.S. troops occupying California

1850

California imposes tax on foreign miners

May 1804

Lewis and Clark expedition begins

April 1803

Louisiana Purchase

1834

Santa Anna dismisses Mexican Congress and abolishes all state governments

Radical Repiblicans

Who -Charles Sumner -Thaddeus Stevens -Benjamin Wade (Ohio Seanator) -Henry Winter Davis (Maryland Rep) What -republicans who fought for a more equal society (thru federal protection of Black people's rights) and for harsher punishment for former CSA members -"wanted to remkae the South and punish the rebels" through harsher term for southern states and protectionings for the emancipated -Feb 1864:Davis and Wade propose the Ironclad Oath, which required that CSA officials swear they did not really rebel, or else they would be barred to partake in politics. Lincoln didn't vote on this bill (pocket veto) ending it. -passed 13, 14, and 15 amendments -opponents of Andrew Johnson's moderate strategy -> created joint comitee of seanators and representatives to oversee Reconstruction, gaining control of the House in 1866 and aiming for complete reordering of Southern life -overruled Johnson's veto of the Freedman's Bureau's renewal, Radical Republican's believed in a strong federal government working to ensure people's rights and wellbeing -Passed 1866 Civil Rights Act, and July of that year passd the Fourteenth Amendment (gave vote to Black men) -act emblematic of their vision was the 1867 Military Reconstruction Act, which was followed by 3 other Reconstruction Acts, and divided the south into 5 military districts under the command of a general with a garrison of 20k soldiers, and under martial law. Helped to ensure that federal actions which mandated racial rights would be upheld -passed the Command of the Army Act (which required president to issue military orders thru the General of the Army) and the Tenure of Office Act (President needs congressional approval to appoint or remove officials) -able to almost impeach President Andrew Johnson (1 vote off) due to violation of the Tenure of Office Act -allowed to continue Radical Reconstruction through Grant's presidency (1869-1877) -winter 1869: 15th amendment passed, but does not account for literary tests and poll taxes, two common methods of disenfranchisement. As such, Charles Sumner refused to sign it -dream of Radical Reconstruction fought by groups like the KKK. Federal government made efforts to stop radical groups like KKK after 1872. KKK an external expression of internal embarrassment felt by southerners who had lost the war and where facing an increasingly equal society. People who wanted to return to their older, racist order called "redeemers" because they wanted to redeem the south -thanks to the political scandals in Grant's Administration, Panic of 1873, and the rise of liberal Republicans, Radical Republicans rapidly lost their influence. By 1877, Radical Republicans had given up on Radical Reconstruction, and the South was returning to its older order -as a measure the have Republican President Rutherford B. Hayes elected, republicans withdrew federal forces from the south with the Compromise of 1877, ending Reconstruction Where -Washington D.C, Southern United States When -1865-1877 Context -Reconstruction, the Civil War, Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Significance -almost stopped segregation from happening, and if they continued in their attempts may have stopped America's racial division

scalawags

a pejorative term used for southern White people who supported Reconstruction

Did an independent Mexico also encourage Anglo-America settlement in Texas?

Yes

Empresarios

Individuals recruited by the Spanish-Mexican government who would bring settlers to Texas in exchange for sizable land grants

What was General Sherman's objective on his March to the Sea?

to destroy military and civilian resources wherever possible

What was the objective of General Sherman on his famous March to the Sea?

to destroy military and civilian resources wherever possible

Which of the following does not represent a goal of the Confederate States of America?

to ensure that the international slave trade would be allowed to continue

Why did John Brown attack the armory at Harpers Ferry?

to seize weapons to distribute to enslaved people for a massive uprising

Which of the following was not one of the functions of the Freedmen's Bureau?

collecting taxes

Teetotalism

complete abstinence from all alcohol

John C. Calhoun argued for greater rights for southerners with which idea?

concurrent majority

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Second Great Awakening?

greater emphasis on nature

Which of the following was a focus of the new Republican Party?

halting the spread of slavery

What about William Lloyd Garrison frightened even some fellow abolitionists?

his support for black equality

By 1860, slavery was most concentrated:

in the Lower South

The first temperance laws were enacted by ________.

local governments

Mormons

members of an American denomination of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints that emphasized patriarchal leadership

The idea of manifest destiny claimed that:

American expansion westward across the continent was sanctioned by God

October 2, 1835

Battle of Gonzales; Mexican troops flee, and Texan soldiers move on to take San Antonio

April 21, 1836

Battle of San Jacinto

February 1836

Battle of the Alamo

April 1833

Delegates reconvene to write the constitution for an independent Texas; in response, Mexico's new president, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, agrees to all of their demands with the exception of independent statehood

After the 1819 Adams-Onis Treaty...

Spanish-Mexican government begins to encourage Anglo-American settlement in Texas due to low population and frequent attacks by the Comanche on isolated ranchers

Black codes

laws some southern states designed to maintain White supremacy by keeping freed people impoverished and in debt

Plantation Life in the South

"Who -Nathaniel Heyward (wealthy NC planter, enslaved 1,800 people by 1850, left estate worth 2 million, 63 mil today, upon his death in 1851) -Edward Lloyd V (from Talbot Country, Maryland, used 100s of enslaved people to finance his elegant estate, held a number of [political offices as Maryland's governor, senator, and representative) What -chattel slavery in the united states created a unique class structure in the South, with rich white planter/gentry at the top and enslaved African Americans at the bottom -Southern economics heavily dependent on slavery -1860: 3% of white people in Mississippi River Valley, where most people owned slaves, owned 50 or more slaves; slavery/wealth unequally distributed -slave breakers: usually white men who beat and overworked unruly enslaved people to obedience -gentry had tangible influence on antebellum domestic and foreign policy, and created a culture of leisure off the blood, sweat, and toil of the enslaved -the majority of people where yeomen farmers; small landowners, followed by landless men such who worked jobs as overseer, slaver breakers and drivers, and traders -owning land and enslaved people was a economic chance to move upward socially -although not econmically equal, white people were united by racism and racial phobias (i.e afraid of slave uprisings, abolition, etc.), led many poorer whites to help sustain a system they did not directly benefit in by performing "civic" duties -characterized by distrust of federal government, taxation, and government involvement through economic or social projects (eg infrastructure) -led to filibustering and Mexican War, as well as Texan Revolution to grant more land to be used for slave-based agriculture -peculiar honor system, where disputes between men were settled in brawls and duels, and women were expected to be silent and only have influence because of their traditionally "feminine" characteristics -cotton was the dominant cash crop in the south and became such in a post-war 1812 America -life is also characterized by the rape of enslaved women, as well as the separation of enslaved families through the sales of people -the specific crop was a "hybrid: Gossypium barbadense, known as Petit Gulf cotton, a mix of Mexican, Georgia, and Siamese strains" -enslaved people mostly labored for this crop around the deep south, with the upper south specializing in food crops and the sale of enslaved people -cotton was planted in March and April, in rows a few feet apart, and harvested in August, after tending it between April and August. Drivers ensured that enslaved people faced harsh punishment if they didn't work as hard as possible. Harvests predicted and enslaved persons were punished if they didn't reach their personal expectation -picking occurred up to 7 times a season, and the enslaved worked sunrise to sunset with additional tasks afterward -cotton harvesting rose in popularity largely thanks to the cotton gin, which allowed 1 enslaved person to produce 50x as much deseeded cotton versus if they were to do so by hand (1lb to 50lb) -cotton then set in bales and shipped via the Mississippi River Vally thru steamboats to economic hubs like New Orleans where it could be sold, usually to foreign markets like Great Britain Where -Mississippi River Valley, Upper South (Maryland, Virginia), Lower South When -1776-1865 Context -American History, Civil War, Mexican War, Texan Revolution Significance -most unique and horrific aspect of American History

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

*Signed in February 1848 *Ended in Mexico ceding nearly half its land to the U.S. *Rio Grande recognized as the U.S./Mexico border *Mexican citizens in ceded territory promised citizenship to future states *U.S. assumes $3.35 million worth of Mexican debts owed to U.S. citizens; paid Mexico $15 million for land loss

Adams-Onis Treaty

*Spain cedes Florida to U.S .*U.S. and Mexico border set at Sabine River *Adams relents claims west of the Sabine River *U.S. forgives Spain for its $5 million debt

Goals of Corps of Discovery

*To discover the Northwest Passage *To more accurately map the West *To finalize western land claims *To form amicable relations with western Native tribes *To discover the geography, flora, fauna, and natural resources of the region

Texas won its independence from Mexico in ________.

1836

San Francisco Population

1846: A few hundred 1850: 34,000

Of the various approaches to the problem of slavery, which one do you find to be the most effective and why?

Abolition and violent upheaval. Although upheaval would result in the most radical changes, it is somewhat impractical due to the intentional limitations on education and population size inflicted upon enslaved populations by slaveowners. Abolition was the method we went through within this timeline and was the most practical solution. Exporting the millions of African Americans to the African continent would not only be extremely hard to accomplish but also set them up for failure in a land that they were unfamiliar with and were victims of European claims and conflict, as well as diseases that African American migrants would be unused to. Abolition was the natural conclusion of American slavery, either before the invention of the cotton gin or after industrialization made an untrained labor force made of a designated racial group inefficient.

Liberty Party (1840)

Abolitionist political party that believed in ending slavery through political means

September 1845

After a revolt in California divides it into two, Polk resumes his attempts to purchase the upper portion of California and New Mexico

By 1835

After immigration resumed, there were twenty thousand Anglo-Americans in Texas

What did the antebellum communal projects have in common? How did the ones most influenced by religion differ from those that had other influences?

All of them tried to create an ideal society separate from the larger American world, and generally followed some charismatic leader like John Smith, Ann Lee, or John Humphrey Noyes. Their views on sexualaity and equality were the starkest contrasts, with some offer abstinence and equality, communal marriage and emphasis on female sexual experience, and polygamy and traditional patriarchy. Secular projects such as the Brooks Farm did not have as much popularity as ones such as the Mormon communities or the Shakers, but instead hosted a small group of intellectuals who were able to freely engage with their ideas in a community oriented environment.

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico; Introduced by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery.

Consider the annexation of Texas and the Mexican-American War from a Mexican perspective. What would you find objectionable about American actions, foreign policy, and attitudes in the 1840s?

American settlers essential came to my homeland, bringing their barbaric customs and unwilling to see my people's perspective, all the while feeling superior through their protestant beliefs, after we welcome them with open arms and the opportunity for prosperity. Even still, they try to bend the will of Mexico to suit their wants, rebelling and seceding, and even after they get what they want, their allies in Washington make up an excuse to invade my land and steal even more of my people's lives and land. Their sense of superiority, erroneous American exceptionalism, and stubborn commitment to barbarity all influence their actions, attitudes, and policy, and lead them to war with my country

By 1819

American settlers no longer feared being attacked by the Spanish stationed in Florida, instead they feared attacks by the Creek and Seminole of Georgia

How did Texas settlers' view of Mexico and its people contribute to the history of Texas in the 1830s?

American slaveholders in Texas distrusted the Mexican government's reluctant tolerance of slavery and wanted Texas to be a new U.S. slave state. Most also disliked Mexicans' Roman Catholicism and regarded them as dishonest, ignorant, and backward. Belief in their own superiority inspired some Texans to try to undermine the power of the Mexican government.

Declaration of Causes

Article drafted at the Consultation of 1835; stipulated that Texas would only re-pledge loyalty to Mexico if Mexico returned to a constitutional form of government

Consider the arguments over the expansion of slavery made by both northerners and southerners in the aftermath of the U.S. victory over Mexico. Who had the more compelling case? Or did each side make equally significant arguments?

As a non-hillbilly specimen of inbred fecal matter, I'm going to have to go with the northerner's arguments against slavery. While still motivated toward abolition to preserve "white labor," slavery is still completely reprehensible and humans shouldn't be property, so southerners can shove their property rights up their anal cavity (hopefully cushioned with some unprocessed cotton, nice and seedy). Yeah, factory life sucks, but at least you can quit it. If you try quitting life as an enslaved, you are tortured or if you run away, you may be recaptured and tortured even more, likely killed.

Was the Thirteenth Amendment a success or a failure? Discuss the reasons for your answer.

As and Amendment to the Constitution, I suppose it was a success by virtue of its incorporation to the Constitution and general adoption. However, its success is stil questionable as its implementation was slow in the Southern states. The Thirteenth Amendment did not calculate the alternative systems that would serve to disenfranchise and disrespect Black Americans such as sharecropping and Black Codes, meaning that while it succeeded in letter, it did not do so in spirit.

Whom did temperance reformers target?

At first, temperance reformers, who were predominantly led by Presbyterian ministers, targeted the middle and upper classes. When the movement veered toward teetotalism instead of temperance, the movement lost momentum. However, it was reborn with a focus on the working class and confirmed alcoholics in the 1840s.

Describe the events leading up to the formation of the Free-Soil Party.

At the party's national convention in 1848, the majority of Democrats voted for a candidate who supported popular sovereignty. A faction of the party was dismayed by this outcome; they opposed popular sovereignty and wanted to restrict the expansion of slavery in order to protect the value of white workers' labor. They united with antislavery Whigs and former members of the Liberty Party to form a new political party—the Free-Soil Party—which had one goal, to oppose the extension of slavery into the territories.

In what ways did the Second Great Awakening and transcendentalism reflect and react to the changes in antebellum American thought and culture?

Both provided individualistic messages in a time of extreme changes, mass industrial markets, and democratizations which demeaned the value of any one person, reflecting insecurity in the American ethos that would be resolved through idealogical rather than political or economic changes.

Describe the place of Texas in the history of American westward expansion by comparing Texas's early history to the Missouri Crisis in 1819-1820. What are the similarities and what are the differences?

Both were previously settled lands that the U.S would end up taking from other people groups, both were pro slavery, and both furthered the north v south debate. However, Texas was acquired through migrant revolution rather than U.S settlement, and resulted in an expansive war between the U.S and Mexico that granted the United States even more territory. The statehood of Missouri also resulted in the creation of Maine, and was created through a debate rather than a revolution.

Which community or movement is associated with transcendentalism?

Brook Farm

Along with withdrawal, U.S. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams offers to do what?

Buy the Florida colony from Spain

Unlike the U.S. government, Mexico allowed...

Buyers to pay for their land in installments and did not require a minimum land purchase

In keeping with voters' expansionist expectations, Polk set his sights on what territory after the US gained Oregon?

California

1858

California bans all immigration from China

General Stephen Watts Kearny

Captured Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico, by accepting New Mexico's surrender; moved to take California, leaving Colonel Sterling Price in command of Santa Fe

General Zachary Taylor and his Army of the Center...

Captured the city of Monterey, California; this victory later led to Zachary Taylor being assigned commander of all U.S. forces

James Long succeeded in what?

Capturing Nacogdoches, writing a Declaration of Independence, and establishing a republican government in Texas

Which female reformer focused on women's roles as the educators of children?

Catherine Beecher

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

Mexican-American War

Conflict between the U.S. and Mexico that followed after the U.S. annexed Texas; largely fueled by American expansionism and the desire to annex California; ended with America claiming nearly half of Mexico's land

1882

Congress bans the further immigration of Chinese people to the Untied States and California.

March 1836

Consultation delegates meet to draft a constitution calling for an American-style judicial system and an elected president and legislature; also established that slavery would not be forbidden in Texas

Consultation of 1835

Convention of Texans at San Felipe de Austin, where delegates voted against declaring Texas independent to avoid a full scale war

1803-1804

Corps of Discovery encamped at mouth of Missouri River

1804-1805

Corps of Discovery spends first winter in Mandan village in present day North Dakota; French fur trapper Touissant Charbonneau and his enslaved wife Sacagawea join the party

The controversy at the heart of the Ostend Manifesto centered on the fate of:

Cuba

What military successes and defeats did the Union experience in 1862?

Defeats: Seven Days Battles, Second Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Antietam Creek Victories: Battle of Shiloh, New Orleans, Memphis

Haden Edwards

Empresario who took the alcalde of Nacogdoches hostage and declared the formation of the Republic of Fredonia between the Sabine and Rio Grand rivers after the Mexican government nullified its empresario agreement with him; forced to leave Texas a Mexican army, led by Stephen Austins, routed him and his small army

March 1818

General Andrew Jackson pursues the Creek and Seminole into Spanish Florida, defeating them, also occupying Spanish settlements and killing two British citizens; Spain demands that General Jackson and his troops withdraw

March 1847

General Winfield Scott captures Veracruz

September 14, 1847

General Winfield Scott enters the central plaza of Mexico City only to find out the city has fallen

Who was assigned to seize Mexico City? Why?

General Winfield Scott; Because while he was a presidential candidate, the other military general, Zachary Taylor, had much better odds for winning against Polk in reelection. To make things more fair, Polk gave him this task so he would be heroized by the American people

Which of the following is not a reason why many people opposed Lincoln's reelection in 1864?

He had replaced General George B. McClellan.

Was it possible to save American democracy in 1860? What steps might have been taken to maintain unity? Why do you think these steps were not taken?

It was far too late to save America. After decades of building disunity, the inevitable conflict was coming. If Lincoln was not elected, this conflict might have been put off for a few years. Greater compromises would have to be taken to appeal to the radical sections of the north or south, as lesser compromises had only resulted in momentary glimpses of peace. It's unlikely that radical factions would accept these compromises if they conflicted with their doctrine, and any step in one direction would only have resulted in an increase in conflict, so I doubt it would be very helpful. The conflict was inevitable, even the abolitionists were tired of peace. Even if peace was reached, violence like that in Kansas would likely be continued by those fed up with the status quo.

1830

Mexico forbids further U.S. settlement of Texas in response to Anglo-American revolt against Mexico

1821

Mexico gains independence from Spain

What are the major arguments put forward by proslavery advocates? How would you argue against their statements?

Pro-slavery advocates argued for a concurrent majority, wage slavery, and polygenism. I agree with a concurrent majority, one made of exclusively black people who can ensure that a tyrannical majority of indifferent and racist white people do not trample upon their rights as humans and free citizens. The benefit wage labor has over slavery is that one can quit their wage job and has the potential to move up the socioeconomic ladder. Polygism is so batsheit crazy, I suppose I would refer a polygenist advocate to a modern science textbook and then bash their head with a hammer in as they ogled the diagram on male genitalia.

Based on your reading of William J. Anderson's and John Brown's accounts, what types of traumas did enslaved people experience? How were the experiences of Black women and men similar and different?

Psychological and physical trauma were heavily employed against captive black people. Torture implements such as whips, balls and chains, paddles, and others were designed and employed to exert the maximum pain possible while keeping productivity. Families and friends could be split upon a slave owner's whims, and family units were degraded by the wanton rape perpetrated by slave owners on enslaved women. While captive black men were also forced to rape captive black women, slaveowners, in particular, would force themselves onto the wives of enslaved men even as they attended the slave-owner's fields. These children could also be sold by the rapist gentry at the request of his wife.

June 1846

Queen Victoria's government agrees to a land division at the 49th parallel

Consider social, political, and economic equality. In what ways did Radical Reconstruction address and secure these forms of equality? Where did it fall short?

Radical Reconstruction tried to give Black people the majority of whites ascribed to whites of the time, with hints of racial separation spread throughout its doctrine. Organizations like the Freedman's Bureau worked to give Black people economic equality, while the Force Acts attempted to protect their political rights. Social equality was not at the forefront, only the acquisition of basic political rights. Altho the appointment of two Black senators and fifteen Black representatives hints that more progress in social equality could be made. However, with the Compromise of 1877, the federal government lost the ability to enforce the rulings of Reconstruction, allowing the start of equality in the United States to crumble to nothingness, Reconstruction's greatest shortcoming.

. Which person or group was most responsible for the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment?

Radical Republicans in Congress

In what ways were antebellum feminists radical? In what ways were they traditional?

Radical feminists such as the Grimke sisters, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucretia Mott lectured to co-ed audiences and developed the "Declarations of Rights and Sentiments" which used the language of the Declaration of Independence to affirm women's rights and criticize the patriarchies of history. More traditional feminists such as Catherine Beecher believed women were superior to men in terms of moral and nurturing nature, making them ideal for educating young Americans to reinvigorate the American moral ethos

Why did the Missouri Crisis trigger threats of disunion and war? Identify the positions of both southern slaveholders and northern opponents of the spread of slavery.

Southerners wanted another slave state to bolster their influence, while northerners wanted Missouri as a free state due to moral objections to slavery, as well as opposition to southern power. Both had grievances with the compromise, as it allowed southerners some dominion over the west, but also kept them from bringing their enslaved property over the 36 30 line.

Which of the following was not a reason the United States was reluctant to annex Texas?

Texans considered U.S. citizens inferior and did not want to be part of their country.

What were the benefits and drawbacks of the Fifteenth Amendment?

The Fifteenth Amendment granted the vote to all Black men, giving formerly enslaved people and free Black people greater political power than they had ever had in the United States. Black people in former Confederate states elected a handful of Black U.S. congressmen and a great many Black local and state leaders who instituted ambitious reform and modernization projects in the South. However, the Fifteenth Amendment continued to exclude women from voting. Women continued to fight for suffrage through the NWSA and AWSA.

What territory was Meriweather Lewis declared the governor of?

The Louisiana Territory

1839

The Republic of Texas' militia attempts to drive out the Cherokee and Comanche

Based on the text of the Lincoln-Douglas debates, what was the position of the Republican Party in 1858? Was the Republican Party an abolitionist party? Why or why not?

The Republican party had heavy abolitionist leanings. While Lincoln did not campaign for the end of slavery, he did advocated for the end of its expansion and believed the U.S would either become a free or slave country entirely. Lincoln also held racist beliefs, but still said that Black people should have the freedom and liberties granted by the Constitution to allow them to participate in a Capitalist system.

What are the main points of the Dred Scott decision?

The Supreme Court decided that Dred Scott had not earned freedom by virtue of having lived in a free state; thus, Scott and his family would remain enslaved. More broadly, the Court ruled that Black people could never be citizens of the United States and that Congress had no authority to stop or limit the spread of slavery into American territories.

Placer Mining

The process of looking for minerals, metals, and precious stones in river sediments; quickly abandoned in favor of sub earth mining once surface gold had dried up

What do the Second Great Awakening and transcendentalism have in common?

They both emphasize the power of the individual over that of the majority. Evangelists of the Second Great Awakening preached the power of personal spirituality, whereas transcendentalists were more concerned with the individual soul.

Why did Southerners criticize the Mexican Cession

They did not want a Roman Catholic, Mestizo population to be a part of the U.S.

Why did William Lloyd Garrison's endorsement of the Grimké sisters divide the abolitionist movement?

They lectured to co-ed audiences.

How were the reform communities of the antebellum era treated by the general population?

They rarely had a large scale following, and usually died off quickly. Some communities, such as the Rappites and Oneidas created economic relationships with the outside world, while other such as the Mormons and Oneida community were initially hated and persecuted for their radical beliefs

Which of the following was not one of the effects of the cotton boom?

U.S. trade increased with France and Spain.

Why is 1863 considered a turning point in the Civil War?

Union had a number of significant victories in Missipi River Valley, granting them control over that area, and repelled Robert E. Lee's Northern Campaign through the brutal Battle of Gettysburg, which began a trend of Northern victory

Most carpetbaggers were:

Union veterans

Abraham Lincoln

Who -16th President of the United States -saved the Union during the Civil War -emancipated the slaves thru Emancipation Proclamation and 13th Amendment -was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865) -Republican, gained notoriety for debates with Stephen Douglas, previously mostly unknown. Potrayed Republicans as more moderate than Douglas accused them of being. Also resulted in Douglas giving his Freeport Doctrine, which split the Democratic party -With the Democratic party split and the Union party's formation, Lincoln won the 1860 election, leading South Carolina firstly, and other southern states to secede. -Civil war began thanks to his decision to resupply Fort Sumter -ordered the January 1862 push into Confederacy by General McClellan -replaced McClellan with Ambrose E. Burnside, then replaced Burnside with Joseph Hooker -controversially suspended Habeus Corpus, on the justification that it would help capture confederate spies -around 1862/63, Lincoln changed his opinions regarding slavery. While initially for colonization and not interested in changing the state of slavery in they south -only wanted to reunite the U.S through the civil war, ended up issuing the Emancipation Proclamation and gave the Gettysburg Address, two things that shifted the focus of the war from restoring the Union to ending slavery -issued Emancipation Proclamation July 1, 1863 -won 1860 election largely due to Sherman's military victories, and in spite of his reputation as a dictator What -Emancipation Proclamation, Civil War, 1860 Election, AbolitionWhere-Washington D.C, United States When -1860s, 1809-1865 Context -Emancipation Proclamation, Civil War, 1860 Election, Aboltion Significance -freed the slaves

Emancipation Proclamation

Who -Abraham Lincoln What -proclamation stating that all enslaved people in the confederacy are both no longer CSA property and that they would be freed upon the Union's victory -previously, many enslaved black people had run away to find freedom in the Union, labeled Contraband, and not returned despite fugitive slave laws-union commanders decided to ignore these laws and deny CSA a valuable asset -September 22, 1862: warning for CSA. If CSA does not rejoin by Jan 1, 1863, slavery would end in the states in rebellion. -Jan 1, 1863: Emancipation Proclamation issued -caused mixed responses, CSA furious, Free/enslaved blacks euphoric -in NY, helped the March 1863 Draft Riot occur -only took effect in rebel CSA states Where -Southern United States When -Sept 22, 1862. Jan 1, 1863. Context -Civil War, Slavery in America Significance -an important prelude to the 13th amendment

Presidential Reconstruction

Who -Abraham Lincoln What -the president's lenient policy of reconstructing the south and restoring the union -also called the ten percent plan -gave general pardon to southerners, aside from high ranking officials, and required that 10% of the 1860 vote base of the former insurgent states declare loyalty to the union and emancipation of the enslaved and that once those votes were taken the states would draft new state constitutions which incorporated -appealed to moderate Republicans, designed to result in a speedy recovery -Radical Republicans proposed the Ironclad Oath in the Wade-Davis Bill, which required a majority of officials and voters to swear they had never supported a rebellion or fought against the union, and all who did not swear would be banned from future political interaction -Wade-Davis Bill passed in Congress but was pocket vetoed by Lincoln, who believed it would only delay reconstruction -followed by Radical Reconstruction Where -Washington D.C, Southern United States When -unveiled December 1863, Wade Davis Bill unveiled February 1864 Context -Reconstruction, Civil War Significance -if followed, would have expedited re-union at the cost of efforts for equality

Gettysburg Address

Who -Abraham Lincoln -David Wills What -a speech by Abraham Lincoln dedicating the military cemetery at Gettysburg on November 19, 1863 -after the bloody Battle of Gettysburg, the fallen were hastily buried -Gettysburg resident and attorney David Willis campaigned for was tasked by the Governor of Pennsylvania to create a national cemetary for the battle -Lincoln was invited to attend its dedication, and gave a few minutes of oration in the Gettysburg Address, which he finished a day before in David Wills's house -invoked the spirit of the Founding Fathers andframed the war as the continuation of the American Revolution's fight for liberty -said soldiers didn't die just to preserve the Union, but to give Liberty and Equality to all Where -Gettysburg, Pennsylvania When -November 19, 1863 Context -Civil War, Battle of Gettysburg, Emancipation Proclamation Significance -reframed the war as a fight for Liberty alongside Union

Fort Sumter

Who -Abraham Lincoln -Jefferson Davis What -a fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, where the Union garrison came under siege by Confederate forces in an attack on April 12, 1861, beginning the Civil War -small garrison of 100 Union soldiers, isolated in CSA territory -pressured by Fire-Eaters, and by Lincoln's commitment to resupply the fort's dwindling supplies (merchants refused to sell them food), Jefferson Davis, president of CSA, orderd a siege of the fort. -Union forces in the fort surrendered April 14, and the Civil War began Where -Charelston, South Carolina When -April 12-14, 1861 Context -CSA, Civil War, Slavery in America Significance -began the Civil War, America's bloodiest war

Amendments 13, 14, 15

Who -Abraham Lincoln (allowed 13 Amendment) -Radical Republicans (introduced all the amendments) -Andrew Johnson (tried to reject 14th amendment) What -amendments to the U.S. Constitution which corrected slavery -13th abolished slavery -14th gave the former slaves citizenship -15th gave the former slaves voting rights Where -all of the U.S.A When -December 1865 (13), July 1866(14, went to legislatures, wud not be accepted by CSA states, ratified 1868) February 1869 (15, passed, ratified Feb 1870) Context -reconstruction, slavery in u.s Significance -first Amendment to give U.S rights to African Americans

Ulysses S. Grant

Who -American General who fought for the Union, noted for his aggressive and high casualty strategy later became a U.S president whose administration was plagued by corruption -headed the Army of the West, which operated in Kentucky, Tennesse, and the Mississippi River Valley, with the goal of controlling the major western rivers -April 6/7, 1862: Grant fights in the Battle of Shiloh, in Pittsburg Landing Tennessee. Survived a failed Confederate assault thanks to their first general Albert Sidney Johnston dying on April 6. This allowed Union to counterattack the next day and continued their fight for the Mississippi River -attempted to capture Vicksburg, Mississippi twice in 1862 through naval bombardment and a land assault, but the city finally fell on July 3, 1863, after a month of bombardment -led a brutal 1864 campaign with the goal of destroying Lee's army in Virginia. Won at the battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania thanks to his larger force, although he suffered heavy casualties and was initially repelled by Confederates -forced to divert to Petersburg, Virginia a rail hub after the Battle of Cold Harbor, sieging Petersburg for nine months -joined 1865 by Willam Tecumseh Sherman's forces to destroy Lee's army -cut Robert E. Lee's forces off and forced his surrender at Appomatox Courthouse on April 9, 1865 -appointed by President Andrew Johnson to the position of secretary of war, in breach of the Tenure of Office Act, but he resigned and sided with Congress in the ensuing scandal and impeachment trials. -In November 1868, Grant wins the Presidency. Although he does not side with the Radical Republicans, his election allows for the continuation of the Radical Reconstruction -Focused on the Indian War of 1876, allowing southern democrats to attain greater power in the south by this year, leaving South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida to be the only states remaining with Republican Governments -1870: Grant has congress investigate the Ku Klux Klan, which it does so via the 1871 Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States. -the Enforcement Acts are passed in 1870 and 1871 with the intention of targeting the Ku Klux Klan, the third act gives Grant the authority to suspend habeas corpus in areas controlled by the Klan. Grant uses martial law in South Carolina and other powers given to him by Congress to derail the Klan, but the unsupportive local populace dampens his efforts -Grant is reelected in 1872, but the Republican party is largely in the decline due to the Panic of 1873, the rise of liberal Republicans, and the Whiskey Ring and Credit Mobilier scandals. These scandals prevent Grant from running for a third term -in the Contested 1876 election, Grant appoints one extra republican to the deciding electoral commission, which leads to Republican Rutherford Hayes being elected, at the cost of Republican and federal withdrawal from the southern United States What/Context -Civil War, Battle of Shiloh, Siege of Vicksburg, Battle of the Wilderness, Battle of Spotsylvania, Siege of Petersburg, Surrender at Appotomatox Courthouse, Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, Election of 1868, Indian War (1876), Radical Reconstruction (1865-1877), Enforcement Acts (1870-1871), Election of 1872, Compromise of 1876 Where -Tennessee, Mississippi, Virginia, Washington D.C, South Carolina/Southern United States When -1862-1877 Significance -one of the most infamous Union Generals, President from 1868-1876

Nat Turner

Who -Born into slavery, had wife sold away from him -a pastor, convinced that he should follow Christ's example and die to end slavery -with help of friends and relatives, organized rebellion August 22, 1831 (at the showing of an eclipse), killing 65 or so white people in Southampton County, Va -rebellion ended in two days, -eluded capture until October, but then tried, hanged, beheaded, and quartered. Killed w/65 other believed to have taken part in the rebellion, with 200+ killed by white militias and vigilantes in revenge for the rebellion -led Va to consider abolishing slavery, but they decided to stay in the slave trade market -altho in the process of making manumission easier, the rebellion stopped this reform and Va blamed northerners like William Lloyd Garrison for inciting rebellion What -Nat Turner's rebellion Where -Southampton Country, Va When -1831 Context -slavery in U.S, Indian Removal Act (1830), William Lloyd begins publishing The Liberator newspaper, Cyrus McCormick unveils his reaper, Jacksonian Democracy Significance -example of violent resistance by enslaved people against slaveowners

Planters, yeoman farmers, poor whites

Who -Edward Lloyd V (Planter) -Nathanial Heyward (Planter) What -the three free, and mainly white, social classes in the antebellum south -Planters: the top of the southern social ladder, had influence in politics, owned a moderate to a large number of slaves, examples include wealthy South Carolinian Nathanial Heyward and Maryland resident Edward Lloyd V, who happened to enslave Frederick Douglass. Owned lush estates, lived a life of leisure, and profited the most out of the blood and sweat of the enslaved -yeoman farmers: the "middle class" of the south. small landowners who generally owned a small number of slaves or rented enslaved people to help them with their work. Generally received average education, and although not the primary beneficiaries of slavery, supported the system perhaps due to aspirational reasons or because they knew its widespread economic importance. Distrusted infrastructure and federal government because it could interfere with southern economy and slavery -poor whites: landless people, dreamed of owning land and enslaved people. worked as drivers, overseers, and traders in human flesh. Understood that landownership and slave labor was their best bet for upward mobility, so they supported slavery in their opinions and civic practices as racist juries and neighborhood watchmen alongside their yeomen neighbors -although the antebellum south was a vastly unequal social order, with the distribution of land and enslaved people mostly falling to wealthy planters, the classes were united in racial hatred and phobia in their primitive pre-capitalist order Where -Southern United States When -1800s-1860s Context -Slavery in U.S, Civil War, Racism in the U.S Significance -these groups perpetuated America's defining system and worst aspect

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

Who -General Zachary Taylor -President James K. Polk -Abraham Lincoln -General Stephen Watts Kearny -General Winfield Scott What -War between Mexico and the United States, over California, Texas, and lots of Northern Mexico -predated by filibustering expedition and the Texan Revolution in 1836 -U.S had previously argued the Rio Grande should be the border for the U.S and Mexico, and with the capture of Santa Anna by Texan forces, they had the agreement of a former Mexican general. However, Santa Anna lost his position by the time he made that agreement, so to Mexico the American Claims were false -January 1846: U.S forces are ordered to build a fort on the Banks of the Rio Grande on the "American" side, they encounter a Mexican patrol and 16 U.S soldiers are wounded or killed. Polk demands war, and Congress obliges on May 12 -met with a vocal minority of opposition including Illinois representative Abraham Lincoln and abolitionists. However, volunteers came in droves from areas aside from New York -anti-catholic sentiment helped improve the enthusiasm for war -the U.S had 3 goals: Take Northern Mexico (e.g New Mexico), California, and Mexico City -General Zachary Taylor successfully took Northern Mexico -General Stephen Watts Kearney took Santa Fe, which saw a revolt in January 1847 that was quelled by Colonel Sterling Price. When Kearney arrived in California, it was already under U.S control thanks to the efforts of California Settlers, U.S Navy Commander John D. Sloat, and John C. Fremont, who had taken Monterey and San Francisco, leaving Kearney to become California's temporary Governor -the less popular General Winfield Scott captured Veracruz in March 1847 and moved northwest toward the capital, entering the City on September 14, 1847. -Mexico and U.S negotiated the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, giving U.S nearly 1/2 of Mexico (the states of Utah, California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and parts of Wyoming+ Colorado) and providing debt assumption and 15 million in payment to Mexico, as well as promising to honor pueblo land grants and guard the Mexican residents within now U.S territory and provide them citizenship -further expansion was prevented by southerners who didn't want a catholic and mixed-race population resulting from such expansion -Mexican Cession led to the 1848 California Gold Rush, and debates over the free of slave status of the prospective states led to the Compromise of 1850, which would ignite sectional tensions and later the Civl War Where -Southwest United States, Northern Mexico When -1846-1848 Context -Westward Expansion, Slavery in the United States, Sectional Divide, Compromise of 1850, California Gold Rush Significance -led to the Compromise of 1850, which would ignite the tensions that would lead to the Civil War,

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Who -Harriet Beecher Stowe What -a novel written in protest of the Fugitive Slave Act -Stowe used the stories of enslaved people from her move to Ohio after marrying -first appeared in the Free Soil newspaper National Era in 1851, published as a standalone novel in 1852 -about enslaved people sold by the Kentucky enslaver, Uncle Tom is sold down the river another enslaved woman escapes with her infant child. Highlighted the cruelty of slaveowners through the brutality of slave seller Simon Legree, who beats and rapes his enslaved peope -bestseller; a most read novel of the 1800s, translated into 60 languages, still in print, demonstrated how women shape public opinion and convinced many northerners that abolition was right -led to the creation of northern liberty laws; northern legislatures would provide legal protection to arrested freedom seekers Where -Ohio, Northern U.S When -1851,1852 Context - Fugitive Slave Act (1850) Slavery in America, Abolition, Tumultuous 1850s Significance -brought abolitionism to the mainstream

Compromise of 1850

Who -Henry Clay (proposed it) -President Zachary Taylor (died during the debate) -John C. Calhoun(too sick to talk) -James Mason (talked for Calhoun) -Daniel Webster (countered Calhoun) -That Wilmot (Wilmot Proviso) -Millard Fillmore (VP) -Thomas Hart Benton, -Henry S. Foote What -five separate laws were passed by Congress in September 1850 to resolve issues stemming from the Mexican Cession and the sectional crisis. The laws were: 1)California was admitted as a free state in accordance with its state constitution. 2) Popular sovereignty was to determine the status of slavery in New Mexico and Utah, (despite Utah and part of New Mexico is north of the Missouri Compromise line) 3) The slave trade was banned in the nation's capital. Slavery, however, was allowed to remain. 4) Under a new fugitive slave law, those who helped escaped enslaved individuals or refused to assist in their return would be fined and possibly imprisoned. 5) The border between Texas and New Mexico was established. -followed a fierce debate and the Wilmot Proviso, which banned slavery in all of the Mexican Cession -after Taylor's death, Fillmore brokered the compromise - at one point, Henry S. Foote (antislavery, tho slaveowner) drew a gun on Thomas Hart Benton, who was advancing on him threateningly, highlighting the tension of the debate Where -D.C, New Mexico, Cali When -1850 Context -Mexican American War (1846-1848), Slavery in America, Significance -beginning of the immediate tensions that led to the Civil War

Stephen A. Douglas

Who -Illinois Democratic Senator, U.S What -pushed for the five separate bills in the Compromise of 1850 -January 1854: introduced the Kansas Nebraska Act, which created Kansas and Nebraska territories and gave them popular sovereignty (violation of 30, 36 line), to increase party cohesion and benefit his home state, narrowly passed and lead to Bleeding Kansas and republican party -1858 Debates w/Lincoln: although he was initially able to ridicule Lincoln's party as radicals, last standing for his commitment to popular sovereignty in the Freeport Doctrine, which antagonized southerners, and resulted in Douglas losing the following presidential election -one of the two democratic candidates, representing more moderate northern interests. Lost to Lincoln Where -Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, Washington D.C When -1850s Cotext -Compromise of 1850 (Mexican Cession), Bleeding Kansas, 1860 Election Significance -role in Compromise of 1850 and disasterous Kansas Nebraska Act

Secession

Who -Jefferson Davis (president of csa) -Alexander Stephens (vp of csa) What -formal withdrawal of states from the Union-first pondered by Robert Hayne and others during the 1832 Nullification Crisis -after the 1860 Election of Abraham Lincoln, South Carolina seceded (December 20), followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia (Jan 19), Louisiana (Jan 26), and Texas (Feb 1) the following year. Arkanasas (May 5) Tennessee (May 7) North Carolina (May 20) and Virginia (April 17) would secede when it was clear the the Union would go to war with this secessionist confederacy -was done to preserve the system of slavery, which Southerners feared would be stopped in spreading or remaining by Lincoln and the Republican party Where -Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia When -1860/1861, 1861-1865 Context -Slavery in the United States, Nullification Crisis, Civil War, Tumultuous 1850sSignificance-we still haven't gotten over that stupid war. Be it retards toting states' rights, arguing "slavery wasn't that bad," or calling Grant an alcoholic, its time to move on and try to make racism not the defining aspect of America's history

"Bleeding Kansas"

Who -John Brown (abolitionists, Pottawatomie Massacre) -Samuel Jones (Douglas Country Sheriff, Sack of Lawrence) What -confrontations between pro and antislavery migrants in Kansas -pro-slavery migrants called "border ruffians" -resulted from popular sovereignty stipulated in Kansas Nebraska Act -preceded by a number of fraudulent elections that produced the rejected proslavery Lecompton Constitution -after arresting two antislavery citizens declared fugitives, Sheriff Samuel Jones decided to remain in Lawrence (where the arrests took place) and illegally organized a parade through the antislavery Lawrence settlement, bearing weapons, flags declaring white and Southern supremacy, and destroying two newspaper presses. No casuallties -in response to the Sacking of Lawrence, John Brown, who was en route there to provide reinforcements to Lawrence, diverted from his plan and with seven others (4 of which were his sons) killed 3 cabins worth of border ruffian families, who happened to not actually own any slaves. Brown was a violent abolitionist, and would go on to raid Harper's Ferry -led to a wave of guerilla warfare, killing 150+, and continuing through the Civil War Where -Lawrence, Kansas. Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas. Kansas When -1856-1865 Context -Kansas Nebraska Act (1854), Sectional Divide, Slavery in the United States Significance -prelude to violence of the Civil War

Know Nothings, Democrats, Repubicans

Who -John C. Fremont (Repub) -James Buchanan (Dem) What -1856 Presidential election -American Party: formerly secretive "Know Nothing" Party, but was national by 1856. Characterized by anti-immigrant sentiment; opposed to Irish immigration (catholic, must be too loyal to pope vs america) and Chinese immigration (to foreign to assimilate) -the Republican Party was opposed to slavery's expansion, which it accused Democrats of nationalizing, and used moral suasion to make its case -Democrat candidate didn't take a stand on slavery because he wasn't present during the Kansas-Nebraska Act and bleeding Kansas -Fremont garnered 33% of the votes, Know-Nothings allied with the Republicans because they also had an anti-immigrant persuasion -Democrats appealed to the Catholic immigrant vote -no southern delegate voted for fremont, Republicans where a northern party Where -U.S When -1856 Context -Bleeding Kansas, Kansas Nebraska Act, Tumultuous 1850s Significance -this election brought republicanism to the mainstream (wip)

Bull Run

Who -Lincoln -Robert E. Lee What -the first battle of the Civil War, was fought on July 21, 1861 -many believed this would be a heroic battle that would end the war immediately -Northerners doubted the Southerner's allegience to their new government and Lincoln hoped the battle would lead to the capture of CSA capital at Richmond, VA -two armies, totaling 60k, met at Manassas Virginia along Bull Run Creek -only 30 miles from the Capital of U.S.A. Many Washington socialites and politicians gathered at the sidelines of the battle, confident in their safety and victory -each side send 18 soldiers to attack, with the Unon advancing first. CSA won and pushed back U.S soldiers and onlookers -ended Union hope of a quick/decisive victory in battle Second Battle of Bull Run -fought during McClellan's 1862 expedition into Confederate territory -after Robert E. Lee's success in the Seven Days Battles, he moved his forces into northern Va and defeated the Union at the Second Battle of Bull Run. Lee would be repelled later at the Battle of Antietam Creek, on September 17, 1862. Where -Manassas, Va. along Bull Run Creek When -July 21, 1861. August 28-29, 1862 Context -Civil War Significance -ended the hope for a quick and easy war

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

Who -Lincoln (approved the Bureau) -Andrew Johnson (tried to end the bureau What -federal organization that helped newly emancipated people, poor whites, and other people in bad spots -called the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, but aka Freedman's Bureau -delivered food to white and black southern people, legalized the marriages of black people, helped emancipated people gain labor contracts, reunited families of freedman, created public schools and universities for poor whites and free blacks (Fisk University, Hampton University, Dillard University) -gained support from American Missionary Association to help educate people, and critically afforded women the opportunity to pursue education as a career and proved how vital American women were to the public -illicted racist contempt and violence from southern whites and terrorists like the KKK who thought educating blacks was a waste of money, and created conflict between Congress and President Andrew Johnson, who didn't want federal government funding projects to better black people's wellbeing Where -Southern United States When -1865-18772 Context -Slavery in U.S, Reconstruction, Civil War Significance -positive instance of strong federal government

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Who -Stephen Douglas (included it in his five separate compromise bills) -Millard Fillmore (President after Zachary Taylor died, worked through the Compromise of 1850) What -law included in the Compromise of 1850 -obligated citizens to join runaway slave searching parties, on the threat of fines and prison sentences -also created a group of federal commissioners that determined the fate of freedom-seeking escaped slaves, but was biased toward sending as many black people into captivity as possible (paid per convict) and did not use juries or the testimonies of the escapee -convinced many of the "Slave Power" conspiracy, countered by the Underground Railroad and Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" -notable case of conflict is the Anthony Burns case, a recaptured freedom seeker who, after a series of demonstrations, was freed by Abolitionists Where -the U.S When -1850 to 1862 (it was unenforced on escapees from CSA) Context -Compromise of 1850, Tumultuous 1850s, Civil War (1861-1865) Significance -Example of the use of federal power to preserve slavery, a violation of state's rights

KKK

Who -Nathan Bedford Forrest (founder) What -racist terrorists in the U.S that formed in the Reconstruction era -founded in 1866 as a fraternal organization that used elaborate rituals and stupid titles for its members (e.g Grand Dragon, Grand Wizard, Grand Cyclops, etc.) -terrorized emancipated people, deterring them from pursuing their rights and freedoms -followed and copied by other sects and groups ex:Mississippi-Red Shirts Louisiana- White League, Knights of the White Camelia -also targeted scalawags-southerners who supported Reconstruction- and carpetbaggers-northerners who came to the south and took jobs relating to Reconstruction -burned schools, whipped intimidated and murdered black people, particularly black people who sought education and tried to vote. Also targeted Union League members and Freedman's bureau members. -Killed a U.S congressman from Arkansas and 3 state congressmen from SC -unique tactics; rode out to victim's houses in armed and dressed as klansmen, occasionally strongarmed people to leave the community, used stunts and trickery to convince people they had supernatural powers -1872: the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States created a 13 volume report of tactics of KKK via firsthand accounts -targeted by three laws, the Enforcement Acts which gave federal government powers to try racial crime perpetrators in federal courts, and allowed president to impose martial law in areas controlled by the Klan and gave Grant power to suspend Habeus Corpus -federal government faced strong local and terrorist opposition in enforcing the enforcement acts, and by 1872 their efforts had waned Where -Arkansas, South Carolina, Southern U.S When -1866-1870s/72 Context -Reconstruction, Racism in the U.S Significance -white terrorism, beginnings of racial extremism in post-slavery in America

Railroads and Canals

Who -President John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State Henry Clay (federally sponsored infrastructure w/ American System) What -1811 Cumberland Road; national highway from Maryland to Illonois -New York turnpikes increased miles of state road by 3k (1k in 1810 vs 4k in 1820) -Erie Canal; linked the Hudson River to Great Lakes and Mississippi River Valley, charted by NY in 1817, finished in 1825. Carried 15mill worth of goods along its 363 miles every year -Wabash and Erie Canal; Separate canal, stretched 400 miles, began operation in 1843 -Mohawk and Hudson Railroad: the first railroad to service steam locomotive, inaugural train ran in 1831 outside Albany, traveling 12 miles in 25 mins. Went between Albany and Schenectady -during Civl War (1862), the Union chartered Union Pacific and Central Pacific company to build a transcontinental railroad Where -the Northern United States especially, midwest secondarily, less prevalent in the Southern United States When -1811, 1810-1820, 1825, 1843, 1862 Context -Westward expansion, Civil War, Industrial Revolution Significance -infrastructure tied United States together, leading to its prosperity in the 1800s

Thaddeus Stevens

Who -Radical Republican and Pennsylvania Representative -along with Charles Sumner, envisioned very radical reconstruction efforts -believed southern states had forfeited their rights and that they should be treated as conquered territory What/Context -Radical Reconstruction Where -Pennsylvania, Washington D.C When -the late 1860s, 1865+ Significance -example of radical plans for southern reconstruction

Market Revolution

Who -Samuel Slater (Pawtucket Mill), Francis Cabot Lowell (Lowell Mill), Eli Whitney (Cotton gin), Cyrus McCormick (horse-drawn reaper), Samuel Morse (telegraph), Robert Fulton (steam engine) What -the major change in the US economy was produced by people beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves -beforehand, all goods were made by hand: now thanks to automation and manufacturing, consumer goods like oil lamps, carpets, cookstoves, curtains, wallpapers, and clocks widely available to normal people -instead of working in farms, w/self paced schedules and fresh air, workers went to factories in long shifts in buildings that suffered from poor insulation and respiratory irritants (smoke from lamps) alongside dangerous industrial accidents. Working conditions and wages would deteriorate while production increased. Periods of booms and busts, and the wages inadequate to cover living expenses meant everyone, even kids, in a family had to get a job - new enterprises from factories, canals, to westward expansions required great financial investments and relied on credit, which would contribute to the woes of the Panic of 1819-new technologies like the steamboat and telegraph connected the world through commerce and communication, while the cotton gin and mechanical reaper enabled increased agricultural production, expanding U.S settlement and gentry while torturing and killing marginalized peoples -public projects like canals, railroads, the Cumberland Road, and the Erie Canal also furthered westward expansion and commerce Where -the Northwest Territory, U.S.A, everywhere really When -the 1790s/1800s onward (counting cotton gin at 1794)Context-War of 1812, Jefferson Presidency, Napoleonic Wars, Industrialization, Panic of 1819 Significance -defining shift in our world from fractured agriculture to global industry

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Who -Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois(proposed it) What -1854 law that advocated popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories (vote by people of territory whether they would be slave or free state), repealed Missouri Line -Government, Douglas, and others wanted it to facilitate the building of the transcontinental railroad on a central route through Illinois (which wud benefit Douglas) -also passed in an effort to unify the Democratic Party -KN/A Act passed but backfired terribly as extremes of both sides of slavery debate flooded into Kansas. Votes on constitutions were plagued with fraud and "Bleeding Kansas" begins as violence erupts between pro/anti-slavery groups. Where -Kansas+Nebraska When -1854 Context -Westward expansion, Tumultuous 1850s, "Bleeding Kansas", American Slavery Significance -increased violence between sectional interests through Bleeding Kansas, which would contribute to the causes of the Civil War

Twelve Years a Slave (1853)

Who -Solomon Northup What -memoir by Solomon Northup, a free black man living in Saratoga, NY who was abducted in 1841 and sold into slavery. -immensely popular with abolitionists and dramatized in 2013 movie Where -abducted in Ny, sold in New Orleans, sent to Va When -1841-1853 Context -slavery in the United States, Mexican War (1846-1848), California Gold Rush (1848), Fugitive Slave Law (1850s) Significance -one of the most accurate firsthand accounts of slavery in the U.S

Black Republicans

Who -Stephen Douglass What -initially, derogatory term used by Stephen Douglass to portray Republicans as radicals who wanted racial equality -during reconstruction, most Black voters and politicians were allied with the Republican party for its more favorable stance on matters of race -many black voters were organized by Union Leagues, which served a political and civic function as a source of information, a mediator of disputes, and supporter in the building of churches and schools -in the 1870s, there were 15 Black represntatives and two Black seanators-> Hiram Revels and Blanche K> Bruce of Mississippi, home of Confederate President Jefferson Davis -southerners exaggerated the few instances of corruption among Black seanators to decry the Black politicians, and with the combined efforts of White vigilantes and terror groups, and pushed Democrats into all southern legislatures bu South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida by 1876 -by 1877, with the withdrawls of federal troops from the South, efforts for equality in the Southern states had evaporated Where -Southern states mainly When -late 1860s and early 1870s Context -Civil War, Reconstruction, Racism in America Significance -shows the resilience of Black people to pursue political positions in the wake of emancipation and rising racism

Temperance Movement

Who -Sylvester Graham -Lyman Beecher (both Presbyterian ministers who advocated for temperance) What -the abstinance from drunkeness and Alcohol -usually based upon Christian morality, and characterized by female and middle class advocacy -earliest organizations formed around temperance were the The Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance and the Connecticut Society for the Reformation of Morals were both formed in 1813. Supported by Federalists and Whigs -1825: Lyman Beecher delivers six sermons on intemperance, published 1826 as as Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Remedy of Intemperance, in which he ugrged avoidance of spirits -1826; American Temperance Society forms, followed by many copycats. By 1836 temperance movement embraces teetotalism, total abstinance of alcohol -1840s: revival of the movement with the Washington Temperance Society, which targeted drunkards rather than the middle class -advocated a pledge of teetotalims, by 1844 600k had taken that pledge -dramatized intemperance in novels and plays, but waned in popularity in late 1840s and 1850s when people noticed the inefficacy of a simple pledge -temperance made its way into state law;1838: MA pases a law prohibiting liquor sales of sub 15 gallons, repealed 1840 by followed up by towns passing tettotalist laws (by 1845, 100 or so downs "dry") -1839: Mississippi outlaws sale of less than a galon of booze, and in 1851 enacts statewide ban on alcohol -through their activism in temperance movements, women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Grimke sisters began advocating for women's rights and abolitionism Where -New England, Northern United States, Southern United States When -1830s-1850s Context -Jacksonian Democracy, Antebellum Reform, Women's RIghts in the United States Significance -one of the antebellum social movements that did not have a lasting impact on U.S law

Western Front of the Civil War

Who -Ulysses S. Grant (led the Army of the West) -William Tecumseh Sherman (helped Grant, march to Atlanta) What -western theater of Civil War, main goal was to capture the Mississippi River Valley -initial fighting in Tennessee -major battle: near Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, April 6/7 -While Grants forces were on the west side of Tennessee River, near a church called Shiloh, confederates launched a surprise attack led by General Albert Sidney Johnston. Sherman tried to rally a defense while Grant, who's leg had been wounded prior, sent for reinforcements -Fortunately for the Union, Johnston died on the first day of fighting, and his successor General P.G.T Beauregard ordered a full assualt which was defeated by the reinforced Union forces -Spring/summer of 1862: Union took control of the Mississippi River : April 1862: Admiral Farragut took New Orleans, leading CSA to relocate forces to Vicksburg, Miss : Union bombarded and then took Fort Pillow on June 4, 1862, a stronghold close to the Confederate city of Memphis, Tenn, which fell June 6 to the Union's navy :naval bombardment and December 1862 land assault of Vicksburg, Miss failed to capture the city -April 1863; Union's final attempt to take Vicksburg, bombarded city for a month, took control by July 3 -July 1863: Lee defeated by Union forces at Battle of Gettysburg, not part of western campaign but a turning point in the war -August 1864: Union captures Mobile Bay, leading to Sherman's invasion of the Deep South from Tennessee to Georgia : Sept 2, 1864: Atlanta falls to Sherman, leading to Sherman's March to the Sea :Dec 21, 1864: Savannah falls to Sherman and the Union What -Civil War, Battle of Shiloh, Battle of New Orleans, First Battle of Fort Pillow, Battle of Memphis, Battle of Vicksburg When -1862-1864 Where -Tennessee, Mississippi, New Orleans, Atlanta, Georgia Context -Civil War, Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 Turning point Significance -Union's most successful campaign

General McClellan

Who -Union General in chief from 1861-1862 -known for his caution, which made him unpopular with Lincoln -incorrectly believed Confederates were too strong to beat, thus he didn't advance his forces until 1862, when ordered to by President Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton -Jan 1862:McCllelan ordered to invade the Confederacy, with the goal of Capturing Richmond -McClellan slowly advanced 100k soldiers to Richmond, having to divert some of his forces to stop Confederate General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson from invading D.C, with those forces falling under the command of General Irvin McDowell -Jackson and Robert E. Lee then engaged McClellan in the Seven Days Battles from June 25-July 1, 1862, which killed around 20k CSA soldiers and 10k Union soldiers. this led McClellan to withdraw northward. -during his withdrawal, Lee scored advanced northward, winning the fight at the Second Battle of Bull Run, but being forced to withdraw on September 18, 1862 after the Battle of Antietam Creek, losing 8k soldiers -McClellan did not pursue Lee because he thought Lee outnumbered him -McClellan was personally disliked by Lincoln because he referred to the President as a "gorilla" and a "baboon," thus General Ambrose E. Burnside was selected to replace McClellan -McClellan would run for president in 1864, but would not be elected, with even the majority of Union soldiers siding with Lincoln What -1862 Expedition, Seven Days Battles, Battle of Antietam Creek, 1864 Election Where -Richmond Virginia (Seven Days Battles), Sharpsburg Virginia (Antietam Creek) When -1861-1864 Context -Civil War, 1862 Expedition, Seven Days Battles, Battle of Antietam Creek, 1864 Election Significance -Union's first general in the Civil War

Andrew Johnson

Who -VP of Lincoln, succeeded him as President -supposed to be killed as part of John W. Booth's conspiracy, but the person assigned to kill him lost his nerve -born poor in North Carolina, worked as a tailor and learned to read from his wife. Became a politician, noted for his disdain for the rich and protection for poor white southerners -served as House Rep in 1840s, became gov of Tennessee in 1850s, elected state senator a few years prior to 1861. Remained loyal to U.S and was appointed Gov of occupied North Carolina -Democrat and slave owner, nominated VP to show U.S would reward loyalty to itself rather than abolitionism or republicanism -wanted to restore south to U.S as a soon as possible, but in his May 1865 sweeping "amnesty and pardon" he ensured that rich/high ranking CSA members would have to personally ask him for a pard on, part of his grudge against rich people -as early as 1866, Johnson proclaimed the Union was restored- all CSA states had satisfied necessary requirements- a point Radical Republicans disagreed with -Johnson would be stuck in a feud with Radical Republican congress, and his own lenient executive authority -1866: attempted to end Freedman's Bureau, overruled by Congress; believed federal government should not ensure better lives for emancipated people -1865/66: W/Johnson's "end" of reconstruction, Black Codes began to be established -1866: tried to veto the Civil Rights Act, overruled by Congress -called for rejection of 14th amendment in his summer of 1866 "swing around the circle" speches. Expressed radical and unpopular, as well as racist, sentiment which damaged his reputation -tried to veto the 1870 reconstruction acts, overruled by Congress -almost impeached (off by 1 vote) for replacing Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton with Ulysses S. Grant without getting Congressional approval, a violation of the Tenure of Office Act. Although allowed to keep his post, this occasion largely silenced him. First president to be held for impeachment 1865: Johnson orders land belonging to White landowners in CSA be returned to them, rather than the emancipated people who worked for them Where -Washington D.C, North Carolina, Tennessee When -1840s-1868(almost impeached 1868) Context -Reconstruction, Slavery in United States, Civil War Significance -a minor obstacle to Radical Reconstruction

Jefferson Davis

Who -first and only president of the Confederate States of America -Mississippi seanator -April 1860: in a Democratic nomination convention in Charleston, SC for upcoming election, advocated for constitutional protections for slavery- this helped fragment the Democratic party in 1860, allowing Lincoln to be elected -elected first to lead CSA's provisional government, with VP Stephen Douglas -pressured by fire-eaters to take Fort Sumter (as symbol if CSA's resolve) -given power to suspend habeus corpus in 1862 -Ended April 1863 Richmond riot by threatening to fire on the crowds -Davis also imposed a draft, extra taxation, and government requisition of resources such as enslaved people, which made Confederate states reluctant to help provide him supplies or troops. Even his VP opposed the dratft -replaced General Joseph E. Johnston with General John B. Hood, who failed in a counterattack of General Sherman's invasion of the deep south What -CSA, Mississippi, Richmon Riots, Civil War Where -Charleston, SC. Southern United States Context -Election of 1860, Civil War (1861-1865), Richmond Riot (1863) Significance -led the CSA

Robert E. Lee (1807-1870)

Who -Virginian General -commanded Federal troops and ended John Brown's raid of Harper's ferry -Joined CSA when Virginia joined, providing them with a reputable and talented General -June 25-July 1 1862:assisted by General Irvin McDowell and launched an attack on General McClellan's forces in the Seven Days Battles, killing/wounding 20k CSA and 10 USA soldiers; one of the earlier battles in the Civil War -after the Seven Days Battles, fought the Second Battle of Bull Run as a counteroffensive, defeating the Union there. Continued toward Maryland, but forced to retreat Sept 17, 1862 with a defeat at the battle of Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg. 8K Soldiers killed on wounded at Battle of Antietam Creek, the most casualties in any one battle in the entire war. Withdrew first, unpursued by McClellan -defeated large Union force at Chancellorsville, VA in May 1863 -launched a Northern Invasion, planned first May 1863, as a counter to Grant's capture of Vicksburg and in the hopes of garnering a foreign patron -June 1863: Lee began moving army northward through Maryland, meeting the Union at Gettysburg. Battle of Gettysburg lasted July 1-3. Climax at 3rd day; to regain any advantage, ordered full frontal charge of Union's central fortified position at Cemetery Ridge-Pickett's charge, 15k men ran and around 7.5k died in the 1 mile charge, a faliure. In total, 1/3 of Lee's Army of Virginia died in the battle. Lee retreated on July 4. USA lost 23k and CSA lost 28k. -Around 1864, Both Grant and Sherman combine to target Lee's force specifically -April 1865: Lee abandons Petersburg and Richmond, and tries to regroup with General Joseph E. Johnston. However, he is cut off by Grant and forced to surrender on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Courthouse, Va. Johnston surrenders to Sherman April 26. What -CSA, CSA Invasion Campaign, Battle of Gettysburg, Second Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Antietam Creek, Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, Va. When -1807-1870, 1860 (Harper's Ferry), 1861-1865 Context - Civil War, Raid on Harper's Ferry, Battle of Gettysburg Significance -Perhaps the CSA's greatest General

Abolitionists

Who -William Lloyd Garrison -Frederick Douglas -John Brown -Harriet Beecher Stowe -Harriet Tubman What -people who advocated for the end of slavery -New England Anti-Slavery Society and the American Anti Slavery Society were founded by William Lloyd Garrison -immediatism: the moral demand to take immediate action to end slavery. -1818: Douglas born in Maryland, escapes to freedom in NY in 1838. Moves to Bedford, Ma and becomes an orator. Writes Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave Written by Himself publ. 1845, as an autobiographic memoir. Had to flee the U.S for publishing his memoir, returned later as a free man and published North Star, an abolitionist newspaper in Rochester, NY-1851: Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe first published in Free-Soil Newspaper National Era, and is later published as a standalone novel in 1852. It gains immense popularity and helps bring abolition to the mainstream -1856: John Brown kills three families in the Pottawatomie Creek massacre, a retaliation for the Sacking of Lawrence-1859: John brown raids the federal armory at Harper's Ferry, hoping to redistribute the weapons to enslaved people and start a mass riot, but poor planning and the low local enslaved population lead to the raid's failure in this respect. The raid occurs on October 16 and is quashed by federal troops under Robert E. Lee's command. Brown is hanged December 2 -Underground Railroad: a network of free blacks and northern whites who helped guide freedom-seeking enslaved people to freedom, often to Ontario, Canada. 50K/100K used the network to pursue freedom Where -the Northern United States especially When -1800s-1865 Context -Slavery in United States, Abolitionism, Sectional Divide,Tumultuous 1850s Significance -helped end slavery

William Lloyd Garrison

Who -abolitionist and minister from Massachusetts -1831: founder of the radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator" -blamed for Nat Turner's rebellion -Founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1831, and the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833, which had 250k members by 1838 -rejected colonization and believed in moral suasion: using emotional appeals to argue against slavery, and immediatism: slavery's end must come immediately -used the written word to appeal to as broad an audience as possible, and used petitions to approach Congress with their requests -believed the U.S political system was a tool of slaveholders, so did not engage in it -nearly killed by an anti-abolitionist mob in Boston in 1835 -encouraged Frederick Douglas, endorsed Sarah Grimke, and supported Sojourner Truth What -New England Anti Slavery Society, American Anti Slavery Society Where -Massachusetts. Boston. When -the 1830s Context -Slavery in America Significance -influential abolitionist in America

Dred Scott

Who -an enslaved man born into slavery in Va, in 1795. Relocated to Missouri due to the slave trade, and was taken to Illinois by his owner in 1820, which was a free state -when scott returned to Missouri, he first attempted to buy his freedom, but when his owner refused, he argued that because he had been in a free state, he was a free man -initally, a jury sided w/scott, but reversed its position due to an appeal from his owner -scott sold to John Sandford of New York, but continued to argue for his freedom, which reached the Supreme Court after he lost his case in federal court in 1854 -1857:Chief Justice Roger Taney decided Scott should remain enslaved, and also stated that no Black person could be a citizen of the United States and that congress had no right to stop or limit the spread of slavery->made popular sovereignty unconstitutional, infuriating Republicans and northern democrats -overturned through the 14th and 15th amendments, which gave Black people the rights of free citizens What -Dred Scot V. Sanford:Yan 1857 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Black people could not be citizens and Congress had no jurisdiction to impede the expansion of slavery -14 and 15 Amendments Where -VA->Missouri->Illonois->NY, U.S.A Context -Kansas Nebraska Act, Tumultuous 1850s, Slavery in the U.S.A Significance -shows how racism was intertwined w/America's highest courts

Frederick Douglass

Who -an enslaved person born in Maryland in 1818, escaped to New York in 1838, wrote about his experiences in an 1845 narrative "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave Written by Himself" -enslaved on Edward Lloyd V's plantation, described it rich architecture but the brutal economy of human bondage -had to flee the U.S for writing his narrative, but his freedom was purchased by some British abolitionists -published abolitionist newspaper "North Star" in Rochester, NY, and continued to fight for abolition throughout 1840s+1850s -supported Sojourner Truth alongside William Lloyd Garrison -believed violence must be used to object to the Fugitive Slave Act -thought John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry was suicidal -believed Black men should acquire voting rights before women because they were hated more than women What - North Star (Newspaper) "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave Written by Himself" Where -Maryland, New York, Great Britain Context -Slavery in America, Aboltion, Harper's Ferry, Wome's Rights, Tumultuous 1850s Significance -human rights advocate, living rebuttal to "black inferiority"

African American Soldiers in the Civil War

Who -many brave heroes, lost to history, but not in vain What -either free or emancipated Black people who chose to fight for the Union -preceded by contraband laborers in 1861/62 -allowed to serve following the Emancipation Proclamation -by 1865, 190,000 Black soldiers within the Union army -Racism among whites, as well as fears over their fate if captured caused Black soldiers to often be limited to menial duties such as cooking, hauling supplies, digging trenches, and other non-combat roles. However many still served in combat roles -received lower wages, 10 dollars monthly w/ 3 dollars deducted to clothes compared to white salary of 13 dollars and no deductions. In the year 1864, Black soldiers began to receive equal pay and were paid retroactively for their work in 1863 -85% formerly enslaved people -fought heroically, infamously the 54th Massachusetts regiment, which fought valiently against entrenched CSA at Fort Wagner, SC -faced far worse punishments if captured: EX: at second battle of Fort Pillow (April 1864), CSA forced, led by Nathan Bedford Forrest, future founder of the KKK, overran the fort and when the Black US Defenders surrendered, the CSA killed all of them-> US refuesed to conduct future prisoner exchanges w/CSA Where -Northern U.S, Border States, Southern United States (in combat) When -1863-1865 Context -Civil War, Emancipation Proclamation, Slavery in America Significance -disproved the myth that Black men could not make good soldiers, faint hope that America can overcome its racist origin and present,

Scalawags

Who -n/a What -A derogatory term for white Southerners who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War -largely used by radical groups like KKK -accompanied by Carpetbagger term Where -southern united states When -1865+, the 1870s Context -Reconstruction Significance -example of cooperation between northern federal and local southern authorities

John Brown and Harper's Ferry

Who -radical abolitionist John Brown -born 1800 in Conneticut, moved from Ohio to Pennsylvania to NY in failed buisness ventures, -saw slavery as ungodly sin he must purge -went to kansas in 1850, and perpetrated the Pottawatomie Massacre (May 24, 1856), where Brown and seven others massacred 3 cabins of familes in retalliation for the Sack of Lawrence by proslavery agents -Brown planned and conferred with other aboltionists that he was going to raid Harper's Ferry, a federal armory, to distribute the guns to enslaved people and cause a violent anti-slavery revolution -he and 18 armed men, both white and black, took the unguarded armory on October 16,1859 -however, his goal failed as few enslaved people lived in the area or came to join brown's party. Brown was hanged december 2, after a siege by federal troops and townspeople commanded by Robert E. Lee -while northerners may have seen Brown as a martyr and freedom fighter, southerners called him a terrorist and feared for their economy What -Raid on Harper's Ferry, Pattawatomie Massacre Where -Kansas (Pm) Virginia(RoHF) Conneticut, Ohio, Pennsylvania, NY When -1800, 1856,1859 Context -Slavery in U.S, Bleeding Kansas, Tumultuous 1850s Significance -instance of violent abolitionism

Sharecropping

Who -southern planters, black farmers What -A usually exploitative system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops -although emancipated Black people had hoped to be given reparations in the form of the land they had worked on, Andrew Johnson ensured this did not happen via a return of southern land to its owners in an 1865 order - a form of crop lien system (a system where store owners extended credit to farmers in exchange for a portion of a future harvest, unfair due to high-interest rates) where freed people rented land owned by planters and former slave owners -the freed people paid for the land on which they worked by paying the landlords in food, sometimes 1/2 their harvest -sometimes poor whites became sharecrop farmers -year to year lease meant the land was generally not improved by the farmers and the high-interest payments kept the farmers trapped in their job and unable to advance economically -hampered southern economic development and kept the region an agricultural-based one Where -Southern U.S When -late 1860s onward Context -Reconstruction, Slavery in the United States, Racism in the United States Significance -led to long term economic and racial stagnation in the south

Southern Slavery vs. Northern Wage earning

Who -too many people to count; slave owners and business owners What -systems of capitalist and slave labor -in wage working, conditions are generally poor and mobility is low, but employees are allowed to quit and protest their jobs -in slavery, no rights, voice, or legal chance of escape. Subject to owner's every whim, unless you stage an illegal escape which will often result in recapture, torture, sale, or death Where -Wage Work:Northern U.S, Slavery:Southern U.S (mainly, but both in both N/S) When -1776-1865, 1790s-today Context -Market Revolution, Western Expansion, Civil War, American Slavery Significance -one is largely dead, and another has become the norm

Lucretia Mott

Who -women's rights activists/feminist active in the 1840s What -with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, organized the Seneca Falls Convention in New York -This convention had attendees agree to a "Declaration of Rights and Sentiments" which agreed to equality between men and women, and that history is a narrative by sexist patriarchy Where -convention held in New York When -1848 (date of the convention) Context -Early feminist movement in America, Antebellum Social Reform Significance -early and brave instance of women gathering together to use the spirit of America to resist patriarchy and gender inequality

Irish and German Immigration

Who-N/A What -1800s immigration of German and Irish refugees to America. Irish was the largest group *The 1840s saw a dramatic increase in immigration due to the potato famine in Ireland *The poverty of the Irish immigrants led to settlement in eastern cities and competition for jobs *The 1850s had increases in German immigration because of the failed revolution in 1848 -distrusted, as they were willing to work for less pay, and Irish were catholic-people thought they were more allied w/the pope and less so with U.S-American Party or "Know-Nothings" formed around 1856, a secretive anti-immigrant party Where -U.S, epecially northern areas where factory jobs were easily accessible, or midwest areas for more prosperous german migrants When -1820s-1860s Context-Irish potato famine, the Revolution of 1848, Industrial Revolution, Texan Expansion (1830s) Mexican American War (1846-1848) Significance -German and Irish Migration has influenced American culture and population composition. Led to interesting Nativist movement, which

temperance

a social movement encouraging moderation or self-restraint in the consumption of alcoholic beverages

total war

a state of war in which the government makes no distinction between military and civilian targets, and mobilizes all resources, extending its reach into all areas of citizens' lives

All the following were strengths of the Confederacy except ________.

a strong navy

antebellum

a term meaning "before the war" and used to describe the decades before the American Civil War began in 1861

The temperance movement was also motivated by:

anti-immigrant sentiment

In 1864 and 1865, Radical Republicans were most concerned with ________.

barring ex-Confederates from political office

Most of the American settlers in Texas went there because of:

cheap cotton lands

What caused the growth of the northern abolitionist movement in the 1850s?

debates over the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Which of the following did the North not do to mobilize for war?

form a military alliance with Great Britain

Union Leagues

fraternal groups loyal to the Union and the Republican Party that became political and civic centers for Black people in former Confederate states

The Americans known as "mountain men" who blazed western trails were:

fur trappers

Why did service in the Union army or navy benefit many freedpeople?

it provided training in leadership and alerted them to new opportunities in economic advancement and civic leadership

Most slaves in the lower South:

labored on large plantations

Most whites in the antebellum South owned how many slaves:

none

Barnburners

northern Democrats loyal to Martin Van Buren who opposed the extension of slavery into the territories and broke away from the main party when it nominated a pro-popular sovereignty candidate (Lewis Cass)

Radical Republicans

northern Republicans who contested Lincoln's treatment of Confederate states and proposed harsher punishments

Which of the following was the term southerners used for a White southerner who tried to overturn the changes of Reconstruction?

redeemer

What was Lincoln's primary goal immediately following the Civil War?

reunifying the country

In his inaugural speech, Lincoln:

said the Union is eternal and secession was unconstitutional

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

signed on January 1, 1863, the document with which President Lincoln transformed the Civil War into a struggle to end slavery

Confederacy

the new nation formed by the seceding southern states, also known as the Confederate States of America (CSA)

forty-niners

the nickname for those who traveled to California in 1849 in hopes of finding gold

Which was not a provision of the Crittenden Compromise?

that the Five Civilized Tribes would be admitted into the Confederacy

Why did southern expansionists conduct filibuster expeditions?

to annex new slave states

Because of the dominance of agriculture, the South was becoming increasingly dependent upon:

the North

The Long Expedition established a short-lived republic in Texas known as ________.

the Republic of Texas

The House of Representatives impeached Andrew Johnson over ________.

the Tenure of Office Act

Army of the West

the Union fighting force operating in Kentucky, Tennessee, and the Mississippi River Valley

Army of the Potomac

the Union fighting force operating outside Washington, DC

Which of the following did not contribute to Lincoln's victory in the election of 1860?

the defeat of the Whig party

What posed the greatest challenge to social reform movements?

the economic and social changes brought on by industrialization and the market economy

. On what grounds did Dred Scott sue for freedom?

the fact that he had lived in free states

The most controversial aspect of the Compromise of 1850 was:

the federal Fugitive Slave Act.

Sylvester Graham's reformers targeted ________.

the human body, nutrition, and sexuality

polygenism

the idea that Black and White people come from different origins

Transcendentalists were most concerned with ________.

the individual

second middle passage

the internal forced migration of enslaved people to the South and West in the United States

Mexican Cession

the lands west of the Rio Grande ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848 by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, including California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado.

phrenology

the mapping of the mind to specific human attributes, later considered pseudoscience

immediatism

the moral demand to take immediate action against slavery to bring about its end

paternalism

the premise that southern White slaveholders acted in the best interests of those they enslaved

popular sovereignty

the principle of letting the people residing in a territory decide whether or not to permit slavery in that area based on majority rule

In the context of the antebellum era, what does colonization refer to?

the relocation of African Americans to Africa

habeas corpus

the right of those arrested to be brought before a judge or court to determine whether there is cause to hold the prisoner

The abolition of the foreign slave trade in 1807 led to _______.

the rise of a thriving domestic slave trade

Sherman's March to the Sea

the scorched-earth campaign employed in Georgia by Union general William Tecumseh Sherman 1864 *General William Tecumseh Sherman led Union troops through Georgia *Sherman and Union Commander, Ulysses S. Grant, believed in a "total war" that would break the South's psychological capacity to fight; Sherman's army sought to eliminate civilian support of Southern troops *Sherman captured and burned Atlanta in September of 1864*The purpose of destroying Atlanta was to lower Southern morale and diminish supplies *Sherman led troops to Savannah, then on to South and North Carolina

Ostend Manifesto

the secret diplomatic memo stating that if Spain refused to sell Cuba to the United States, the United States was justified in taking the island as a national security measure

Harpers Ferry

the site of a federal arsenal in Virginia, where radical abolitionist John Brown staged an ill-fated effort to end slavery by instigating a mass uprising among enslaved people

colonization

the strategy of moving African Americans out of the United States, usually to Africa

pietistic

the stressing of stressed transformative individual religious experience or piety over religious rituals and formality

domestic slave trade

the trading of enslaved people within the borders of the United States

Reconstruction

the twelve-year period after the Civil War in which the rebel Southern states were integrated back into the Union

cotton boom

the upswing in American cotton production during the nineteenth century

President Johnson's Reconstruction plan:

would restore the Union fairly quickly