History 206 Bodemer (Midterm)

jus soli (birthright citizenship)

'right of the soil' - right of anyone born in the territory of a state to citizenship there. (an unconditional basis for citizenship, predominant rule in America, but rare Juselsewhere) Citizenship Clause of the 14th Amendment in the US constitution, ratified in 1868.

NAACP

-The National association for the advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the US formed in 1909 as bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans - Co Founded by W.E.B Du Bois, Ida B Wells.

Separation of powers (branches)

America has a separate legislative branch, executive branch, and judicial branch, all with different powers.

Creole

A person of mixed European and black descent, especially in Caribbean.

Acculturation, assimilation

Acculturation/assimilation involves a group of people becoming culturally modified and similar to a different group.

Angel Island

From 1910 to 1940, Angel Island served as an immigration station whose purpose was to investigate Chinese who had been denied entry from the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Relationship between states and federal government

The federal government is above the state governments. When there are conflicts between the governments, the Supreme Court can help settle these disputes.

14th Amendment

1868 1) Citizenship for African Americans 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts (-all people born in the US or naturalized in the US are citizens -Representatives are apportioned by the number of citizens in each state -voids civil war debts -Congress has the power to enforce this amendment)

15th Amendment

1870 Constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude

Wong Kim Ark

1898, He was an American born citizen who visted his parents in China and was denied reentry and in 1898 his case was put before the supreme court where it was ruled that everyone born in the US was a citizen

Does the Constitution apply to non-citizens?

YES. The Constitution is a document written to layout the framework of how the government should function and take action

Birthright Citizenship

a legal right to citizenship for all children born in a country's territory, regardless of parentage.

Blood Citizenship

doesn't matter where you are born - only if both parents are citizens can the child be a citizen

Filipino immigration to 1940

1903-1933 many came as migrant laborers looking for agricultural work (HI & CA) A few came as students Immigration was capped at 50 Filipino immigrants per year in 1935 Only allowed men to immigrate which created a bachelor society where many times marriage never happened Anti-Miscegenation laws were placed

Immigrant generations

1st generation: born in a different country and raised there and then came to the U.S 1.5 generation: Was born in home country, and brought to new country as pre-teen. This generation was "uprooted" and had to learn a new culture while still trying to maintain old culture 2nd generation: born and raised in new country

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

3/5 ths Compromise

1787 during constitutional convention it was decided to count each slave as 3/5ths of a person for taxation purposes. (Article I Section 2)

Mexican-American War & Treaty

1846 territorial dispute over Texas US troops marched to the rio grande Mexico saw as an act of war 2 years of fighting Finally settled and US got 525,000 miles for 15 mil. Led to civil war in both countries. Mexicans that were in these territories gained citizenship

13th Amendment

1865, abolished slavery

Acculturation

(n.) the modification of the social patterns, traits, or structures of one group or society by contact with those of another; the resultant blend

People v. Hall (1854)

- A Chinese person could not become a witness. - The court racialized Chinese as "Indian" to bar them from testifying against whites - Admitted the malleability of racial categories (a black person = someone not white). It expanded the category of "non-white," and thus solidified whiteness - Deprived Chinese (alongside Indians, blacks, "Mulattoes") from equal protection of the law. Made the Chinese more vulnerable to violence.

Ah Louis

- Chinese American banker, labor contractor, farmer, and shopkeeper in San Luis Obispo -Arrived to California between 1856-1861 attempting to be successful in CA's gold mines. Didn't succeed, became a laborer -Received 4 major construction contracts: -Pacific Coast Railroad in 1872 -Road from Paso Robles to Cambria in 1877 -Cuesta Grade Road (Paso to SLO) in 1877 -4 Cuesta Grade tunnels for Southern Pacific Railroad in 1884 -Opened the first East Asian mercantile in SLO in 1874 The Ah Louis store has been designated as a California State Historical Landmark number 802, by the United States National Park Service and is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Jim Crow laws

-Collection of state and local legislation that legalized racial segregation - Began following the ratification of the 13th Amendment that freed four million slaves - Legal way to put black citizens into indentured servitude, to take voting rights away, to control where they lived and how they travelled, and to seize children for labor purpose - Ex-Confederate soldiers and officials worked as police and judges, making it difficult for African Americans to win court cases and ensured they became victim to Jim Crow laws

Ida B. Wells

-published "Southern Horrors" which described the horrors of lynching -she was born into slavery -was a journalist, teacher, and feminist -her writing consisted of investigating lynchings and reporting on them -1884: she sued the train company in Tennessee when she was forced to move from her seat; she won at the circuit level but when it went to the Supreme Court in Tennessee they overturned it -1896:she founded the National Association of Colored Women -1909: she co-founded the NAACP

Trauma

: Epigenetics - "above the gene"- suggests our genes can carry more than DNA - memories of trauma experienced by our ancestors can influence how we react to trauma and stress. Can contribute to development of illnesses such as PTSD, depression and Type 2 diabetes. Also can contribute to high rates of addiction, suicide, mental illness, sexual violence and other problems.

Jim Crow

A dance ("The Jim Crow Character") that began in the plantations by slaves. TD Rice used this dance and exaggerated it in black face, and torn clothes; this became known as the Jim Crow Character. People who never saw blacks before thought this was an accurate depiction.

National Origins Act (1924)

A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census. It completely excluded immigrants from Asia.

Executive Orders

A rule or order issued by the president to an executive branch of the government and having the force of law

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Insular cases (1901)

A series of opinions by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1901, about the status of U.S. territories acquired in the Spanish-American War. The Supreme Court held that full constitutional protection of rights does not automatically extend to all places under American control. This meant that inhabitants of unincorporated territories such as Puerto Rico—"even if they are U.S. citizens"—may lack some constitutional rights (e.g., the right to remain part of the United States in case of de-annexation). The term "insular" signifies that the territories were islands administered by the War Department's Bureau of Insular Affairs.

Eugenics

A set of beliefs that aim to "improve/purify" the human race by excluding/exterminating "inferior" races while promoting "superior" races. By way of "controlled breeding" or sterilization of the groups deemed inferior.

Sambo

African American caricature portrayed as a singing, laughing, dancing, (childhood, lazy, happy, and affectionate) Blackman who is carefree and irresponsible, and childlike.

Supremacy Clause

All laws made furthering the Constitution and all treaties made under the authority of the United States are the "supreme law of the land."

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Also called 'The New Deal for Indians' It reverses the Dawes Act Restored and created new reservations Allow self-gov Cultural pluralism, not assimilation 73 tribes rejected it, 172 agreed Proposed abolishment of Allotment Not enacted by SW states; they still continued to suppress rights of N.A.'s and deny them the right to vote and of full sovereignty

Amendments (what are they, how are they made)

Amendments are additions to the Constitution that establishes or overrules a rule that will be applied to the entire U.S., they are made by Congress and the Senate approving a proposal with over two/third votes or a constitutional convention called by ⅔ of the State Legislatures (same thing pretty much), it is then ratified when ¾ states approve it.

United Daughters of the Confederacy

Association of Southern women that was created in 1894 in Nashville, Tennessee. The women mainly support fallen men of the Confederate soldiers and fund the memorials for these men. Current members are mostly descendants of soldiers of the Confederacy armed forces. The Lost Cause was the UDC's effort to revise the Confederate history and portray Confederate leaders and soldiers as heroic. This effort targeted the education of children growing up in the South, so they would have an attachment to the Confederate cause. -created monuments, gave out confederate flags, and reshaped the image of the civil war

Anti-miscegenation laws

Bans interracial marriage (mostly with whites) 1664 Maryland passes first anti-miscegenation laws banning marriage between whites and slaves 1690 anti-miscegenation laws widely adopted throughout colonies 1880 California anti-miscegenation law Made unconstitutional by 1967 Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia

Irish immigrants (19th c.)

Before colonization of New England and after the first contact with Native Americans, the English invaded Ireland. This was the era when the English were interacting with the "Other" in order to enable them to delineate the boundary between "civilization" and "savagery." This social construct of viewing the Irish as "savages" carried on into the 19th century. The Irish immigrants traveled across the Atlantic to America to flee from the deeply rooted English oppression as well as the Potato Famine. This great influx of immigrants from Ireland lead to the competition of Black workers and Irish worker in the North. They contributed to the construction of canals and railroads, connecting the different economic regions in the country. The Irish were basically disposable workers since railroad work is very hazardous. Like blacks, Irish workers were associated with negative traits. They were dismissed from their jobs for laziness, gambling, drinking, etc. More than ½ of Irish immigrants were women and a majority participated in domestic services (associated with lack of personal freedom for these workers). Immigrant women were mainly confined to domestic service and factory work, as well as being uneducated. Their daughters on the other hand were educated and refused to enter domestic services. Increasingly, young women were entering white collar employment as secretaries, nurses, and teachers. What greatly enabled the Irish to "merge" into the mainstream was the fact that they were white and hence eligible for naturalized citizenship.

Bhagat Singh Thind

Born in India, came to US in 1913 for an education Joined US Army to fight in WW2 First turbaned soldier in US army When he returned from service, applied to become a citizen in Washington He was initially approved because several states allowed US citizenship to those of indian descent Then it was revoked by the state, who then took it to the higher court Bhagat argued that indians were considered white and caucasian by anthropologists, and thus eligible for citizenship >>>> court rejected this Court said Indians were not assimilable to America; basically, all indians were ineligible for citizenship (revoke past grantees, and deny any new applicants) After indians gained more supporters in Congress, FdR signed Luce-Cellar Act, which reverse Bhagat Decision and allowed Indian naturalization in 1946 (after WW2) Bhagat, a Sikh, later earned a PhD at UC Berkeley and finally became a citizen

Homer Plessy

Bought a train ticket (7/8th white) he sat in the white train car. He wanted to test the constitutionality of the law. Court case stated that states could separate the races as long as there equal facilities making segregation the law of the land unit 1954.

Phipps Case (1977)

Descendant of white planter and black slave tried to sue Bureau of Vital Records to change classification from black to white, raised questions about concept of race and its meaning/use, law was defended because racial classification was needed for record keeping and facilitation prevention of genetic diseases, proved the further dilemma of defining race and establishing its meaning in institutional life. Susie Guillroy Phipps, a fair-skinned woman who fought to change the racial designation on her birth certificate to "white" State law declared her "black" because she was of black descent (great x4 grandmother)

The Three Levels of the Judicial System

District Courts, Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court

Dred Scott vs. Sandford (1857)

Dred Scott was a slave that was moved to a free territory. He argued that he was free because slavery was banned in this territory. In 1857 It was ruled that people of African descent, regardless of whether they were free or slave, were not citizens and could not sue in federal court. It was also ruled that congress could not ban slavery in the US territories.

Checks and balances

Each of the 3 branches of government are able to check and limit each other so no single branch has all of the power. Ultimately, this protects against a monarchy or dictatorship.

Mary Tape

Chinese American who challenged California law on public school admission

Court of Appeals

Circuit court 13 total District court cases can be appealed to this

District courts

Each state has at least one 94 total Entryway into federal court system Jury trials 90% of all cases Criminal trials & civil lawsuits

Last Arrow Ceremony

Early 1900's Illustration of Indians becoming more "civilized" after moving onto allotments of land Head Indian would shoot his "last arrow" into the air to symbolize the transition to civilization Given the deed to the allotment afterwards and would also change into western clothing/ cut his hair to demonstrate his change

Philippine-American War

Filipino Nationalists were lead by Emilio Aguinaldo who wanted independence rather than a change in colonial rulers his army was able to take control of Luzon, the main island in the Philippines lasted 3 years (1899-1902) US wanted to annex the Philippines first phase (Feb to Nov 1899) failed attempt by the Philippines due to lack of experience and better trained American troops second phase (nov 1899 to spring of 1902) Aguinaldo was captured in 1901 Filipino resistance eventually dissipated Policy of Attraction designed to win key elites and Filipinos who did not embrace Aguinaldo's plans for the Philippines permitted: significant degree of self-government, social reforms, and plans for economic development America's first exposure to guerilla war 1946: Philippines allowed to be independent big restriction on immigration of women bachelor society

American Indian boarding schools

From 1860-1978 Native American Boarding Schools were funded by the federal government. There were about 26 across the country, and the idea was to separate them from their families and culture, but most importantly to "civilize them." With these boarding schools these children had some traumatic and violent experiences. Assimilation occurred through language, culture, and religion. Their idea was to, "Kill the Indian, Save the man." It wasn't until the 1978 Indian Child Welfare Act that Native American parents gained the legal right to deny their children's placement in off-reservation schools.

Dawes Act (1887)

Gave authority to the President to survey Native American reservations and divide it into allotments for individual Native Americans. The people that accepted these allotments would gain U.S. citizenship. The objective was to get Native Americans to assimilate. In addition, to remove reservation land from tribes to individual people so that the land could be taken over by white settlers eventually. The government sold "surplus" land to white settlers.

Spanish-American War (results) (1898)

Gave the US the Philippines as well as Guam and Puerto Rico Gave Cuba its independence

Indian Citizenship Act (1924)

Granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the U.S. But did not grant suffrage.

Ronald Takaki

Historian and author of "A Different Mirror: History of of a multicultural America" "Master Narrative of American History": as a filter that people place over the multiculturalism that is America. Instead, the term "America" became synonymous with "white." Takaki believes we should foster "a more inclusive view of who we are as Americans" and should enable "different groups" within "this place called the United States of America" to "learn about one another" so that "we can get along." Born in Hawaii, focuses on stereotypes of Asian Americans

Weeksville, Brooklyn

Historic town founded by african american freedman A self-serving community was built and founded on the land Built their own churches, schools, etc However, the town got lost as it expanded. And was 'rediscovered' later

Intergenerational trauma & resilience

In the initial phase, the dominant culture perpetuates mass trauma on a population in the form of colonialism, slavery, war or genocide. In the 2nd: the affected population shows physical and psychological symptoms in response to the trauma. In the 3rd phase, the initial population passes these responses to trauma to subsequent generations, who in turn display similar symptoms.

King Philip's War (1675)

King Philip's War was the last major effort by Native Americans to drive out English settlers. Wampanoag raided the settlement of Swansee, Massachusetts and massacred English colonists there. Ultimately the cause of the war was the colonists unrelenting desire for more land and the Indians' resentment of the control the colonists were exhibited. What triggered this war immediately was the trial and execution of three of Metacom's men by the colonists. Metacom was the Wampanoag chief that adopted the name Phillip.

Chinese immigrants to 1940

Many came as single migrants since the chinese government (Qing Dynasty) restricted migration. Most immigrants were male and not first born sons. There was a lot of discriminatory legislation passed before 1940. The Chinese Exclusion Act, the Foreign Miners Tax, and the CA Alien Law Act which did not allow people to own land unless they were a citizen. The Alien Law Act was aimed at chinese and other asian immigrants. In 1906 there was an earthquake that resulted in many important documents being burned. The Chinese Exclusion act stated you could only come into the United States if there were relatives in the United States or if you were born in the United States. After the fire, many immigrants came through angel island and stated they were born in the United States.

Choctaw Code Talkers

Members of the United States Army during WWI comprising of Choctaw Indians European phone lines were connected to the Earth and so were easily intercepted by the Germans To combat this, Americans had the Choctaw Indians communicate over the phone lines so the Germans couldn't understand the messages. The Choctaw code was never cracked and greatly helped the US & it's the war effort.

Wampanoag

Native American tribe residing in the New England area Featured in Film "We Still Live Here", the Wampanoag language was lost for many years, but linguists, such as Jessie Little Doe, have revived it by using the many records and artifacts left over from the Tribe's peak.

Sally Hemings (1773-1835)

One of Thomas Jefferson's slaves on his plantation in Monticello. DNA testing confirms that Thomas Jefferson fathered Sally Hemings' children.

Bill of Rights

Outlines the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution. (Adds specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial matters, as well as declaring that all powers not explicitly granted to the US Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the people and states.)

Japanese immigrants. to 1940

Prior to 1940, Japanese immigration was largely driven by the want to make money in the American agriculture business, gain wealth, send money home along the way and return to Japan. Heavy taxation under the Meiji era led to farmers being forced to sell their lands due to debt Since many farming families in Japan had very small plots of land, parents didn't wanna split the farm up to multiple children, so they would give it to the oldest son, and the rest of the children would go out and figure their lives elsewhere Word of success in America drew many Japanese towards emigration Unlike Chinese immigration, Japanese migration came with a lot of women Culturally, it was more accepted in Japan for women to work than in other countries, so the new migrants, both men and women, took to working in America Large portion brought in for labor in Hawaiian agriculture Early immigrants that had families in America wanted their children to go on with better opportunities, and enjoy all of the benefits that being a natural born American citizen would bring. Early attempts were made to keep children away from formal schooling to force a second generation of plantation workers and sustain the immigrant agriculture labor force Created tight knit communities, strong family values, kept a lot of traditional way of life, not total assimilation into American culture, but a duality of it

Naturalization Act (1790)

Restricted citizenship to "Free White Persons" of "Good character" who had lived in the US for at least 2 years; they took an Oath Excluded Native Americans, indentured servants, slaves, free blacks and later Asians, although free blacks were allowed citizenship at the state level in certain states.

Queen Liliuokalani

She was the last sovereign of the Kalākaua dynasty, which had ruled a unified Hawaiian kingdom since 1810

California Mission System

Spanish missionaries were in charge Conditions for Indians were closely compared to slave conditions Each mission was different from one another The main goals of the mission system was to: teach the Indians to be emotionally and intellectually independent "Civilize" the Indians and persuade / educate them on converting to christianity

Revised Naturalization Act (1870)

United States federal law that created a system of controls for the naturalization process and penalties for fraudulent practices. Extended the naturalization process to "aliens being free white persons, and to aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent." This laid the foundation for future confusion over racial eligibility to citizenship.

Ozawa v U.S. (1922)

Takao Ozawa (a Japanese American born in Japan) was declared as ineligible for naturalization by the Supreme Court. He had lived in the United States for 20 years and claimed to have assimilated. The judge rejected Ozawa's argument that he should be considered a "free white" because the Japanese were clearly not Caucasian.

Self-government

The British controlled the Colonists, but they broke free after the American Revolution and formed a self-government. Self-government is rule of a state, community, or other group by its members. · No one is above the law; all are equal before it - Framers of the Constitution did not want a monarchy or a dictator.

Executive Branch

The Executive Branch enforces the laws that are made by the Legislative Branch and is led by the President.

Judicial Branch

The Judicial Branch interprets the laws and is composed of district courts, court of appeals, and ultimately, the supreme court.

Legislative Branch

The Legislative Branch proposes and passes laws and is composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Master Narrative of American History

The Master Narrative of American History is a phrase coined by Takaki to describe how the history of America has been filtered to suppress multicultural stories, which leads to the history of America seemingly being settled by whites, grown by whites, and the stories of it being told by whites.

Bracero Program

The bracero program (also known as the Mexican Farm Labor Program Agreement) was an Executive Order that was created in Aug. 4, 1942. The Mexican Farm Labor Agreement was signed by each government. Originally it was intended as a temporary program but it lasted longer than the war. It was the largest Guest Worker Program ever in the United States and all but 750,000 Mexicans returned to Mexico. This program provided "an endless army of cheap labor" to growers and ranchers in 24 states. They were called "drybacks" to distinguish them from migrants who crossed over the river illegally ("Wetbacks"). They were given tools that intentionally limited them so that they could ensure they did the work carefully. Although in the big picture it helped both countries, the Braceros were treated as minorities in this country. Braceros were asked to show their calloused hands to prove they were working in agriculture because they weren't allowed in urban locations. They were also fingerprinted and fumigated with DDT (a toxic chemical) before they could come into the United States. Many laborers faced abuses and injustices, including substandard housing, discrimination, and unfulfilled contracts or being cheated out of wages.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

The first rebellion of the American colony occured in 1676 in Jamestown. A young and wealthy plantation owner named Nathaniel Bacon led an uprising against Governor William Berkeley that was motivated by economic and security concerns of the colonists. Prior to the rebellion, overpopulation in colonial lands led to violations of treaties between the colonists and the Doeg Native Americans. These violations led to many violent disputes between the groups, further complicating when colonist attacked the Susquehannocks people whom they mistook for the Doeg peoples. Berkeley's failure to meet the colonists' concern regarding Native Americans as well as the economic strain in the colony culminated in Bacon's rebellion. The rebellion resulted in the killings of many Native Americans by the rebels from different surrounding tribes as well as forcing Berkeley to retreat after the rebels stormed Jamestown.

Korean immig. To 1940

The first significant group of Korean immigrants arrive in Honolulu Harbor as contract laborers in the early 1900s. In 1910, a huge wave of picture brides from Korea and Japan arrive in substantial numbers in the US (in 1910, Angel Island was established.)

Chumash & Salinan Tribes

The largest revolt against the Spanish and Mexican presence by Natives during the Spanish Era was led by the Chumash. Began in SB. A meeting was held and the Chumash were offered pardons if they came back to the missions. Foreign disease was a major reason why the Chumash assimilated into missions. The Salinan tribes are not federally recognized and are hoping to become recognized.

jus sanguinis

The law of blood, which determines citizenship based on one's parents' citizenship.

How cases make it to SCOTUS

The most common way is when an appeal is made as a result of a decision of the Court of Appeals. A second way a case may reach the Supreme Court is when an appeal is made of a decision made by a state supreme court. The third way a case may reach the Supreme Court is if the United States Supreme Court feels the case is under its original jurisdiction

The Great Migration

The movement of six million african americans out of the southern states and into the north, midwest, and west states. African americans believed that segregation and racism was less intense in other regions This was the first movement blacks did for themselves in search for a better life This was between 1916 to 1970

Naturalization

The process by which U.S citizenship is granted to a foreign citizen or national after he or she fulfills the requirements established by Congress. 1790 Naturalization Act: It restricted citizenship to and free white person being after being in the country for 2 years. This left out slaves, indentured servants, and women and implied that black and later asian immigrants would not qualify for citizenship. They were looking to retain a status quo.

U.S. v Wong Kim Ark (1898)

Wong was born in the United States to immigrant parents, he went back to China and was denied reentrance. Got testimonies from white people to show he was a citizen and was allowed to be a citizen based on the 14th amendment.

Supreme Court

Two lower courts are in disagreement Lower court ruling contradicts previous supreme court ruling Case has broad significance State court contradicts federal law Congress unconstitutional

Plessy v Ferguson (1896)

U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. The case stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African-American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for blacks. As a result, Jim Crow laws became commonplace

Tape v. Hurley (1885)

U.S. Supreme Court found the exclusion of a Chinese American student from public school based on her ancestry unlawful. Though Tape (the Chinese American student) won the case, the State of California later passed a law allowing a separate but equal segregated schooling, which was later upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Plessy v Ferguson

Annexation of Hawaii

U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898

US v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923)

Was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously decided that Bhagat Singh Thind, an Indian Sikh man who identified himself as a "high caste aryan, of full Indian blood," was racially ineligible for naturalized citizenship in the United States. Thind argued that his people, the Aryans, were the conquerors of the indigenous people of India. New applicants from India denied the privilege of naturalization.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on may 28th, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. Most tribes resisted. Trail of tears- 4,000 Cherokees died on the forced march Although a few stayed in Mississippi, most Choctaw relocated in what is today Oklahoma.

Booker T. Washington & Tuskegee Institute compared with W.E.B. DuBois' ideas for advancement

Washington's accommodationist policies reflected his willingness to not rock the boat too much with regard to civil rights. Du Bois pursued a more aggressive tack through the Niagara movement and the NAACP.

Pun Chi's letter

Young Chinese merchant, wrote appeal to Congress, between 1856 and 1868 Seeked help against growing anti-Chinese sentiments in the West Reminding Congress that Chinese migration had been encouraged and that migrants deserved legal protection Graphic accounts of the mining tax collectors' abuses and the murder of Chinese miners

Blackface

black makeup used by white performers playing African American roles, as in minstrel shows

Multiculturalism

co-existence of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious, or cultural groups and is manifested in customary behaviours, cultural assumptions and values, patterns of thinking, and communicative styles

Mammy

loyal, protective, and happy slave shown in TV. They made her a large, ugly, and asexual woman, so she wasn't a threat to the household.

California Alien Land Law (1913)

prohibited "aliens ineligible for citizenship" from owning agricultural land or purchasing long-term leases over it in California. Directed towards the Chinese.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

prohibited Chinese laborers from migrating to the US. (It exempted officials, teachers, students and tourists, and merchants) Fueled by US Economic Depression (unemployment was at 20%); however, smuggling into US was common as it did not completely stop immigration -- just made it illegal.

Hypodescent

sometimes called the "one drop of blood rule"; the assignment of children of racially "mixed" unions to the subordinate group

Resilience

the other side of the coin - the ability to maintain culture and a sense of identity in the face of trauma, traumatic history. Specific to Natives: spirituality, "treatment through culture" such as Language, Traditional Foods, ceremonies, traditional values, beliefs, stories, songs, plants, canoe journeys.

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

Lynching

was used for control of African Americans by whites. In the South especially, it created a sense of fear among African Americans because there is always a fear of violent retaliation if they speak up. They were ritualistic reminders of whose lives were valued and whose were not. Lynching was a way to demonstrate power and citizenship over African Americans.

Picture Brides

• 60,000 Japanese women came, many as picture brides •By 1920, 46% of Japanese in HI & 35% in CA were Women •Arranged marriages •Most were literate, educated •In 1876, English was adopted as a language of study in Japanese schools •Family as a mechanism of labor control •Female plantation workers were paid 55c per day, compared to 78c for men in 1915