History Chapter 12

Prince Henry

led the way in sponsoring exploration for Portugal; his first navigators discovered and claimed the Madeira and Azores islands; he converted Africans who were mostly islam or tribal religions to christianity; wanted a link to Africa because they hada wealth of resources; wanted an easier way to reach asia; he gathered cartographers to explore the western coast of Africa

Indulgences

pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's time in purgatory or even send you straight to heaven

Price Revolution

period in European history when inflation rose rapidly

Johann Tetzel

sold indulgences to any catholic who contributed money for the rebuilding of the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome; said whoever purchased his indulgences would gain automatic acceptance into Heaven

Isabella and Ferdinand

the king and queen of Spain who funded Columbus; sponsored him in hopes of regaining some of the economic wealth while also giving them an added level of prestige; they appealed to the Pope Alexander VI to claim their new world Columbus had found; the Pope made the line of demarcation

Thomas Cranmer

was appointed archbishop of the new church; annulled King Henry VIII's marriage.

Vasco de Gama

A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean; after a long journey he landed at the spice port Calicut, this was a very profitable journey; went back to the port several years later and forced treaty with the ruler of Calicut; he helped the Portuguese seize key ports around the Indian Ocean creating a trading empire

Protestant Reformation

A split in the church caused by corruption in the church

Creoles

American born descendants of Spanish Settlers

Infant Baptism

Baptizing a baby right after they're born; any of the Protestant sects rejected this and became known as anabaptists

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered the Incas; looked for riches in Peru;

Treaty of Tordesillas

Document where the specific terms of the Line of Demarcation were agreed

Tariffs

During the time of the Commercial Revolution economies imposed these taxes on imported goods; they were designed to protect local industries from foreign competition by increasing the price of imported goods

Bóers

Dutch Farmers who settled around Cape Town; later became calvinists

Calvinists

Dutch farmers around Cape Town who thought they were chosen by God to to live in Cape Town; they looked down at the Africans as inferior people

Capitalism

Economic system in which most businesses are privately owned

The Taino People

First people Columbus met; lived in villages and grew corn, yams, and cotton; they were friendly and generous with what they had toward the Spanish; accidentally offended the Spanish people by not worshiping Christian symbols; Columbus thought he was above the Taínos and claimed their land for Spain and took some of the people back to Spain as prisoners

Ferdinand Magellan

First to circumnavigate the globe; was killed in a battle in the spice islands; his entire trek took

Encomienda System

Forced Native Americans in mines and farms to do harsh work for free

Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits; Spanish knight who was raised a crusader; got hurt in battle and vowed to become a soldier of God;

Martin Luther

German theologian who led the Reformation; wrote the 95 thesis;

Charles I

Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella became the king of Spain; changed his name to Charles V; he ruled two empires that were constantly fighting;

Thomas Cromwell

Helped Henry VIII break away from the Church

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer who mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India; Portugal refused to sponsor him so he persuaded Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to finance his voyage; in 1492 Columbus sailed west with 3 ships (la Nina, la pinta, la Santa Maria); when he landed in the Americas he thought he had landed in India and called the natives Indians; he went back to Spain a hero and went to his death certain that he found a new route to India while other explorers though he found a whole new continent

Prosecution in Italy

Jews in Italy were relatively okay, but pressure still remained strong to convert the Jews; they were ordered to live in separate lower class quarters of the city called the Ghetto

Cartographers

Mapmakers

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus; was founded by Ignatius of Loyola

Mulattoes

People of African and European Descent

Mestizos

People of Native American and European descent

Entrepreneurs

People who accept the risk of starting and running a business; they were the key to the success of capitalism

Peninsulares

People who were born of Spanish Decent

Church in the Middle Ages

Popes were competing with Italian princes for political power; they fought long wars to protect Papal States against invasion; they plotted against powerful monarchs who tried to take the church lands; during this period the Church also increased fees for service such as marriage and baptism and even some clergy sold indulgences

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who rounded the tip of Africa; named the tip of Africa the Cape of Good Hope because it opened a sea route to Asia

Comercial Revolution

Prices began to rise in Europe which led to inflation

Council of Trent

Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, forbade the sale of indulgences; happened because the Church realized all the backlash it was getting and decided to return to its original Catholic teachings

Protestant Sects

Religious groups that had broken away from an established Church

Viceroys

Representatives who ruled in Spanish name

Cape Town

South Africa; first settlement to supply ships sailing to or from the East Indies

Spain in the Philippines

Spain conquered the Philippines and named the islands after Spanish King Philip II; Spanish priests set out to convert the natives to Christianity; the Philippines became a key link to overseas trade for Spain;

Spanish Rule

Spain was determined to control its new empire; they set up the Council of Indies to pass laws for colonies; they also set up viceroys; Spanish monarchs would grant conquistadors encomiendas so they could use the system to force Native Americans to work under the most brutal conditions; those who resisted were hunted down and killed

Society in Colonial Spain

Spain was made up of different social classes; first was the Peninsulares, then the Creoles, and last the Mestizos and Mulattoes

Conquistadors

Spanish conquerors; had advantages against the Native American people like guns, cannons, horses, and disease;

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico; was a land owner in Cuba;

King Henry VIII

Started the Anglican Church because he wasn't granted a divorce; started the reformation; had 6 wives because he wanted a son;

The English Reformation

The church underwent many splits because of political differences, rulers, and opposing ideas throughout Europe.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods and ideas between Native Americans and Europeans; foods like corn and potatoes were brought to Europe from the Americas and were good for planting;

Sovereign Powers

The power to build armies, wage war, negotiate peace treaties, and govern overseas territory

Encomiendas

The right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area; were granted to conquistadors; the first

Amerigo Vespucci

Was a sea captain who wrote a journal describing his voyage to Brazil; a German cartographer used Vespucci's descriptions to publish a map of the region and titled it America

Dutch East India Company

a trading company established by the Netherlands in 1602 to protect and expand its trade in Asia; had full sovereign powers;

The Northwest Passage

a water route through North America that would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific into India

Inflation

an increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money

Teresa of Avila

began an order of nuns, reformed Spanish convents and monasteries

Mercantilism

belief in the benefits of profitable trading; was aimed at strengthening their national economies

Line of Demarcation

boundary between Spanish and Portuguese territories in the New World; Spanish-West Side; Portugal-East Side