History Chapter 5
Ivan's good period
1547-1560 won great victories, added lands to Russia, gave Russia a code of laws, and rule justly
Ivan's bad period
1560 after Anastasia died- accused boyars of poisoning wife and organized police force to hunt down and murder people he considered traitors, or black and rode black horses, executed many boyars, their families, and peasants who worked their lands, seized boyars' estates and gave to new class of loyal nobles 1581- during violent quarrel, killed oldest son and heir to throne, only weak second son left to rule- physically and mentally unable to rule and died with no heir
Ferdinand
Austria and Holy Roman Empire left to this son of Charles V
Silesia
Austrian land, bordered Prussia, produced iron ore, textiles, and food products
Petition of Right
Charles I- would not imprison subjects without due cause, not levy taxes without Parliament's consent, would not impost martial law in peacetime
King James II
Chatholic, opposed by whigs and supported by Tories
Jan Vermeer
Dutch artist- domestic, indoor settings for portraits, simple
War of Spanish Succession
England, Austria, the Dutch Republic, Portugal, and several German and Italian states joined together to prevent union of French and Spanish thrones Great Britain won war by taking Gibraltar, a fortress that controlled entrance to the Mediterranean and was granted permission to send enslaved Africans to Spain's American colonies, increased Britain slave trading involvement, and they took North American colonies of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and abandoned claims to Hudson Bay region
constitutional monarch
England, laws limited ruler's power
Queen Elizabeth I
England- frequent conflicts with Parliament over money, treasury did not have enough funds to pay for her expenses, left a huge debt, no children
Versailles
France- Louis XIV palace, included royal courtyard with statue of Louis XIV, showed wealth, center of arts
Cardinal Richelieu
France- increased power of Bourbon monarchy by forbidding Protestant cities to have walls so they could not defy the king, weakened the noble's power by ordering them to take down their fortified castles and increased power of government agents from middle class who the king relied on got France in Thirty Years' War since he wanted France to be strongest state in Europe and believed Hapsburgs were in the way
Louis XIII
France- son of Henry of Navarre, weak king, but appointed strong minister named Cardinal Richelieu
Frederick the Great (Frederick II)
Frederick William's son, loved music philosophy and poetry, friend beheaded, encouraged religious toleration and legal reform, ruler should be like father to people
Huguenots
French Protestants
Michel de Montaigne
French- developed new form of literature, the essay or a brief work that expresses a person's thoughts and opinions, believed humans could never have absolute knowledge of what is true
Ferdinand II
Hapsburg family- ruled Czech kingdom of Bohemia, but Protestants distrusted him since foreigner and Catholic, so after he closed some Protestant churches, they revolted sent army to Bohemia to crush the revolt and the Thirty Years' War began over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families
Charles V
Hapsburg king, inherited Spain, Spain's American colonies, parts of Italy, and lands in Austria and the Netherlands elected Holy Roman emperor, devout Catholic who fought Muslims and opposed Lutherans
The Hohenzollerns
Hohenzollern named Frederick William inherited title of elector of Brandenburg, the Great Elector wanted to create strong army and permanent taxation to pay for army, beginning with Frederick William's son, called kings and weakened representative assemblies of their territories
Henry of Navarre, Henry IV
Huguenot- descended from Louis IX, robust, athletic, and handsome, married Catherine de Médicis's daughter, first king of Bourbon dynasty in France, became Catholic because of many Catholics in France, declared Edict of Nantes, religious toleration for Huguenots so they could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship in some cities, rebuilt France and its prosperity, restored French monarchy, stabbed by fanatic
intendants
Louis XIV of France increases their power, collected taxes and administered justice
Treaty of Utrecht
Louis's grandson- Philip of Anjou, was allowed to remain king of Spain so long as the thrones of France and Spain were not united
Protestant Union
Lutherans joined together
Seven Years' War (1756-1763)
Maria Theresa made alliance with France, Prussia's ally and made with Russia, so Frederick the Great made treaty with Austria's former ally, Britain Frederick attacked Saxony, Austrian ally fought in Europe, India and North America no territorial change in Europe France and Britain had colonies before in NA and West Indies and competing economically in India British were victories France lost colonies in NA and Britain gained sole economic domination of India
William and Mary of Orange
Mary, daughter of James, ruled Netherlands, Protestant, ruled out James and Catholicism- Glorious Revolution
René Descartes
Meditations of First Philosophy, examined skeptical argument that one could never be certain of anything, used observations and reason to answer arguments, created philosophy that influence modern thinkers and helped develop scientific method
Northern Provinces of the Netherlands
Netherland had many Calvinist congregations and middle class, so Philip raised taxes in Netherlands to crush Protestantism, but they revolted and continued fighting to form Northern Provinces of the Netherlands not all of Netherlands (ten southern provinces still part of Spanish rule) religious toleration, republic, elected governor whose power depended n support of merchantes and landholders, best banks of Europe, flourished in art, great in trading
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Paris- sparked six-week nationwide slaughter of Huguenots, occurred when Huguenot nobles were Paris attending marriage of Catherine de Médicis's daughter to Huguenot prince, Henry of Navarre
Charles II
Parliament selected older son of Charles I to rule England period of Restoration habeas corpus
"window on Europe"
Peter the Great fought Sweden to gain piece of Baltic coast
Grand Embassy
Peter the Great's long journey to western Europe
Westernization
Peter the Great- using western Europe as a model for change reforms: nobles dress like western Europeans, introduced potatoes, started first newspaper for Russia and edited first issue himself, raised women's status by having them attend social gatherings, advanced education by opening school of navigation and introducing schools for the arts and sciences
The Escorial
Philip II of Spain's gray granite palace, massive walls and huge gates that demonstrated his power. Reflected his Catholic faith since it had a monastery inside the palace and reflected Spain's riches
War of Austrian Succession
Prussia fought for Austrian land of Silesia Frederick II sent army to occupy Silesia Great Britain and Hungary joined Austria to fight Prussia and its ally France Prussia won Silesia in Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Prussia won Silesia, Austrian land, 1748
Junkers
Prussia's landowning nobility- resisted king's growing power, so King Frederick William I gave Junkers exclusive right to be officers in his army- Prussia became highly militarized society
Oliver Cromwell
Puritans won and he took power, treason for Charles and executed in public, never happened before abolished monarchy and House of Lords, establishes commonwealth, republican form of government, sent home Parliament, became military dictator crushed uprising in Ireland and seized lands and homes of Irish and gave them to English soldiers wanted to reform society, found things sinful, strict Puritan, favored religious tolerations for Christians, not Catholics and allowed Jews to return
boyars
Russia's landowning nobles
Russia and Europe
Russia- boyars and serfs when Peter I came to power, serfdom lasted into mid-1800s, longer than western Europe. Russian landowners wanted serfs to stay on the land and produce large harvests and landowners treated them like property, selling them with land and giving them away for debts or as presents; against law to run away Mongol rule cut Russia from Renaissance and Age of Exploration, geographic barriers isolated Russia, few travelers, Eastern Orthodox branch of Christianity Western Europe- mostly Catholics or Protestants, Russians viewed as heretics and avoided them
El Greco
Spanish- born in Crete Greece, but most time in Spain, Domenikos Theotokopoulos, El Greco meaning "the Greek" art puzzled people with brilliant, clashing colors, distorted human figure, expressed emotion symbolically in paintings, showed deep Catholic faith of Spain, painted saints and martyrs as huge main image
Diego Velázquez
Spanish- paintings reflected pride of Spanish monarchy, court painter to Philip IV of Spain, portraits of royal family, used rich color
Central Europe vs. Western Europe
Western Europe: serfs in Middle Ages slowly won freedom and moved to towns to join middle-class townspeople, gained economic power because of the commercial revolution and the development of capitalism or a system in which a country's business are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. Central Europe: laws restricted for serfs to gain freedom and move to cities, nobles wanted serfs on land to produce large harvests, profit no strong ruler since landowning nobles did not allow strong rule, no unified state, weak empires, Hapsburgs of Austria take over
modern state system
abandoned idea of a Catholic empire ruling most of Europe, recognized Europe as a group of equal, independent states
Spain's wealth under Philip II
able to have palace, The Escorial that reflected strong faith and riches, had large standing army, and arts and literature
English Civil War
after Parliament passed laws to limit royal power, Charles I tried to arrest Parliament's leaders but they escaped, Londoners raged outside palace and Charles fled and raised army in north of England
Hapsburgs of Austria
became absolute monarchs- created Czech nobility that pledged loyalty to them in Bohemia after they reconquered and wiped out Protestantism during war, after war Hapsburg ruler centralized the government and created a standing army, by 1699 Hapsburgs retaken Hungary from the Ottoman Empire Charles VI became Hapsburg ruler
Don Quixote de la Mancha
birth of modern European novel, written by Miguel de Cervantes, about poor Spanish nobleman who read many books about heroic knights and wanted to right every wrong and rode on a rusty suit of armor, mounted on a feeble horse, he mistook windmills for giants some believe he was mocking chivalry or knightly code of the Middle Ages, others think book is about idealistic, or unrealistically aiming for perfection, person who longs for romantic past because frustrated with materialistic, or greedy, world
Glorious Revolution
brinign Protestant back to throne in England
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)
came to throne 1533 when only 3, crowned czar when 16, meaning caesar, first Russian to use it officially marries Anastasia related to old boyar family, the Romanovs
League of Augsburg
consisted of Austrian Hapsburg emperor, kings of Sweden and Spain, the leaders of several smaller European states- equalled France's strength
King James I
cousin of Elizabeth I, already king of Scotland, England and Scotland shared ruler, inherited unsettled issues of Elizabeth's reign, struggles over money and offended Puritan members of Parliament by not enacting reforms to purify English church of Catholic practices, only agreed to new translation of Bible
Edict of Nantes
declaration of religious toleration for Huguenots in France so they could live in peace and set up their own houses of worship is some cities
inflation
decline in the value of money and the rise of prices of goods and services population in Spain was growing, the high demand for products and goods allowed the merchants to be able to raise their prices and still get many customers. There was a great amount of silver bullion, so its value dropped and people needed more and more of it
Gustavus Adolphus
drove Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany, killed in battle 1632
Czar Peter I- Peter the Great
first ruled with brother, then became sole ruler, one of Russia's greatest reformers- continued trend of increasing czar's power visits west and wants to westernize Russia
Catholic League
formed by Catholic princes
cabinet
government ministers, officials that acted in ruler's name but followed Parliament
Michael Romanov
grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible's wife, Anastasia, and began Romanov dynasty ruled Russia for 300 years Romanovs restored order to Russia- strengthened government by passing a law code and putting down a revolt
Rembrandt van Rijn
greatest Dutch artist of the period, painted wealthy middle class merchants and group portraits, used sharp contrasts of light and shadow to draw attention to his focus
Holy Synod
group set up by Peter the Great so he could run the Russian Orthodox Church under his direction and it was under state control, abolished office of patriarch
Louis XIV Sun King
he and the state (country), were one and the same, started rule at 4, Cardinal Mazarin ruled and ended Thirty Years' War, took control of government when Mazarin died, weakened power of nobles by excluding from councils, increased power of government agents called intendants who collected taxes and administrated justice devoted to helping France attain economic, political, and cultural brilliance, Jean Baptiste Colbert helped him do so, and made France self-sufficient after Jean Baptiste Colbert died, he canceled the Edict of Nantes that protected religious freedom of Huguenots, causing many Huguenot artisans and business people to flee the country and robbed France of many skilled workers put nobles in his palace to increase his royal authority by making the nobility dependent on Louis XIV and giving more power to the intendants, and requiring the nobles to leave their homes to his palace at Versailles made opera and ballet more popular, favorite writer Molière art had to glorify king and promote values that supported his rule France was most powerful country in Europe
Maria Theresa
heir of father Charles VI territories- Hapsburgs of Austria- main enemy Prussia
Jean Baptiste Colbert
helped Louis XIV attain economic, political, and cultural brilliance believed in theory of mercantilism, tried making France self-sufficient to prevent wealth from leaving the country and not relying on import. He gave funds and tax benefits to French companies and placed high tariff on goods from other countries. Recognized importance of colonies who provided raw materials and market for manufactured goods, and French government encouraged people to migrate to France's colony in Canada to add to fur trade and wealth
Cardinal Mazarin
helped Louis XIV rule, increased taxes and strengthened central government, riots held by nobles who hated Mazarin, but rebellion failed because nobles distrusted each other, the government used violent repression or violent force, and the townspeople grew weary of the fighting so they accepted the harsh laws of the absolute king and thought rebellions worse
divine right
idea that God created monarchy and monarch acted as God's representative on Earth, absolute monarch answered only to God, not to subjects
skepticism
idea that nothing can ever be known for certain, sought in churches that claimed to have only correct set of doctrines
economic weaknesses in Spain
inflation, expelled Jews and Muslims (Moors), so lost valuable artisans and business people, Spain's nobles did not have to pay taxes so fell on lower class so they could never start business and middle class never formed, and old-fashioned and costly with making goods and products so Spaniards bought abroad items, Spanish kings borrowed money from German and Italian bankers, bankrupt 3 times
Philip II
inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies from father Charles V deeply religious like father and also shy and serious, trusted no one for long took over Portuguese kingdom including Africa, India, and the East Indies Spain became wealthy and had large standing army defended Catholicism against Muslims of Ottoman Empire and Protestants of Europe- had Spanish ships defeat Ottoman fleet and Spanish Armada attempted to punish Protestant England and queen Elizabeth I, but fleet defeated wealth lasted longer- had gray granite palace, the Escorial and reflected his faith, had monastery and was palace
absolute monarchs
kings or queens who held all of the power within their states' boundaries, control every aspect of society and believed in divine right
Results of Louis XIV
left legacy, Power in France in art, literature, and statesmanship, military leader of Europe, France in debt with warfare and Palace of Versailles
Roundheads
loyal to Parliament, Puritan
prime minister
majority party in Parliament
Bill of Rights 1689
make clear limits of royal power, Parliament drafted 1689 no suspending of Parliament's law, no levying of taxes without specific grant from Parliament, no interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament, no penalty for citizen who petitions king about grievances
balance of power
no single country or group of countries could dominate others- a group of countries banded together to meet France's strength
Whigs
opposed King James II
restoration
period of Charles II rule- restoring monarchy and Parliament
Elizabeth I
queen of Protestant England, supported Protestant subjects who rebelled against Philip II
Royalists/Cavaliers
remained loyal to king
The Hapsburgs
ruled Spain, Austria, the Netherlands, and parts of the Holy Roman Empire
Philip of Anjou
ruled Spain, became Bourbon dynasty
Charles VI
ruled diverse assortment of people, helped create agreement for eldest daughter as heir to all his hapsburg territories, Maria Theresa, wanted peaceful reign for her
Spanish Armada
since Philip II of Spain was very religious in Catholic faith, he had the Spanish Armada attempt to punish Protestant England and its queen, Elizabeth I. Elizabeth I supported Protestant subjects who rebelled against Philip, but the fleet was defeated
Charles I
son of James I, needed money, Parliament refused to give funds several times, but he dissolved it, and Parliament made him sign the Petition of Right when he asked again, agreed but ignored it and made idea that law higher than the king dissolved Parliament and refused back into session, imposed fees and fines on English people for money upholded Puritan rituals of Anglican Church and tried to force Presbyterian Scots to accept version of Anglican prayer book, wanted kingdom to follow one religion Scots rebelled, assembled huge army, and threatened to invade England- needed money so called on Parliament
Thirty Years' War
started when Ferdinand II closed Protestant churches and they revolted, so he sent army to Bohemia to crush revolt over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families war divided into Hapsburg triumphs and Hapsburg defeats 1618-1648 Hapsburg triumphs- Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain crushed troops hired by Protestant princes, put down Czech uprising and defeated German Protestants who supported Czechs, Ferdinand II paid his army to plunder or rob German villages Hapsburg defeats- Gustavus Adolphus drove Hapsburg armies from Northern Germany and Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin of France dominated the remaining years of the war, both cardinals Catholic but feared Hapsburgs more than Protestants and did not want other European rulers to have as much power as the French king, so in 1635 Richelieu sent French troops to join German and Swedish Protestants in struggle against Hapsburg armies war did great damage to Germany, population dropped and trade and agriculture disrupted, and economy ruined ended with Peace of Westphalia
Tories
supported King James II
St. Petersburg
swampy and unhealthful, after patron saint, forced serfs to work on it and nobles to go to start business
habeas corpus
to have body, gave every prisoner the right to be brought before judge to specify charges against them
Dutch East India Company
trading company controlled by Dutch government, fleet of Dutch ships helped this company to dominate the Asian spice trade and Indian Ocean trade, Dutch replaced Italians as bankers of Europe
Peace of Augsburg
unwillingly agreed to by Charles V, 1555, allowed German princes to choose the religion for their territory
Time of Troubles
weak second son was physically and mentally unable to rule and died with no heir- Russia experience period of turmoil- Boyars struggled for power, heirs of czars died under mysterious conditions, imposters tried to claim throne- representatives met to choose next czar- chose Michael Romanov- grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible's wife, Anastasia
Peace of Westphalia
weakened Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria, strengthened strengthened France by awarding it German territory, made German princes independent of the Holy Roman emperor, ended religious wars in Europe, introduced new method of peace negotiation where everyone met to settle problems of war and decide peace, abandoned idea that Catholic empire would rule most of Europe, modern state system
Miguel de Cervantes
wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha
Molière
wrote some of the funniest plays in French literature- like by Louis XIV
