HISTORY FINAL REVIEW

weakness of rajiv gandhi as a leader

-Bofors scandal -corruption

Pakistan political groups

-PPP -PML -ISI -Lashkar-e-Taiba

Bangladesh political groups

Awami League BNP

main political leaders and forces since Rajiv Gandhi

V.P Singh minister of defense (janata dal) Atal Bihari Vajpayee - minister external affairs (bjp) Manmohan Singh- minister of finance & former prime minister (inc) Narendra Modi- chief minister of gujarat (bjp)

What changes do you see in Indra's political approach?

first trying to have progressive measures up until state of emergency, then it was preventative

strength's of Rajiv Gandhi.

-technology, market, capatlism

UNP-

-conservative United National Partyand the more liberal Sri Lanka Freedom Party have dominated the political arena since independence. Successive governments have been led by one or the other of these two parties, which, at times, formed coalitions with the smaller parties. -

What were the most important problems India faced after independence and how did they deal with them?

1. Resettlement of refugees -heavy numbers from across the border, leaving their land and property behind in what was to become Pakistan. Much of this migration happened post-independence, and the new government was immediately faced with the challenge of resettling them. Along with a lot of hard work on the part of the administration, a couple of very innovative methods were employed to redistribute land among the refugees in a just and efficient manner 2. Integration of the Princely states -It would be a massive understatement to say that the British left behind just 2 states, India and Pakistan, because in effect they were leaving the new government the mammoth task of integrating over 500 princely states into the union. Chiefly owing to the efforts of Sardar Patel and his secretary VP Menon, many of these states acceded without much need for persuasion, though a few are infamous for having given us trouble. One of these, Kashmir, continues to be a bone of contention to this day. 3. Framing a Constitution the constitution was drafted entirely by Indians, and was not dictated or handed down to us by another nation (e.g., again, Japan). This in itself should be considered an achievement. And then there's the fact that the sheer diversity among the members of the Constituent Assembly naturally led to near-incessant debates. 4.

LTTE

1983- LTTE ambush army convoy, Kumaratunga rebuffed by the LTTE in ceasefire negotiations 1995- launches major military offensive 2000- LTTE counterattack cuts off army in Jaffna 2001- UNP wins parliamentary elections on peace platform 2002- Norwegians mediate ceasefire, but peace talks stalled 2005- ceasefire breaks down; violence resumes

J.R. Jayewardene

He also served as the Minister of State and led the party to a resounding victory in 1977. He became the Prime Minister of the country following the 1977 victory but later on he was responsible for amending the constitution that made him the President of Sri Lanka. During his tenure as the President, Sri Lanka witnessed rapid economic growth.

Najibullah-

He joined the Banner ("Parcham") faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) in 1965, and he was twice imprisoned for political activities. In 1978 the PDPA staged a successful coup, but the People's ("Khalq") faction soon gained supremacy over the Banner faction. Najibullah was named ambassador to Iran in 1978 but was fired within months after being accused of plotting to overthrow the regime of Hafizullah Amin. Najibullah went into exile in eastern Europe until the U.S.S.R. intervened in 1979 and supported a Parcham-dominated government.

RSS

India's Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), Organization of National Volunteers, a Hindu nationalist group linked to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) that is viewed as hostile to the country's 160-million-strong Muslim minority Founded 1925 by K.B Hedgewar, kept separate from Nationalist movement Goal of HIndu nation needs discipline and militarisation Banned in 1948,1975, and 1993

Mullah Omar

Mullah Omar, was the supreme commander and spiritual leader of the Taliban. Under the title "Head of the Supreme Council," he was Afghanistan's de facto head of state from 1996 to late 2001

A.Q. Khan

Pakistani engineer, a key figure in Pakistan's nuclear weapons program who was also involved for decades in a black market of nuclear technology and know-how whereby uranium-enrichment centrifuges, nuclear warhead designs, missiles, and expertise were sold or traded to Iran, North Korea, Libya, and possibly other countries. In 1947, during Khan's childhood, India achieved independence from Britain, and Muslim areas in the east and west were partitioned to form the state of Pakistan. Khan immigrated to West Pakistan in 1952, and in 1960 Khan remains a symbol of pride, a hero whose contribution strengthened Pakistan's national security against India. Khan was arrested for transferring nuclear technology to other countries.

JVP

People liberation front, launched Maoist insurrection 1971

SLFP

The Sri Lanka Freedom Party is one of the major political parties in Sri Lanka. It was founded by S.W.R.D Bandaranaike in 1951 and, since then, has been one of the two largest parties in the Sri Lankan political arena

Stingers

The shoulder air-defense missiles the mujahideen in Afghanistan received from the United States (CIA) to fight off the Soviets in the 1980s. Major turning point in the Soviet - Afghan War. Critical in taking out low flying aircrafts/helicopters

Muhammad Ashraf Ghani

current President of Afghanistan, elected on 21 September 2014. An anthropologist by education, he previously served as finance minister and the chancellor of Kabul University

S.W. Bandaranaike

prominent member of the governing United National Party (UNP), he was elected to the new House of Representatives and appointed minister of health and local government. He resigned from the government and the Western-oriented UNP in 1951 and was re-elected in 1952 as the founder of the nationalist Sri Lanka (Blessed Ceylon) Freedom Party, becoming leader of the opposition in the legislature. Four years later he formed the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (MEP; People's United Front), a political alliance of four nationalist-socialist parties, which swept the election; he became prime minister on April 12, 1956

Velupelai Prabhakaran

the leader of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) who was declared killed by the Sri Lankan government on May 18,

BJP About

- after the death of Rajiv Gandhi in 1991 attempted to come to power but only got 20% of vote -founded by Syama Prasad Mookerjee in 1951 in response to the politics of the dominant Congress party. -It was founded in collaboration with the Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), and was widely regarded as the political arm of the RSS - Vajpayee being its first president -

What are the most significant features of the Indian Constitution?

- parliamentary form of government both at the centre and in the states. This is borrowed from the Westminster model. The adoption of this model is partly due to India's long familiarity with it during the British rule. - outlawed the untouchables - a Sovereign, Secular Socialist Democratic Republic - Separation of Powers: The three organs of the state are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The legislature has the power to make laws. The Executive has the power to execute laws. The judiciary has the power to judge and apply punishment when laws are broken. - Secularism: India is a land where people belongs to different Faith's and religions. In India, politics and religion are separate. people enjoy freedom to follow, practice and profess their own religion.

Indira Gandhi

- populist -Prime minister 1966-1977, 1980-1984 -First woman to be a prominent world leader -Famine forces her to seek food aid from us and devalue the rupee -Shifts left in politics; criticizes us on vietnam Congress splits in 1969 -She makes the "syndicate" look like "the old" & brings in the new -only child of Jawaharlal Nehru -top leader of the powerful and long-dominant Indian National Congress (Congress Party), and was the first prime minister (1947-64) of independent India. -Gandhi strongly supported East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in its secessionist conflict with Pakistan in late 1971, and India's armed forces achieved a swift and decisive victory over Pakistan that led to the creation of Bangladesh. -became the first government leader to recognize the new country.

Zia-ur Rahman

-Bangladeshi soldier and statesman who served as president of Bangladesh from 1977 to 1981. -During Zia's presidency, Bangladesh's relations with Pakistan improved, though there were continued border tensions with India. Zia was assassinated during a coup attempt led by Maj. Gen. Mohammad Abdul Manzoor, who in 1971 had fought beside him in the battle to win independence for Bangladesh.

Trace the strategies that India has followed to improve the quality of life for its citizens from 1947 to the present.

-During the Cold War, Nehru adopted a policy of non-alignment in which he professed neutrality, but was criticized when he refused to condemn the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 and later requested foreign aid after China invaded India's northern border in 1962. -Domestic affairs: Untouchability Offences Act- penalties for discrimination; quotes for government jobs, university admission, legislative seats Hindu marriage act- raised ages to 15 and 18, divorce rights to women, dowry abolished Hindu succession act -equal inheritance acts ( women could now inherit from their fathers) -Green Revolution -nationalized the coal, steel, copper, refining, cotton textiles, and insurance industries. resulted in india no longer needing outside aid -Pakistani civil war- brought himalayas under influence on india -equal pay for both men and women -State of emergency- she was accused of electoral fraud. She thought that if she stayed in power it would be the best for india, because of this all publication was subject to -censorship= which made no one able to be anti government -J.S. Bhirdwidale- Ghandi did Operation Blue Star to stop his violence and to get the terrorists out of the golden temple. Indrias bodyguards were Sikhs and were offended by the killing of Bhirdwidale so they shot Indira

Awami League

-East Pakistan -6 point program: 1.Federal parliamentary government with free regular elections 2.Federal government controls only foreign affairs and defense 3.Separate currency to control capital flow from East to West 4.All taxation only by provinces 5.Each province controls own foreign trade and 6.keeps the foreign currency Each province can raise its own militia -Founded in 1949

What things have worked and which haven't? (Indra's role)

-Green Rev worked, State of emergency worked but had opposite effects because it drove her out of power -Pakistan civil war worked because it created bangladesh, bhirdwhendale worked but ended up working because it led to her death -censorship made worse...led to distrust

Bofors

-In 1986, the Government of India and Bofors signed a US$ 285 million contract for the supply of 410 155 mm field howitzers. -In 1987, Swedish Radio alleged that Bofors paid illegal commissions to top Indian politicians and key defense officials to seal the deal. -The scandal contributed to the defeat of Rajiv Gandhi in elections three years later.

Narendra Modi

-In 1987, he joined the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which stood for Hindu nationalism. -His rise through the ranks was rapid, as he wisely chose mentors to further his career. He promoted privatization of businesses, small government and Hindu values. -In 1995, he was elected BJP national secretary, a position from which he successfully helped settle internal leadership disputes, paving the way for BJP election victories in 1998 -In February 2002, while he served as chief minister of Gujarat, a commuter train was attacked, allegedly by Muslims. -In retaliation, an attack was carried out on the Muslim neighborhood of Gulbarg. Violence spread, and he imposed a curfew granting police shoot-to-kill orders. After peace was restored, his government was criticized for the harsh crackdown, and he was accused of allowing the killings of more than 1,000 Muslims, along with the mass raping and mutilation of women. After two investigations contradicted one other, the Indian Supreme Court concluded there was no evidence he was at fault. - was reelected chief minister of Gujarat in 2007 and 2012.

What were/are the reasons and events behind the unrest in Assam

-In the 1978 Lok Sabha (lower house of Parliament) by-elections in the state, the names of 45,000 illegal Bangladeshi migrants were discovered for the first time on the voter's list, leading to violent political unrest culminating in the "Assam Agitation" (1979-1985) spearheaded by the All Assam Students Union (AASU). -India's Supreme Court recently noted the magnitude of the problem when it stated that Assam was facing "external aggression and internal disturbance," due to the large-scale migration from Bangladesh. -Illegal Bangladeshi migrants have systematically appropriated farming, grazing, and forest lands traditionally used by the Bodos and other indigenous tribes in Assam for their livelihood, leading to fear and resentment amongst the tribal population. -Along with illegal migrants, drug smugglers and other criminal elements frequently cross the Indo- Bangladesh border into Assam. -Additionally, according to Indian officials, many Bangladeshi Muslim settlers in Assam are now engaged in the illegal cultivation and distribution of narcotics in the state.

Manmohan Singh

-Indian economist and politician who served as the Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014 -Mr Singh, 82, was the first Sikh to hold the country's top post and made a public apology in parliament for the 1984 riots in which some 3,000 Sikhs were killed. -n 1991, Singh as Finance Minister, freed India from the Licence Raj, source of slow economic growth and corruption in the Indian economy for decades. He liberalised the Indian economy, allowing it to speed up development dramatically. During his term as Prime Minister, Singh continued to encourage growth in the Indian market, enjoying widespread success in these matters. -Corruption and bribery scandals

Rajiv Gandhi

-Indian politician and government official who rose to become the leader of the Congress (I) Party -served as prime minister of India (1984-89) after the assassination of his mother, Indira Gandhi -assassinated in 1991 -He led the Congress (I) Party to a landslide victory in elections to the Lok Sabha in December 1984, and his administration took vigorous measures to reform the government bureaucracy and liberalize the country's economy. -Gandhi's attempts to discourage separatist movements in Punjab state and the Kashmir region backfired, however, and after his government became embroiled in several financial scandals, his leadership became increasingly ineffectual. -resigned his post as prime minister in November 1989 after the Congress (I) Party was defeated in parliamentary elections, though he remained leader of the party.

Mayawati

-Indian politician who spent four separate terms as chief minister of Uttar Pradesh. ... She was the first female Scheduled Caste Chief Minister in India. -youngest women chief minister in India as well as the first woman Dalit Chief Minister of India. -After she took over the leadership of the BSP, Mayawati embarked on a political strategy that involved co-opting upper-caste Brahmans—this despite having earlier identified the upper castes as the reason for the misery of the lower castes. In 2004 she had chosen Satish Chandra Mishra, a Brahman lawyer, to be the party's general secretary. In the 2007 state legislative assembly elections, her policy of including people from upper castes paid a rich dividend in the BSP victory that year. -built the memorial to ambedkar (ambedkar wrote part of the indian deceleration. outlawed accountability)

What were/are the reasons and events behind the unrest in Punjab

-Khalistan movement Sikh nationalist movement, which seeks to create a separate country called Khalistān in the Punjab region of South Asia. -J.S. birdwindale was their leader. -golden temple

What are India's major social and political problems and how have they attempted to solve them?

-Left wing extremism (the Naxalism) -religious extremism -Sikh revolts under Indria -corrupt central government under Indira, Vajvey Gandhi, V.P. Sighn "Saintly" model for politicians Unrealistic low salaries Temptation for corruption Use of non-cooperation tactics against the government (boycotts fasts, gheraos) Congress belief that any opposition was anti- India -decline of public institutions Happened after Nehru -growing gap between the rich and the poor -environment degradation -political fragmentation of the Indian electoral system -unreconciled borders pakistan -unstable neighborhood -apathy of the media

What were Nehru's chief accomplishments and failures in foreign affairs?

-Nehru also spoke out against the censorship acts passed by the British government in India -fair elections, free press Foreign affairs: tried to guide India in such a way, so as to steer clear from any form of violence and militarism. -During the Cold War, Nehru adopted a policy of non-alignment in which he professed neutrality, but was criticized when he refused to condemn the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 and later requested foreign aid after China invaded India's northern border in 1962. Domestic affairs: Untouchability Offences Act- penalties for discrimination; quotes for government jobs, university admission, legislative seats Hindu marriage act- raised ages to 15 and 18, divorce rights to women, dowry abolished Hindu succession act -equal inheritance acts ( women could now inherit from their fathers)

Ayub Khan-

-Second president of pakistan - Ayub introduced the system of "basic democracies" in 1960. It consisted of a network of local self-governing bodies to provide a link between the government and the people. Primary governing units were set up to conduct local affairs; their members were elected by constituencies of 800-1,000 adults. A national referendum among all those elected confirmed Ayub as president. He was reelected under this system in 1965, against a strong challenge from an opposition united behind Fatima Jinnah, the sister of Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the creator of Pakistan. When the United States began to rearm India after China's invasion of northern India in 1962, Ayub established close relations with China and received substantial military aid from it. In the meantime, Pakistan's dispute with India over Jammu and Kashmir worsened, culminating in the outbreak of war in 1965. After two weeks of fighting, both sides agreed to a UN-called cease-fire and came to a boundary settlement.

give an account of the Sikhs and their separatist movement.

-Sikhs wanted an independent land in the Punjab. Independence for Pakistan. - J.S. birdwindale was their leader. -conflict between the central government and Sikh fundamentalists, who were demanding a separate Sikh nation-state. In an effort to reign in the principal Sikh political party, the Shiromani Akali Dal (Supreme Akali Party), the government unwisely enlisted the support of a young Sikh fundamentalist, Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. In 1984 Bhindranwale and his armed followers occupied the Akal Takht in the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar. In response, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi ordered a military assault on the complex, which proved much more difficult than had been anticipated and led to severe damage to some of the complexes buildings -Opperation Blue Star Birdwindale killed

BJP

-The Bharatiya Janata Party: LK advani; cofounder, one of the two major political parties in India, along with the Indian National Congress -Challenges Congress -Claimed Congress' new economic policies threatened Indian culture -Attacked congress' autocratic rule and political corruption -Said Congress betrayed secularism by granting concessions to minorities -

What were/are the reasons and events behind the unrest in Kashmir

-The main argument that the Kashmiri Muslims put forth is that a Hindu leader had no right to decide for Muslim-majority Kashmir. As a result, they see it as a foreign infiltration (just as East India Company) which imposes its restrictions upon them. They are thus, fighting for their complete freedom from a rule of Indian Government which is symbolized by AFSPA.

Hussain Ershad

-This famous leader is known for his drastic decision to dissolve the whole parliament and conduct fresh elections, the year he became President. -Hussain Muhammad Ershad was a former President of Bangladesh who, during his term brought about changes in many policies of government industries, and introduced major land reforms that gave several rights to tenants. He is also known for resting all political power in the hands of military officials, by establishing the martial law.

Green Revolution

-a period when agriculture in India increased due to improved method & technology -A main criticism of the effects of the green revolution is the cost for many small farmers -started under Indra

Mujibur Rahman

-became the first prime minister (1972-75) and later the president (1975) of Bangladesh. -East Pakistan, renamed Bangladesh, was proclaimed an independent republic in 1971, and in January 1972 Mujib, recently released from prison, became the country's first prime minister. Faced with increasing problems, Mujib took tighter control and assumed the presidency in January 1975. He, along with most of his family, was killed in a coup just seven months later. His daughter, Sheikh Hasina Wazed, who was out of the country at the time of the overthrow, served as prime minister of Bangladesh

L.K. Advani

-co founder of the bjp Advani assumed the office of Home Minister and was later elevated to the position of Deputy Prime Minister. As Union Minister, Advani had a tough time with India facing a string of internal disturbances in the form of rebel attacks allegedly supported by Pakistan. -The NDA government lasted for its full term of five years till 2004, the only non-Congress government to do Lal Krishna Advani with Condoleezza Rice Advani was charged in a scandal where he allegedly received payments through hawala brokers. He and others were later discharged by the Supreme Court of India, because there was no additional evidence that could be used to charge them.[19] According to the judicial inquiry by Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) they could not find any substantive evidence

Sardar Patel

-conservative -Led conservatives in congress -Negotiated w/ princes for accession to india -Supervised writing of constitution by Ambedkar and others -Ran the party, had patronage control -Served as home minister and deputy prime minister under Nehru -After hedies NO ONE becomes depuity prime minister -'Iron Man of India' -elected as the Secretary of the Gujarat Sabha, the Gujarat wing of the Indian National Congress. In 1918, he led a massive "No Tax Campaign" that urged the farmers not to pay taxes after the British insisted on tax after the floods in Kaira. The peaceful movement forced the British authorities to return the land taken away from the farmers. His effort to bring together the farmers of his area brought him the title of 'Sardar'. -supported the non-cooperation Movement -After India achieved independence, he became the first Home Minister and also the Deputy Prime Minister. played a very crucial role in post-independence India by successfully integrating around 562 princely states under the Indian Dominion.

A.B. Vajpayee

-elected to parliament in 1957 as a member of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), a forerunner of the BJP. In 1977 the BJS joined three other parties to form the Janata Party, which led a government that lasted until July 1979. -As foreign minister in the Janata government, he earned a reputation for improving relations with Pakistan and China. -In 1980, following a split in the Janata Party, he helped the BJS to reorganize itself as the BJP. -In 1992 he was one of the few Hindu leaders to speak out against the destruction of the historic mosque at Ayodhya by anti-Muslim extremists. -was sworn in as prime minister in May 1996 but was in office only 13 days, after failing to attract support from other parties. -In early 1998 he again became prime minister, in elections in which the BJP won a record number of seats, but he was forced to make a shaky alliance with regional parties. -In 1999 the BJP increased its seats in parliament and consolidated its hold on government. - Under his leadership, India achieved steady economic growth, and the country became a world leader in information technology, though the poorer elements of Indian society often felt left out of the economic prosperity. -In 2004 his coalition was defeated in the parliamentary election, and he resigned from office.

Mandal Commission

-established by the Janata Party govt under PM Morarji Desai in 1979 to "study the condition and representation of socially or educationally backward castes

Benazir Bhutto

-first woman to head a democratic government in a Muslim majority nation. -daughter of the politician Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who was the leader of Pakistan from 1971 until 1977. -She was educated at Harvard University -Bhutto was unable to do much to combat Pakistan's widespread poverty, governmental corruption, and increasing crime. In August 1990 the president of Pakistan, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, dismissed her government on charges of corruption and other malfeasance and called for new elections. Bhutto's PPP suffered a defeat in the national elections of October 1990; thereafter she led the parliamentary opposition against her successor, Nawaz Sharif.

Sanjay Gandhi

-five months after Indira Gandhi's 1980 election victory, Gandhi was killed in a plane crash -prominent leader of the family sterilization plans. Provided monetary rewards to officials meeting their quotas for stabilization. -favorite son.

ISIS

-foreign fighters plus some taliban defectors -

Begum Khalida Zi

-former First Lady of Bangladesh, and the first woman Prime Minister in the country's history and second in the Muslim world. She is the chairperson one of the largest Bangladeshi political parties, BNP.

Pervez Musharraf

-fought in the 1965 war between Pakistan and India. In the 1971 war with India -believed to have played a key role in the invasion of the Indian-administered portion of the disputed Kashmir region in the summer of 1999.

BNP

-founded on 1 September 1978 by President Ziaur Rahman. -The party, since formation, has evolved into one of the most powerful political parties in South Asia. -founded to fill up the political vacuum of the country created by the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution in 1975 that dissolved all political parties, established one party rule and restricted peaceful transfer of power. -One of the objectives of the group was to heal this national divisiveness and work as a cementing force among the warring groups and factions so that the nation could stand united and work as an organic whole. -The main objectives of the party have been, in the words of its founder, the economic development of the country, democratic advancement, national unity on the basis of Bangladeshi nationalism

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

-founder of Pakistan....but dies early into office -served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence on 14 August 1947 -one of the founders of the Muslim League. Distrustful of Hindu's -Big reason for the partition -Succeeded by Liaquat Ali Khan 1895-1951 -Western educated

J.P. Narayan

-joined the Indian National Congress (Congress Party). In 1932 he was sentenced to a year's imprisonment for his participation in the civil disobedience movement against British rule in India. -Upon release he took a leading part in the formation of the Congress Socialist Party, a left-wing group within the Congress Party, the organization that led the campaign for Indian independence.

J.S. Bhindranwale

-leader of the Sikh organization Damdami Taksal, and a notable supporter of the Anandpur Resolution. -was a leader of the Damdami Taksal, a Sikh religious authority and a political revolutionary in the early to mid 1980s. - pioneered the demand for the independent Sikh nation of Khalistan -him and his supporters increasingly came to be associated with acts of violence. In the early 1980s there were a series of murders in Punjab. In 1981, a journalist and Congressman named Lala Jagat Narayan was found murdered, allegedly at the behest of Bhindranwale's men. Narayan had been advocating against the use of Punjabi in Hindi schools in Punjab and the acceptance of Hindi instead of Punjabi by Hindus living in Punjab.Bhindranwale had earlier been a suspect in the murder of the Nirankari leader Gurbachan Singh, who had been killed on 24 April 1980. - launched the Dharam Yudh Morcha in August 1982. It called for the implementation of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution (which contained several demands for greater devolution of powers to the state and lessening of government influence). -PM Indira Gandhi viewed the document as a secessionist one, and took an aggressive stand. Agitations of the Morcha were violently suppressed by the police. Over 30,000 Sikhs were arrested.The violent acts of Bhindranwale's supporters continued with murders and bombings in Punjab. Bhindranwale's influence meant it was difficult to even arrest these people. -In June 1984, Bhindranwale and his armed supporters took refuge inside the Amritsar Harmandir Sahib Complex, which housed the Golden Temple. Negotiators failed to convince Bhindranwale to abandon the hideout. Then PM Indira Gandhi ordered a military operation to evacuate the militants holed up inside the temple. Beginning June 1, the army extensively moved into Punjab. After cutting off the media telecasts, water and electricity, and bringing the state to a halt, the army fought pitched battles with Sikh extremists in several parts of Punjab. Finally, it attacked the Harmandir Sahib Complex on June 5. Between 42 to 74 other locations, most of them gurudwaras, were also attacked. By June 7, the army had defeated the militants and gained control of the temple complex. By June 10, the operation was over. Bhindranwale was killed in the operation. The army's operation eventually led to the assassinations of Indira Gandhi and Army Chief Arun Shridhar Vaidya.

Why has India been susceptible to "dynastic politics" since Independence?

-major politicians (gandhi/nehru)have kept the line of secession in the family. -India has mainly been ruled by 1 family.

V.P. Singh

-member of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party) -Upon the death of Indira Gandhi in 1984, her son and successor as prime minister, Rajiv Gandhi, appointed him minister of finance. In that post Singh's efforts to reduce governmental regulation of business and to prosecute tax fraud attracted widespread praise. -principal founder in 1988 of the Janata Dal (JD), a merger of three small centrist opposition parties. -began assembling a larger nationwide opposition coalition called the National Front (NF), which contested the general parliamentary elections of November 1989. -After that election, Singh, as the NF leader, was able to form a coalition government in alliance with two other major opposition parties. He was sworn in as India's prime minister on December 2, 1989. After state legislative elections in March 1990, Singh's governing coalition achieved control of both houses of India's parliament. The coalition was soon riven by disputes having to do with religious and caste issues, however, and Singh resigned on November 7, 1990, after receiving a vote of no confidence in the Lok Sabha. -Singh was later one of the forces behind the broad United Front coalition that governed the country in 1996-97 with the JD's H.D. Deve Gowda as prime minister. -In 1969, he joined the Indian National Congress Party and became a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh. In 1971, he won the Lok Sabha elections and became a Member of Parliament. In 1974, he was elected the Union Deputy Minister of Commerce and from November 1976 to March 1977, he served as the Union State Minister of Commerce.

Yahya Khan

-president of Pakistan (1969-71) -Yahya Khan succeeded Ayub Khan -Yahya Khan succeeded Ayub Khan as president when the latter resigned his office in March 1969. In 1971 a serious conflict erupted between the central government and the Awami Party of what was then East Pakistan, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The East Pakistani leader demanded autonomy for his half of the geographically divided country, and Yahya Khan responded by ordering the army to suppress the Awami Party. The brutality with which his orders were carried out and the resulting influx of millions of East Pakistani refugees into India led to the Indian invasion of East Pakistan and the rout of its West Pakistani occupiers. East Pakistan became the independent country of Bangladesh, and with its loss Yahya Khan resigned (December 20, 1971). He was replaced by his foreign minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who put him under house arrest.

Zia ul-Haq-

-president of Pakistan (1978-88). -Zia seized power from Bhutto in a bloodless coup on July 5, 1977, and became chief martial-law administrator while retaining his position as Army chief of staff. He assumed the presidency after Fazal Elahi Chaudhry resigned. Zia tightened his hold on the government after having the charismatic and still-popular Bhutto executed on charges of attempted murder in 1979. Zia suspended political parties in that year, banned labour strikes, imposed strict censorship on the press, and declared martial law in the country (nominally lifted 1985). He responded to the Soviet Union's invasion of neighbouring Afghanistan in 1979 by embarking on a U.S.-financed military buildup. He also tried to broaden his base of support and worked for the Islamization of Pakistan's political and cultural life. He died in an airplane crash.

Taliban

-refers to itself as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a Sunni Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan currently waging war within that country. -

Jawaharlal Nehru

-sent to england at 16 -swept up in Gandhi's non-cooperation movement in 1920 -Father served as president of congress 1919-20 -became gahdhi's chief lieutenant -Frequently jailed in the 1930's -Wrote discovery of india in jail -Prime minister 1947-1964 -His politics: Solidifies democracy - fair elections, free press; Creates secular state but has to assure Muslims; Makes congress dominant party-fragmented opposition; Wants strong central gov-reluctant to divide more states; Socialist rhetoric -met Gandhi for the first time in 1916 at the annual meeting of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party) in Lucknow.

PPP

-startedDecember 01, 1967 -Wins in parliament after Bhutto's assassination -Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was elected as its Chairman. Among the express goals for which the party was formed were the establishment of an "egalitarian democracy" and the "application of socialistic ideas to realize economic and social justice ". -started in the left-wing

Compare Nehru to Indira Gandhi as a leader.

Indira: -Populist -out with the old in with the new -Seeked out US food aid by aligning herself more with the US -forced sterilization green revolution eliminate poverty -"Abolish Poverty"- made her more popular, which led to winning elections, her father Nehru could not command. -Abolition of privy purses to the princely states. -Nationalization of the 14 largest banks in India. Indira Gandhi nationalized the coal, steel, copper, refining, cotton textiles, and insurance industries. Most of these nationalizations were made to protect employment and the interest of the organised labour -First f Nehru -socialist -spoke out against the censorship acts passed by the British government in India -Wanted indepence, didn't want western influences, aligned himself with soviet union -Helped get rid of the untouchables -Divorce rights to women - "First Five-Year Plan" emphasizing on the increase in the agricultural output.

Nawaz Sharif

Islamic democratic alliance IJI, Later heads muslim league, Prime minister 1990-1993, 97-99

Loya Jirga

June 2002 (national council) set up provisional government; Hamid Karzai made interim President

Naxalites-

Marxist) organized an armed uprising against landlords of Naxalbari, a town in the state of West Bengal. The objective of their fight was rightful redistribution of the land to working peasants. This land was controlled by landlords for generations. The uprising culminated in killing of a policeman who was supposed to arrest peasant leaders.

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

Sirimavo Bandaranaike, was a Sri Lankan politician and stateswoman. She was world's first woman to become Prime Minister of a country. She made such history after her party won the Ceylon general election in 1960 and chose her as the new Prime Minister of Ceylon. She made a comeback and served two more terms as Prime Minister, from 1970 to 1977 and again from 1994 to 2000. She represented the 'Sri Lanka Freedom Party'

What have been the leading opposition parties to Congress?

bjp