History of Tea Test 2

James Taylor

(1835-1892) started the first Sri Lankan tea plantation in 1867 in Kandy, and had a tea factory equipped to process tea by 1872, and the first shipment to London in 1873.

Charles Darwin - years, HMS Beagle?

1809-1892. All of this is happening at the same time Darwin is taking his voyages. From 1831-1836, the goal of the 2nd voyage of the HMS Beagle was to conduct a hydrographic survey of South America's southern coast so that accurate nautical charts could be produced to aid commerce and the navy.

As the pre-eminent imperial power in the 19th century, how did Great Britain treat China?

Acted preemptively to undermine Chinese interests. B/c the breakdown of the system that supported the British navy and trade would be catastrophic for the entire imperial system. Also, if China developed economically and militarily it might be able to drive the Western powers out of China.

When did the Revolutionary War break out?

April 1775

How did Samuel Adams view the EIC tea monopoly?

As equal to a tax. Also, paying governors/judges was an infringement of colonist's rights.

What does Robert Fortune and his stealing of Chinese tea show about tea at that time?

Both the increasing commodification of tea and it's increasing importance in British society

What did the Portuguese trade for tea? Problem for the British?

Bullion (silver) British didn't know what to trade, and back at home people were beginning to understand the qualitative differences in tea. The quality of tea improved vastly when bought directly from Canton.

Why did Britain/EIC turn to opium?

Didn't want to transfer too much bullion from themselves directly. Wanted to find a substitute (many ideas about wealth of nations being based on buillion-> gold and silver, an idea that is ridiculous but kind of half-true

Who was the first to bring Japanese and Chinese tea to Europe at the beginning of the 17th century?

Dutch

Who imported Chinese silk? What about Japanese silk?

Europeans imported Chinese silk, as did wealthy Japanese, but Japan did not export silk until much later (Chinese silk was better)

However, what happened in the late 18th century to get rid of this mitigation of tension based on the silver?

Events in North America (war b/w Britain and Spain in America, and Mexican Independence in 1921, DISRUPTED the supply of bullion. This put a strain on the silver supply in Europe and created economic problems in China as well.

Where was Assam tea grown?

Flatlands, rather than mountains

1757-94

GOLDEN AGE Trade managed by "China committee" Realize they are managing the China trade.

Was was Botany like for empires back then?

It was THE technology.

How did the upper class association impact how tea was drunk?

Middle class drinking was done in a highly mannered way. "respectability"

In 1927, how much tea did Ceylon produce?

More than 100,000 metric tons of tea, mostly for export.

Who invented the Wardian case? Years of living?

Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward (1791-1868)

_________________ in the _____ century blocked European access to the eastern Mediterranean, stimulating Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch saolors to find a way around the Cape of Good Hope

Ottoman Turkish Power 15th century

What happened in 1766 in regards to the Stamp Act?

Parliament REPEALED the Stamp Act, but then passed the Declaratory Act, asserting its right to make colonial legislation/rights.

What was the underlying conflict, beneath the one about taxes?

Parliament's power over the colonies and the need for the EIC to be profitable.

To make EIC competitive with smuggled Dutch tea (which was not taxed), what did Parliament do?

Passed the Indemnity Act and the Townsend Acts in 1767.

____________ discovered that tea was growing wild in __________ in ______, and the local _______ people were processing the leaves and making tea from them.

Robert Bruche 1823 Singpho

What was the cornerstone of Spanish and Portuguese trade with China?

SILK Spanish gave Mexican silver to Chinese, Chinese gave silk to Spanish, and Spanish have silk in California

Fortune's 1848 effort

Sent seedlings in Wardian cases and packets of seeds Almost a COMPLETE FAILURE (people responsible) Only about 7% of seedlings survived, and even fewer actually grew in India.

Who colonized the Phillippines? When?

Spain in 1599

Which country today is one of the world's largest exporters of tea, mostly produced on plantations in horrible conditions?

Sri Lanka

The VOC captured ______ ________, on Java, in ______, and renamed it __________(modern Jakarta).

Sunda Kelapa 1619 Batavia

Who did most of the tea picking on the Sri Lankan tea plantations?

Tamil women. Sinhalese refused to work as laborers on plantations, and Tamil men tend to do heavier work with machines.

Where does tea become fashionable in the 16th century?

The Hague (Netherlands), Germany, France, and New Amsterdam (New York)

What would be one of the lasting effects of the Opium War in China?

The sense that the West had taken advantage of it (the "Century of Humiliation")

What was the main interest that made Southeast Asia so appealing?

The spices grown there: pepper, mace, cinnamon, clove, and nutmeg.

What was one way the British tried to bridge the gap between the Tamils and the Sinhalese?

Tried to create a civil service that spanned the various ethnic groups. This was only partly and temporarily successful.

How was tea an advantage for the poor?

Unlike coffee, it could be diluted and still be palatable. Cultural artifact of stronger tea = being better off

For how long was Sri Lanka called Ceylon?

Until 1948.

Who was the first to sail around the Cape of Good Hope? When?

Vasco de Gama, in 1498

Importance of Wardian Case

ability to more reliably transport plants from around the world/empire vastly increased the economic potential of botanical knowledge and exploration.

Lin Zexu

appointed Imperial Commissioner in 1839 to suppress the opium trade. In addition to writing a letter to Queen Victoria, he forces the British and American merchants to give up their stocks of opium.

What did the VOC trade in China for during most of the 17th century?

silk, gold, and porcelain *China is the ONLY source of silk

Over time the EIC shifted from _____ in Southeast Asia, to increasing control over ___________________________________ and _____________________________.

spices control over India trade with China

Builder's Tea

strongly brewed tea with milk and sugar Had a lot of calories

Why did the EIC lose its monopoly at Canton in 1834?

1. British opinion had turned away from managed trade under influence of Adam Smith 2. Wealthy merchants didn't want to go through the EIC to trade with China, wanted direct 3. England's growing economy needed more gold and silver, which it was getting from continental Europe (Industrial Revolution). British manufacturing was growing and this mass production of goods created a need for MARKETs. - "free trade" became a philosophy and a necessity

Three results of Opium War

1. China ceded Hong Kong to Britain 2. China opened up 5 treaty ports 3. Established extraterritoriality for English 4. Allow trade in opium

Five Acts of the Townshend Act

1. New York Restraining Act 2. Revenue Act 3. Indemnity Act 4. Commissioners of Customs Act 5. Vice Admiralty Court Act

Silk Making Outside of China (4)

1. Silk trade evident from an Egyptian mummy (1070 BCE) 2. Korea got sericulture about 200 BCE, and India by 140 CE 3. It was one of the most important trade goods in Eurasia. 4. It reached Italy in the 11th century.

Prices in the 18th century always was counted in Chinese taels, which has been settled as _______ British ounces in 1770.

1.33

Tea Act - when was it passed? why was it passed?

10 May 1773 to make EIC tea less expensive than smuggled Dutch tea

Spanish in Manila, Philippines by ____----> Brought massive amount of New World Silver to Manila and traded with Chinese merchants there. What does this silver allow for?

1571 The silver allows for economic EXPANSION of China. More money = more economic growth.

When was the 1st Dutch voyage to the Indies?

1595

When was the Boston Tea Party?

16 December 1773

When did the Portuguese conquer the Jaffna kingdom, giving them increased control over Sri Lanka?

1619

Coffeehouses begin operating in _____ in Oxford and London, and tea shows up at _________________.

1650 Thomas Garroway's Coffee House in Change Alley, London in 1657.

When did Portuguese traders bring blue and white porcelain to Europe? When did real interest take off?

16th century. After the Dutch auctioned off two ship cargoes they had captured from the Portuguese shortly after 1604. (before only in Portuguese trade, and Europe wasn't connected)

Portuguese missionaries and traders first encountered tea in China in the ____ century.

16th.

In what year did Parliament require the American colonies to only import their tea from Great Britain? Why did they do this?

1721 BY law, the EIC had to sell its tea at auction in England. Before, British firms then brought the tea and shipped it to the colonies, where it was bought by merchants in NY, Charleston, Philadelphia, and Boston. Wanted to support the corporation, because it's profits maintained the army and political control over territories.

When does the VOC reorganize and establish a direct route to China?

1729

What were the three periods of trade organizationally?

1729-34 1735-56 1757-94

When did Parliament repeal all of the Townsend Taxes, except for tea? Why?

1770. To maintain their right to tax the colonies.

What happened in February 1775? 1778?

1775 - Parliament ended taxation for colonies that paid for imperial defense and salaries for imperial officials 1778 - repealed the Tea Tax

US congress also taxed tea from ____ to _____.

1789-1872

When did the "Boston Tea Party" begin to be perceived as important?

1830s

When did the EIC lose its monopoly on trading at Canton?

1834

Years of Opium War

1839-42

Tea was very expensive until the ____ century. Why? Exact year?

18th century Before, smuggling increased tea's popularity, since it provided cheaper tea by avoiding taxes. Smuggling ended when the tax was SCRAPPED in 1785.

When does tea become the most important commodity traded?

18th century. It goes from a luxury good to a popular good. VOC started to get tea only from China for a while. Dutch shared their knowledge.

When did the gov of Sri Lanka choose to prohibit the export of low-quality tea? Why?

1934. An act of branding.

When did British Ceylon get Independence from Britain? When was the Tamil insurgency?

1948. 1983, which was crushed with a violent and brutal campaign in 2009.

When does the VOC finally concede independence to Indonesia?

1949, after WWII

When did tea become an everyday drink?

19th century. The price went down, particularly with the production of Indian tea.

On ________________ the States-General of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands founded the _____________________ Company, consolidating six different East India companies from six coastal cities of Holland and Zeeland provinces.

20 March 1602 Dutch East India

In 1960s, how much tea did Sri Lanka export? 2000?

200,000 metric tons, becoming the world's largest tea exporter in 1965. In 2000, Sri Lanka produced 300,000 metric tons.

When did the EIC create its 1st tea committee? Why?

24th January 1834. Point was to come up with a plan to bring tea culture to India.

The EIC paid a ____% tax on tea imported to GB until ______, in addition to further taxes paid by merchants and consumers in GB.

25% 1767

Between ___ and ____ men threw _____ chests into the water over the course of ___ hours.

30 and 130 342 3

During the period from 1729-94, how much of the total goods the VOC purchased from the Canton market was made up of tea?

70% tea and porcelain were still important trade goods.

Opium cultivation in China displaced imported opium. By 1906, China was producing ____% of the world's opium.

85

When/where was tea first sold in London?

A London coffee house in 1657.

Chinese Communist party and opium

After 1949, CCP stamped out drug use. However, they did trade in it during their fights/civil war as "Black Soap" b/c they needed the money.

When did Assam tea production become more efficient, making prices lower? Result?

After the 1860s. Indian teas much cheaper in GB. Black Indian Tea became a staple of late 19th century British life, becoming a necessity at every level of society. (wouldn't occur until 1950s in India)

What event would lead to the chartering of the EIC?

After the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, the English began to obtain large ocean-going vessels. The ships then sailed to the Indian Ocean to attack Portuguese and Spanish trade.

How did the EIC avoid their own ships from carrying the "illegal" goods in China?

All opium brought to Calcutta to be auctioned, and only to traders taking it to China. These "independent" traders smuggled the opium to China, and the proceeds went to the EIC so it could buy the tea and other goods.

Tomatoes first mentioned in 1542 by _________________, who thought it was a kind of eggplant.

Andrea Matteoli

The EIC imposed a monopoly on producing opium in __________ in what year?

Bengal, India in 1773.

Lin Zexu, Mr. Elliot, and opium

British superintendent Mr. Elliot did not want any of the British merchants to give into the Chinese about giving up their stocks of opium. HOWEVER, there was a Chinese siege @ a British factory (where "Factors", representatives in foreign country, lived). Elliot promised to reimburse all of the merchants who gave up their opium, and Lin Zexu had the 20,000 chests destroyed. The British fought the OPIUM WAR over the reimbursement of the destroyed opium.

Late 19th Century - trade and opium in China?

China is opened to trade, and it continues to grow rapidly (as well as drug use --> some estimates put opium use at 1/4 of male Chinese population in 1905)

When was Chinese tea known at Ceylon? Indian tea?

Chinese -> from 1824 at the Royal Botanical Gardens India --> 1839

In 1774, Parliament passed the ___________ Acts, known as the ________________ Acts in America, and closed the port of Boston.

Coercive Intolerable

What other plant was grown profitably in British Ceylon? When/Why did it end?

Coffee was grown profitably until 1870s., when "coffee blight," a fungal disease, destroyed the coffee plants.

When were coffeehouses invented? Tea rooms?

Coffeehouses -> late 17th century Tea rooms --> late 19th century as a place where respectable women could go without male chaperones.

During what period was the Chinese industry temporarily unavailable? What happened? When did it revive?

During the 17th century while the Ming fell and the Qing was established. Japanese porcelain was briefly important until the Chinese industry at Jingdezhen revived in the late 17th century.

When did tea production mechanize? With what?

Early on with tea driers in 1877 and tea rollers in 1880. (one reason why Sri Lanka is able to export so much)

How long was cinnamon cultivated in Sri Lanka?

From 1767 to 1833, when an economic slump in England and Europe decreased demand for cinnamon. Look for another plant...

Where did the British first get their tea?

From the Dutch, making it expensive and hard to obtain. Other source was Portugal --> 1660 EIC gift to Charles II (2 lbs, 2 ounces) as well as Catherine of Braganza

When did the Portuguese reach Sri Lanka? Settlement?

In 1505, building a fort at Colombo in 1517 on the coast as they expanded control over the rest of the coast.

Archibald Campbell

In 1841, planted Chinese tea in Darjeeling, which produced the still famous Darjeeling tea in the 1850s.

When did tea become a drink of the Middle Class?

In the 18th century, particularly with the addition of sugar

When was Assam tea received in England? What did the EIC then do?

In the late 1830s The EIC increased production by taking the agricultural lands of the local farmers in order to sell them to private individuals interested in creating PLANTATIONS. "planter-age" era

How was silk usually used in the 18th century?

It tended to be used in reliable fashion items, because 18th century fashion changed rapidly and transport took so long (took 4 months to get things in silk)

What did the Tea Act do to non-EIC tea traders?

It undercut smugglers and tea importer, whose taxe were not refunded.

________________ had suggested growing tea in India as early as ________, but the availability of the Chinese tea and favorability of trade caused the EIC to discourage this.

Joseph Banks 1788

Temperance Movement

Late 18th century in England, 19th century in America Tea in the West became a SUBSTITUTE for alcohol.

When did the Working Class begin to drink tea?

Later in the 18th century.

Tea brought to England by EIC after 1700 What changed this?

Limited, since trade initially focused on silk, porcelain, and rhubarb. In 1720, Parliament banned importing finished Asian textiles, so the EIC needed another expensive commodity (Tea) to trade in. (in increasing amounts)

17. Was Robert Fortune's effort to grow tea in India a failure?

No, although Chinese tea (Camelia sinensis) failed to flourish, the project succeeded in developing Indian tea growing. (discovered camellia sinensis assamica, and ultimately British become more conditioned to drink Indian tea) 1. The First Plantations 2. Assamica tea 3. Export market

19. Was the Boston Tea Party really about tea?

No, tea was merely the focus of a larger economic and political power struggle. It was the failings of the Parliament to understand what was happening that led to the Revolution. 1. Tea in America before the Revolution 2. The Boston Tea Party 3. The Beginning of the American Revolution

What started the Boston Tea party?

Once Hutchinson refused to let the ships leave, Adams and the crowd that they couldn't do anything else.

What are the new associations for opium in West?

Opium became associated with Chinese people, and Chinese immigrant populations in the US

Americans and opium

Opium so profitable, merchants from many countries were involved. Americans sell Turkish opium at a LOWER price, causing price wars and expanding the consumption of opium. -Drove lower prices of opium, tension w/Britain

Who conquered the Sultanate of Malacca? What year? What about other countries (Spain, Netherlands)?

Portugal in 1511. Spain and the Netherlands rapidly became more important in Southeast Asia.

What allowed for tea to become a drink of the Middle Class? Why did they want to drink it?

Prices came down with increasing supply + increasing wealth of middle class. it was associated with upper class consumption

When did the First Continental Congress meet?

September 1774

What did Rajasinghe II do with the Dutch in 1638? Result?

Signed a treaty with the Dutch against the Portuguese. 1656: Dutch win, capture Colombo, but retain control of coastal areas.

What is another Chinese product that spread to the rest of the world?

Silk. From 1721-1753, BEIC imports over 60,000 pieces of silk, which is not that much. Silk founded 8500 years earlier in China.

Tamils vs. Sinhalese

Tamils: tea workers who were Hindu and settled in the hills where the tea plantations were (some pre-existing tea) Sinhalese: Majority Buddhist group DEVELOP PREJUDICE AGAINST E/O

Historically, China had been producing ceramics for export that catered to foreign tastes since at least the __________ dynasty, though those earlier ceramics may not have been porcelain.

Tang

How was tea in India an "Export Market"?

The British sought to grow tea for British consumption (no tea drinking in India besides those groups in Assam until 20th century) Development of economies and culture together

From 1880 on, how did Britain use opium use?

The British tried to discourage opium use in China (b/c no longer trading it). Merchants didn't care, so missionaries were unopposed.

Who won the opium war?

The British, demonstrating both the superiority of their navy and the land forces, and the weakness of the Qing military (which was in bad condition in 1839).

What happened as opposition to the Tea Act built up, while the first 7 ships carrying EIC tea traveled to America?

The EIC consignees were successfully pressured into resigning in NY, Philadelphia, and Charleston. NY and Philadelphia - returned to England with cargoes Charleston - seized, unclaimed, by customs officials

Where did China export porcelain, long before Europeans became interested in it?

The Islamic world (rule not to eat off of gold and silver) Chinese blue and white porcelain may have been influenced by Islamic world. For most of history, Europe was poor.

What did the Dutch first do in Ceylon/Sri Lanka?

The VOC set up cinnamon gardens and tobacco farms, importing large numbers of Tamils from India to work as bonded servants in slavelike conditions.

What were the two contrary interests operating the Dutch East Indies trade?

The VOC's desire for profitable trade, and the government's desire to control the East and West Indies (which is not profitable, a lot of money needed)

What revived interest in the local Indian variety of the tea plant?

The difficulties of growing Chinese tea. (EIC only cared after they lost trade monopoly in 1834)

When did tea become cheaper than beer?

The early 19th century Price of sugar also began to drop. Sugar + milk overcame bitterness of tea.

How as tea a "patriotic" drink?

The gov. supported it, because it supported British imperial power.

What was important power-wise for Britain resulting from the marriage of Catherine of Braganza to Charles II in 1662?

The marriage transferred bases in Goa, Chittagong (Bangladesh), and Bombay (modern Mumbai) to the English. - the alliance gave the British a more firm foothold in India.

Up to the 1720s, how did the VOC get their tea from China?

They bought tea that Chinese traders brought to Batavia. Other competitors (British EIC goes to India and then Canton in 1710s, Ostend merchants from Austrian Netherlands go to Canton in 1715) are doing other things and the VOC follows.

How did the colonists protest the Stamp Act?

They protested that under the British constitution, a British Citizen could only be taxed by their elected representatives. Since the colonists did not elect anyone to Parliament, only the Colonial Assemblies could vote in tazes.

Even the sons of the Massachusetts governor, _____________________, who were themselves tea merchants, were pressured into not importing British Tea.

Thomas Hutchinson

What was the overall purpose of the Townsend Acts?

To raise revenue to pay the salaries of governors or judges to enforce compliance with trade rule, to punish New York for not complying with the Quartering Act of 1765, and establish the Parliament's right to tax the colonies.

When did tea become fashionable among the upper classes?

When Catherine of Braganza, a Portuguese princess, married Charles II in 1662. (Portuguese = Straights of Malacca in 1511, trading post at Macau by 1557, Nagasaki by 1580, Japanese silver from China and trade for Silk)

What was the key issue behind the taxes?

Who would pay the salaries of the governors and colonial officials. It was originally the colonists, who therefore had greater power over the officials. BY taxing colonists, the Parliament could pay the officials and attach their interest to the crown rather than the colonies.

20. Did tea become central to British life when it became cheap?

Yes, although it was consumed by a number of groups in British society early on, it was only when the price came down in the 19th century that its consumption spread. 1. Early Tea Drinking 2. The Middle Class 3. The Working Class

16. Was Robert Fortune stealing tea an act of war?

Yes, it was at least an act of economic warfare in that it sought to advance British interests at the expense of Chinese interests. 1. Money, Power, and War 2. Botany for Empires 3. War

18. Was the export market the basis of tea in Ceylon/Sri Lanka?

Yes, like India, Ceylon's agricultural output in the 19th century was built on exporting high value goods. 1. Sri Lankan History and the First Export Goods 2. Tea and Social Change 3. Modern Tea Production

15. Did the tea trade lead to the opium trade?

Yes. The demand for tea and European ideas of bullion (economic ideas) led to the substitution of opium for silver. 1. The British East India Company (EIC) 2. The Opium War (1839-42) 3. Late 19th century

14. Did tea transform international trade?

Yes. The increasing demand for tea shifted European interest in Chinese products. Even coffee didn't have this much of an effect. This is because tea changed trade in a way they couldn't imagine. 1. Tea 2. Silk 3. Porcelain

13. Was the Dutch trade with East Asia transformed by tea?

Yes. The need to supply quality tea to Europe forced the VOC (Dutch East India Company) to alter its trade practices. 1. European Exploration and the VOC Company 2. Early trading 3. Reorganization

What did the Tea Act do?

both gave EIC its refund on importing tea, and allowed it to import tea directly to the colonies (cut out middlemen in London) 3 pennies/pound Townsend Act tax, to pay salaries EIC used colonial consignees to receive shipments and sell them for commissions.

When and by who was the British East India Company (EIC) chartered?

by Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600

In Sri Lanka, after first planting ______ and ________, which failed because of an infestation of "tea mosquito bug," the planters began growing tea.

cocoa and cinchona (contains quinine)

Fortune's 1851 shipment

complete success in getting high quality plants to India (planted the seeds in Wardian cases with Mulberry leaves)

What did tea growing require?

correct environment, knowledgeable tea growers and processors.

1729-34 period of trade

direct trade managed by "Seventeen Gentlemen" of VOC (directors)

The price increase of the new 10% act, plus (what event), brought the EIC on the verge of bankruptcy, and created a glut of excess tea stores (that would go to America).

famine in Bengal from 1769-1773

1735-56

governor general & council of Indies in Batavia

Robert Fortune's project was mostly a commercial venture, functionally ______________________.

industrial espionage

Typical trading trip for EIC

left mid-winter from Canton and returned 13 to 14 months later

James Gordon

obtained seeds, seedlings, tea processing equipment, and people in China, and sent them to India in 1836. (didn't really succeed,)

What did the colonists do in response to the Townsend Acts?

organized protests and boycotts with widespread pledges not to import or drink British tea.

Townsend Acts (1767)

placed new taxes on tea in the colonies.

Other important imported plants:

potatoes, tomatoes (16th century by Spanish to Europe) - Christopher Columbus may have brought tomatoes as early as 1493. - Hernan Hortez after 1521

Cochineal dye

red dye from insects in Mexico in Central America. British ship it from Mexico to China in the 1700s. Dyes really important, implication of wealth.

Indemnity Act (1767)

refunded the 25% tax if the tea was then exported to the colonies.

The events right before the Tea Party: Thomas Hutchinson

refused to make concessions, and since his sons were among the consignees, kept the consignees from conceding to the opposition in Boston (4 ships) Whig leaders, including SA, wanted the ships to return to England, and men were set to watch the docks. Hutchinson wouldn't allow the Dartmouth to leave without paying the tea duty, and then 2 more ships showed up. British Law required that ships unload and pay the duty within 20 days, otherwise cargo is confiscated and unloaded onto American soil. Dec. 16th was the last day before the Dartmouth cargo had to be unloaded.

Stamp Act (1765)

required that printed materials from the colonies used paper from England within embossed revenue stamps. It was the FIRST DIRECT TAXATION OF THE COLONISTS.

King Vimaladharmasuriya I

shifted his capital to Kandy (inland) in 1592.

What did Rajasinghe II offer the French? Why? Results?

the Trincomalee Fort, to balance Dutch power. Dutch then attack French and take control over the coastal Tamil provinces (could do this because of nearby base in Batavia).

Who did the EIC ally with to attack the Portuguese and Spanish? What happened after driving them out?

the VOC. England and the Netherlands fought each other in 4 wars: 1652-54, 1665-67, 1672-74, 1780-84

Up until the late 18th century, what mitigated the tension caused by the competition b/w demand for silver in Europe's expanding economies and the flow of silver to China?

the large quantities of New World silver.

What happened when the 1767 Indemnity Act expired in 1772?

the new act passed to replace it restored a 10% tax on tea imported into Britain, and taxes for consumers in Britain, causing prices to rise and sales to DROP.

What was the key to getting the trade to work well from 1757-94?

to collect tropical trade goods from Batavia on the way to China, and then sail directly back to the Netherlands. (with tea, porcelain, and silk) This was a COMPROMISE between government's need for revenue (Batavia) and the commercial realities of supplying tea to Europe.

Impact of Speculation Boom in the 1860s

undermined tea production because of poor organization, mistreatment of labor, and widespread ignorance of good growing techniques.

Why wasn't coffee having the same result?

was very popular, but came from colonies of non-British countries, as did chocolate. Coffee supplies took longer than tea supplies to become reliable.

Tea's popularity in aristocracy not always positive: Henry Cevil in 1674 criticized his friends...

who called for tea instead of pipes and bottles after dinner, an "unworthy Indian practice"