history test gracie
_________ was the victory Lincoln was waiting for to make the Emancipation Proclamation public.
The Battle of Antietam
The concept that states had the right to "null and void any laws they considered unconstitutional" was part of which of the following?
The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
What caused the upper South to secede?
The attempt by Abraham Lincoln to resupply Fort Sumter
Which of the following characteristics is associated with the 19th-century transcendentalist movement?
The important of empirical understanding over emotion
What was a common theme in the nullification theories held by Thomas Jefferson and John C. Calhoun?
The right of states to strike down federal laws they see as unconstitutional
Which of the following issues cause major divisions in the early abolitionist movement?
The role of women within the movement
The Mexican-American War ended with the signing of which treaty?
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The monroe doctrine indicated the unite states desire to:
avoid entanglements in european wars
in the first years of the republic, americans tended to think of crime as a problem of ___________, not ___________; fair laws would nurture good republican character, and good republican citizens would respect laws they had a hand in passing
bad laws; flawed individual character
In Jackson's view, treaties with native americans served only to make it easy for the indians to ___________ united states settlers.
butcher
the effectiveness of joint operations between the Union's army and the navy depended on the:
capabilities of the commanders involved
in the 1850s, democrats opposed all of the following except
central government support to protect slave property
after legal appeals to the supreme court and several years of resistance, the ________ were removed from their native eastern lands in a forced march that became known as the trail of tears; they were driven off their homelands to what is now eastern ___________.
cherokee; oklahoma
who was Roger Taney?
chief justice of the supreme court during the Dred Scott decision
Benjamin Butler ________________.
commanded the Union army after the Battle of Bull Run
by the mid-1820s, american immigrants in texas had developed a _____________ economy
cotton
to save his life and purchase his freedom in the aftermath of his capture in san jacinto, santa anna
declared texas a free nation
in 1863 Abraham Lincoln felt that Ulysses Grant shared his strategic commitment to do what?
demand the unconditional surrender of the confederacy's armed forces
___________ became the primary symbol of urban middle-class respectability in the 1830s
domestic womanhood
the consequences of the depression of 1837 were most severe in
east coast cities
american landholders in texas were called
empresarios
the mexican government's policies on slavery were
erratic: slavery was sometimes banned, sometimes permitted
american immigrants in texas regarded mexican inconsistency and resistance toward slavery as
evidence of betrayal
Andrew Jackson's endorsement of federal restraint was confused by his equally strong conviction that he was the people; ironically, jackson _________________ the powers of the presidency.
expanded
the new urban middle class of the 1830s tended to receive their income in the form of _______, rather than ________.
fees and salaries; wages.
which issue held together the members of the new republican party?
halting salvery's expansion into any western territories
artists whose work celebrated the power and beauty of the untouched american landscape were known as the
hudson river school
which does not describe the kansas-nebraska act?
it decreased support for antislavery politicians in the north
which statement is true about the fugitive slave act of 1850?
it gave federal commissioners $10.00 if they ruled that a black captive should be returned to slavery and $5.00 if they ruled that the captive was legitimately free
what is one reason farmers were able to grow more crops to sell in the 1850s?
more americans were living in cities and working for wages, so they had to buy food rather than grow it themselves
in the late 1830s, educational reformed horace mann reassured middle-class parents that relying on an extra familial institution such as the common school was both right and natural; he also argued that
only the lack of education barred the poor from prosperity
The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 was important because it:
opened up a continuous route between the eastern seaboard the Great Lakes
market integration in the 1840s and 1850s helped
overwhelm the connections that bound the sections together
in the early 1820s, workers began to form unions to go out on strike. Printers, weavers, carpenters, masons and workers in other crafts protested _______ and _______.
poor pay; long hours
from the 1820s on, the solution to the increasing crime rate that enjoyed the greatest popularity was the establishment of state prison systems. these systems operated by variants on a single principle: the first step toward the rehabilitation of prisoners was to
prevent inmates from influencing one another
At the founding of the nation, suffrage was restricted not only by gender and race but on the basis of ______ and _______.
property ownership; tax payment
the formation of the working men's party implied that workers remained optimistic that reforms could occur but also that workers
remained skeptical that the existing political parties would be responsive to their concerns
president jackson believed that the best way to handle land disputes between native americans and white settlers was to:
remove indians entirely from lands sought by settlers
the hudson river school, was influenced by the _________ movement sweeping europe
romantic
What are the "contrabands" of war?
runaway slaves who ran to the Union lines and would not be returned to the south
the first temperance society was formed in 1808 in __________; by 1834 there were at least 5,000 state and local temperance societies
saratoga, new york
in the 1830s, american reformers began to refocus their efforts away from broad programs of social perfection to endeavors that centered on ___________ and external restraint.
self-control
the indian people that resisted removal the longest were the
seminoles
The new urban middle class described the industrial economy as a test of personal characters: success demonstrated ________ and ________
superior individual industriousness; self-discipline
on march 6, 1836, the huge mexican army, led by santa anna, wiped out 187 texan patriots barricaded in a mission called
the alamo
the american bible society is an example of a network of charities and associations called?
the benevolent empire
on april 21, 1836, sam houston and his troops surprised an encampment of troops on the san jacinto river and scored a huge victory, crowned by
the capture of santa anna
the most enduring of the early-19 venture millenarian communities is
the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints (the mormons)
the battle against cabals illustrated the belief that american party politics amounted to a struggle of:
the common people against the monied aristocracy
the major reason for the increasing tension between texas and the mexican government in the 1830s was
the mexican government's attempts to stem immigration to the Us-Mexican border
why did the westward expansion of slavery cause anxiety in the north?
the size of free farms was restricted by the amount of labor a family could perform, so more land could be offered to those with slaves
In the election of 1860, Lincoln ran on a platform dedicated to:
the ultimate extinction of slavery
one of the earliest covenanted societies, initially led by ann lee, was
the united society of believers in christ's second appearing (the shakers)
Which was one of the resolutions that Henry Clay proposed to balance the conflicting issues of the North and South?
there would be a limit to the number of slave states carved out of the texas territory, but the federal government would assume texas's debt
Many northern workers rejected the goals of the abolitionist movement because:
they feared competition for jobs
what was the goal of the wilmot proviso?
to ban preserve western lands for white settlement
the Northern strategy of "hard war" focused on:
total warfare against armies, cities, and undermining the morale of southern citizens
For andrew jackson, the quintessential "common man" was the:
western settler
separatist communities sought to create more perfect societies on earth, an effort they undertook by __________ and instituting tightly controlled spiritual, social, and economic regimens.
withdrawing from daily contact with their neighbors
the missouri compromise showed that the issue of slavery:
would remain divisive for the foreseeable future
What was George B. McClellan's greatest strength?
His ability to organize, administer and train a huge army
The main purpose of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 was to:
Increase US involvement in Latin America
Which president was responsible for signing the Missouri Compromise?
James Monroe
who was the republican party's first presidential candidate?
John C Fremont (mexican sassy slash over the e like this --> / )
Who is generally credited with being one of the first people to popularize the phrase Manifest Destiny?
John L. O'Sullivan
The founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints was:
John Smyth
Because of Jackson's penchant for using his office to punish and sideline opponents, his popularity progressively declined over the eight-year period he was president.
(After Jacksonianism)
Because of Jackson's policies, a significant rift began to develop as members saw the organization drifting away from its founding principles.
(After Jacksonianism)
Despite the significant decline in popularity of Jackson's party, the Whigs did not present themselves as being a viable alternative, due in large part to the fact that they fielded no less than FOUR candidates for the 1836.
(After Jacksonianism)
Henry Clay's opposition to Jackson's presidency was staunch. He was the individual who had spearheaded the campaign against Jackson during the latter's first presidential campaign, focusing on the decency of Jackson's wife, Rachel.
(After Jacksonianism)
In general, Democrats were viewed to be anti- big government. Andrew Jackson was something of a contradiction to this narrative. He had used presidential power to an extent unheard of before his term.
(After Jacksonianism)
Jackson was very much in favor of a strong federal government, again placing him at odds with the core beliefs of the people within his own party. He was by no means in favor of states pushing for nullification of federal regulation when they felt that it came against their rights.
(After Jacksonianism)
James Fenimoore Cooper's "Last of the Mohicans" was a fictional work that engendered the growing spirit of adventure and pioneering that was growing across the country.
(After Jacksonianism)
John L. O. Sullivan's Manifest Destiny ideology, which asserted the nation's destiny to control all lands from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific coast, ushered in a new era of political ambition.
(After Jacksonianism)
Republicans ran in 1836 essentially using anti-Jackson sentiment as their entire platform, otherwise avoiding more controversial issues.
(After Jacksonianism)
Secession was unthinkable to Jackson, and states were therefore never to leave the Union.
(After Jacksonianism)
The Canadians and the US were involved in a dispute over timber in Maine, where the latter accused the other party of crossing the border and illegally logging in Maine.
(After Jacksonianism)
The Whigs sa westward expansion and the abolition of slavery as potentially troublesome issues, and tended to avoid pushing these agendas
(After Jacksonianism)
The rift created within the Democratic Party precipitated the creation of the Whigs, which got its name from a major political party in England.
(After Jacksonianism)
To address the standoff, General Winfield Scott was deployed to the border frontier. The US offered to ignore Canadian settlements that crossed over the border into Maine on the condition that Canada respect Maine's territory.
(After Jacksonianism)
Jedediah Smith was credited with being the first white man to cross the Rocky Mountains. His expedition took him through the Desert Southwest, and he was able to determine that a significant portion of the Mississippi Purchase Lands was in fact productive, and not barren desert as initially thought.
(Other explorers)
Stephen Harriman Long led a major expedition up the Mississippi all the way to the Falls of St. Anthony.
(Other explorers)
Stephen Harriman Long was instrumental in the mapping of the lands acquired under the Louisiana Purchase. His investments were instrumental in the development of the locomotive engine as well. Long initially thought the lands of the Mississippi Purchase was strictly desert.
(Other explorers)
In 1834, Texas declared itself a sovereign republic. President Santa Ana had recently dissolved the legislature and installed himself as dictator for life in Mexico, and moved to crush what he saw as being a rebellion. His assault led to the slaughtering of some 187 men at the Alamo in 1836.
(Texas becoming a State)
Later fighting led to the capture of Santa Ana. He granted independence to Texas during his detainment. When he returned to Mexico, he repudiated the granting of independence, using the reasoning that he did so under duress.
(Texas becoming a State)
Sam Houston was the first president of the newly independent Texas. Texas petitioned to be accepted as a state in the Union. Its petition was not taken to Congress for a long period by President Van Buren, since he knew the controversy admitting a slave state would have caused (it would have shifted the balance of power in favor of the South, which had an economy based on slave labor).
(Texas becoming a State)
Texas was finally accepted as a state of the Union in 1845, when a compromise barring slavery in the Northwest Territories was arrived at.
(Texas becoming a State)
Texas was under the control of Mexico for until the 1830s. There were thousands of Americans who lived in the region, allowed there once they converted to Catholicism and became naturalized Mexican citizens.
(Texas becoming a State)
The economy of Texas was slavery based at the time, Stephen Austin rose to leadership of the Americans in the region. He was opposed to slavery and (the line cut off there?)
(Texas becoming a State)
Between the 1790 federal census and the Civil War, the slave population grew form about three quarters of a million to four million or so. The Atlantic Slave Trade was outlawed by the federal government beginning on January 1st, 1808, though were was smuggling going on.
(The south in the Early 1800s - The Controversy over Whether Slavery was Legitimate)
Cotton was not as popular until the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793, since it took a lot of work to separate the cotton from the seeds. With the cotton gin, there was an explosion in cotton production.
(The south in the Early 1800s - The Controversy over Whether Slavery was Legitimate)
In the North, slavery was less essential to the economy, since the main industries were manufacturing in the textile mills, for example. The few slaves that were found in that area of the country were mainly skilled laborers, such as blacksmiths and tanner of animal hides.
(The south in the Early 1800s - The Controversy over Whether Slavery was Legitimate)
John C. Calhoun, born 1782, was one of the staunchest supporter of southern values, and earned himself the title, "cast iron man." Calhoun said "where two races of different origin, and distinguished by color, and other physical differences, as well as intellectual, are brought together, the relation now existing in the slaveholding States between the two, is, instead of an evil, a good - a positive good..."
(The south in the Early 1800s - The Controversy over Whether Slavery was Legitimate)
Nullification would later be used as a justification for eleven states int he South seceding from the Union, leading to the Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865.
(The south in the Early 1800s - The Controversy over Whether Slavery was Legitimate)
Slavery was already the backbone of the economy for southern states such as Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, North and South Carolina and Virginia. The plantations needed an abundant source of cheap labor for rice, tobacco and cotton fields.
(The south in the Early 1800s - The Controversy over Whether Slavery was Legitimate)
Some slaves worked in the households cooking, cleaning and tending tot he children of their owners. Fewer still worked as skilled laborers.
(The south in the Early 1800s - The Controversy over Whether Slavery was Legitimate)
South Carolina was particularly hard hit by an economic downturn that followed the War of 1812. The tariff, put in place in 1828, was blamed as one of the reasons for the economic malaise.
(The south in the Early 1800s - The Controversy over Whether Slavery was Legitimate)
The North, with relatively less dependence on slavery fore its economic survival, was conceivably more likely to support abolitionist ideals. The Quakers in Pennsylvania was the first organized group to completely condemn slavery as an institution and was very vocal in its opposition.
(The south in the Early 1800s - The Controversy over Whether Slavery was Legitimate)
The Nullification Crisis of 1832 and 1833 resulted from a tariff that the federal government had instituted. This series of events involved a loose coalition of southern states declaring their right to declare any federal law that are deemed to infringe on states' rights could be deemed unconstitutional.
(The south in the Early 1800s - The Controversy over Whether Slavery was Legitimate)
The Ordinance of 1787 banned slavery in the new territories, such as Ohio, Missouri and Arkansas Territories. The issue of slavery could again be addressed when territories were admitted into the Union as states; the prospective state's residents would vote over whether they would enter the Union as free or slave states.
(The south in the Early 1800s - The Controversy over Whether Slavery was Legitimate)
The large majority of whites in the South ere not slave owners, but many equated owning a slave or two as a symbol of manhood and social status. The planter class was the South's answer to a titled aristocracy, and they tended to control the state legislatures and were looked up to as the ultimate level in the societal hierarchy.
(The south in the Early 1800s - The Controversy over Whether Slavery was Legitimate)
The period between the War of 1812 and the Civil War was a chaotic time for America. It was working out what democracy and being a republic entailed, and this process was not terribly easy for a nation only a few decades old.
(The south in the Early 1800s - The Controversy over Whether Slavery was Legitimate)
The planer class generally benefitted form the institution of slavery by shifting their focus away from economic inequalities that existed at the time. Poorer southern white needed the status quo, since they generally could not attain tot the level of wealth and influence that their plantocrat counterparts had.
(The south in the Early 1800s - The Controversy over Whether Slavery was Legitimate)
Though not slave owners themselves, poor whites did not consider the notion of abolition for a moment, since blacks being freed gave them one degree less separation from a race of people they generally deemed to be their inferiors.
(The south in the Early 1800s - The Controversy over Whether Slavery was Legitimate)
Tobacco had been the chief crop in the South, but its demands on the soil meant that the lands were soon depleted after successive years of tobacco production.
(The south in the Early 1800s - The Controversy over Whether Slavery was Legitimate)
While many Northerners were open to the idea of abolition, this stance was not universal in the region - some were opposed to the notion because they believed that freed slaves would compete with white men for available jobs. Others saw it as a necessary evil.
(The south in the Early 1800s - The Controversy over Whether Slavery was Legitimate)
During his expeditions, Pike crossed over into Spanish controlled territory and was arrested under suspicion of him being a spy.
(Zebulon Pike's Southwest Expedition)
Pike had been charged by General James Wilkinson with finding the headwaters of the Mississippi river; Pike was able to map the course of the Arkansas River.
(Zebulon Pike's Southwest Expedition)
The age of exploration began with Zebulon Pike, who led an expedition west, making it all the way to Pikes Peak, which was named after him.
(Zebulon Pike's Southwest Expedition)
Women enjoyed increased rights and opportunities in all of the following areas during the Civil War EXCEPT: B
A: Factory work B: Voting rights C: Plantation work D: Manufacturing of ammunition
who was not a member of the "great triumvirate"? B
A: Henry Clay of Kentucky B: Stephan A. Douglas of Illinois C: Daniel Webster of Massachusetts D: John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
Which of the following was a major result of the McCulloch V. Maryland decision? D
A: It addressed Native American territorial rights B: It stated that the national bank was illegal C: It prevented states from interfering with business contracts D: It enforced the principle that the federal government has authority over state governments.
Which of the following statements about the Treaty of Ghent is NOT true? B
A: It ended the war of 1812 B: It settled the border disputes involving the Louisiana Territory C: It failed to address British impressments D: it did not address the idea of freedom of the seas
Which of the following statements about the Missouri Compromise is NOT true? C
A: Maine was admitted into the Union as a free state B: Missouri joined the Union as a slave state C: Slavery was not allowed in the old Northwest Territory D: Slavery was illegal north of the 36degree30' Line
Which of the following most directly undermines Calhoun's assertions? B
A: Many slaves adopted elements of Christianity B: Many slaves engaged in forms of resistance to slavery C: Abolitionist societies encountered difficulty organizing in Southern states D: A majority of White Southerners were not slaveholders
Which of the following Supreme Court decisions directly established the federal government's right to regulate interstate commerce? D
A: McCulloch v. Maryland B: Plessy v. Ferguson C: Dartmouth College v. Woodward D: Gibbons v. Ogden
Which of the following Supreme Court decisions directly dealt with Native American territorial rights? B
A: McCulloch v. Maryland B: Worcester v. State of Georgia C: Marbury v. Madison D: Gibbons v. Ogden
Which of the following was NOT a cause of delaying the annexation of Texas? C
A: Resistance tot he creation of another Southern state B: Lack of support from the Whigs in the Senate C: British trade and defensive treaties with Texas D: Abolitionists' opposition to creating another slave state
Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support Calhoun's views expressed in the excerpt? A
A: Southern landowners B: Members of nativist political parties C: Members of the Whig Party D: Northern industrialists
All of the following were advantages enjoyed by the North during the early years of the Civil War EXCEPT: A
A: Strong military leaders B: Large supply of economic resources C: A large population base D: An industry-based economy
What did not happen at the first Battle of Bull Run? C
A: The Confederacy successfully used the railroad to shift reinforcements B: "Stonewall" Jackson motivated troops to drive back the Union C: The battle resembled a well-executed set of maneuvers D: Spectators came to watch
Which of the following was a direct result of the Missouri Compromise? B
A: The state of Maine was created B: Slavery was allowed only in states south of Missouri's northern border C: Kentucky outlawed slavery D: The balance of free and slave states ended
what most distinguished irish immigrants from other members of united states populace during the early nineteenth century? D (all of the above)
A: Their catholicism B: work as domestic servants C: their willingness to work in the mills D: all of the above
all of the following statements about the Whig party are true except: C
A: former national republicans in the urban northeast and upper west made up the bulk of the whig party B: some members of the whig party doubted the wisdom of uncontrolled territorial expansion C: the whigs rejected the elements of the earlier "american system": a national bank, a strong protective tariff, and government-sponsored internal improvements. D: when applied to jackson's opponents, the term "whig" suggested that jackson ruled like a king instead of an elected official
all of the following statements are true of the anti mason party except: A
A: it chose andrew jackson as its candidate for president in 1831 B: it originated in new york C: its members pledged never again to vote for a mason D: its members vowed to work for the defeat of any mason currently in office
all of the following statements about the benevolent empire are true except: A
A: its loose network of charities and organizations did not express itself in religious terms B: its loose network of charities and organizations sought social reform C: its societies offered special opportunities for women D: its societies represented a curious combination of emotional and ration approaches to reform
Which demand was not part of the Crittenden Compromise? C
A: restoring the Missouri Compromise line B: Guaranteeing the federal protection of slaves south of the Missouri Compromise line in all current territories and those to be acquired in the future C: abolishing slavery in Washington, D.C. D: requiring the federal government to compensate masters who were unable to recover fugitive slaves from the north
which does not describe frederick douglass - A
A: settler of the west B: a runaway slave C: a skilled caulker D: an abolitionist
In the 1840s and 1850s, the views expressed by Calhoun most directly contributed to: B
A: the United States acquisition of new territory in the West B: Increased sectional divisions between the North and the South C: The development of sharecropping and tenant farming in the South D: the rise of voluntary organizations to promote religious reform
Which of the following was NOT a provision of the initial Monroe Doctrine? A
A: the Western Hemisphere was closed to colonization B: the Americas were politically different from the nations of Europe C: European intervention in the Western Hemisphere would be regarded as a threat to US security D: The United States would not intervene in European wars and conflicts
What was one significant outcome of the Battle of Shiloh?
Both armies suffered the greatest number of casualties up to that point in the war
by 1830, there were more than __________ americans (including __________ slaves) living in the northeastern province of mexico, adjacent to louisiana
20,000; 1,000
__________ fired one of the first shots of the civil war
Edmund Ruffin
The United States Sanitary Commission did which of the following?
Established the first ambulance corps
Migrants to the backcountry in the 1820s had trouble purchasing land for all of the following reasons except:
Few settlers could come up with the $500 they needed to make the minimum land purchase required by the Land Act of 1820.
Which best describes the South at the end of the war?
Most of the South lay in ruins
The Free-Soil Party's platform could best be described as:
Opposing the expansion of slavery into western territories
During the early 19th century, laws created in the Southern states concerning free blacks were primarily intended to:
Persuade free blacks to relocate to Northern States
after the panic of 1819, shopkeepers, farmers, and urban workers focused their anger on the power of:
Second bank of the united states
The Wilmot Proviso stated that:
Slavery would not be allowed in the land taken from Mexico
Which state seceded first?
South Carolina
who as the most powerful republican in the 1850s?
William Seward
in the early nineteenth century, americans first envisioned themselves cultivating the wilderness into a homestead and then further taming the land to build all of the following except
a modest business empire
hoping eventually to secure united states statehood, texas first declared itself _______ on march 2, 1836.
a sovereign republic
in the transcontinental treaty of 1819, spain ceded _________ to the united states in return for the US government's agreement to assume private American claims against Spain in the amount of about $5 million.
all of florida