History Unit 8
How did trade lead to a wider world view of people?
Contact with goods and merchants from other lands; travel to other lands
How did the Crusades accelerate change in Europe?
Crusaders brought goods and ideas back with them, trade increased a money economy, began to undermine serfdom, and ships that had carried crusaders were available for trade and exploration
Geoffrey Chaucer
English writer who wrote Canterbury Tales - describes a band of pilgrims traveling to Saint Thomas Becket's tomb at Canterbury
Holy Land
Jerusalem and other places in Palestine where Christians believe Jesus had lived and preached
What achievements in learning, literature, and the arts characterized the High and late Middle Ages?
Learning - rise of universities, interest in ancient Greek and Muslim learning, scholasticism Literature - heroic epics, Dante's Divine Comedy, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales Art and Architecture - Gothic style, stained-glass, illuminated manuscripts, religious art, tapestries
What kinds of changes would the appearance of vernacular writing indicate?
More people could read; audience wider than just the elite
Who preserved and continued to study ancient Greek works?
Muslim scholars of the Middle East
How did medieval teaching methods differ from today's methods?
Only a few did in convents and some private schools
Why were heroic epics in the vernacular popular with medieval Europeans?
People could understand the stories, whose heroes embodied their own ideals
What motivated people to participate in the Crusades?
Religious zeal, escaping troubles, adventure; for some knights, nobles, and monarchs they saw the hope of winning, wealth, land, power, and fame.
Given the emotions caused by the Crusades, how do you think European Christians regarded Muslim control of a part of Europe?
They hated the idea and tried to drive the Muslims out
Ferdinand and Isabella
monarchs of Spain who forced the Moors out of Spain with the Reconquista and instituted the Inquisition to drive out the remaining Moors and Jews
Who were the Seljuk Turks?
A people who had migrated from Central Asia to the Middle East, where they had converted to Islam and created an empire that included the Holy Land and most of the former Byzantine lands.
Explain three reasons why Europeans joined the Crusades:
A) Religious zeal B) Hope of winning wealth and land C) Escaping troubles at home D) Adventure E) Power F) Fame
How did new knowledge pose a challenge to Christian scholars?
Aristotle taught that people should use reason to discover truth; the Church taught that faith and the Church were the final authority
Why were these works a challenge to medieval thinkers?
Aristotle taught that people should use reason to discover truth; the Church taught that faith and the Church were the final authority.
Why did an improving economy lead to the growth of universities?
As some people became wealthy, they looked for opportunities for their children in government bureaucracies and the Church, which required education
Why did the Crusades leave a legacy of religious hatred?
Atrocities on both sides; unresolved claims over the holy city of Jerusalem
How was the unified state of Spain formed?
By the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
How did the Crusades change life in Europe and beyond?
In Europe, the Crusades led to economic expansion; increased trade and use of money, which undermined serfdom and led to prosperity of northern Italian cities. They led to increased power of the monarchs, and, briefly, to increased power of the papacy. In the Middle East, Muslim regimes united to fight the invaders and, under Saladin, began to reunify the region.
Why did science make little progress at this time period?
It did not fit with Church teachings and was therefore rejected
Why was the invasion of the Byzantine empire by the Turks significant?
It led to the call for help form the Byzantine emperor and thus to the Crusades.
How does Dante's journey reflect the interests of medieval Europeans?
It reflects the quest for religious understanding and the sense that life is a journey toward the afterlife, which is determined by people's actions.
How did Europe compare with the other cultures that existed in 1050?
It was less unified than many of them and in some ways less advanced.
How was this conflict resolved?
Scholastics said that both faith and reason lead to the same truth
How was religion central to art and architecture of the Middle Ages?
The major architectural advance of the Middle Ages was the Gothic cathedral. Stained-glass windows, painting, and sculpture often had religious themes.
Why was the unified state important?
Their combined forces were finally successful in driving the Muslims from Spain and in bringing religious unity to Spain by persecuting and driving out non-Christians
How did they change the situation in the Middle East?
Their conflicts with the Byzantines prevented Christian pilgrims from traveling to the Holy Land.
How might universities that drew students from many lands, affect European life in the future?
They would encourage the spread of ideas and a blending of local cultures into a more general European culture
Inquisition
a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy
Crusades
a series of wars form the 1000s through 1200s in which European Christians tried to win control of the Holy Land from Muslims
Pope Urban II
called for the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont
Pope Innocent III
claimed supremacy over all rulers
Scholasticism
combining of Jewish philosophers, Muslim philosophers, and Christian thought into one application; thus, one could reason through the answer
Reconquista
during the 1400s, the campaign by European Christians to drive the Muslims from preset-day Spain
Vernacular
everyday culture of the people; may include language, architecture, etc.
Gothic style
replaced the heavy Romanesque churches; larger windows, spires and towers, thinner walls, stain class windows of intricate design
Flying buttresses
stone supports that stood outside the church
Illumination
the artistic decoration of books and manuscripts.
Dante Alighieri
wrote Divine Comedy; journey into hell and purgatory and concludes with a vision of heaven
Thomas Aquinas
wrote Summa theological; he concluded that faith and reason exist in harmony