HIV adaptive Quizzing
A nurse is caring for a patient who is diagnosed with HIV infection. What education can the nurse provide the patient in order to delay the progression of the disease? Select all that apply. Multiple selection question Eat a well-balanced diet. Avoid all kinds of vaccinations. Get adequate rest and exercise. Avoid alcohol, tobacco, and drug use. Avoid exposure to new infectious agents.
Eat a well-balanced diet. Get adequate rest and exercise. Avoid alcohol, tobacco, and drug use. Avoid exposure to new infectious agents. The progression of HIV infection to AIDS may be delayed by maintaining an optimal health level. The patient should get adequate rest and exercise to promote independence and maintain health. Exposure to infectious agents should be avoided because of the patient's compromised immunity. Vaccination will help to increase the immunity of the patient. Eating a well-balanced diet would help the patient restore the nutrients lost during the infectious process and maintain energy. Alcohol, tobacco, and drug use may worsen the condition and should be avoided.
A patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has come to the clinic without any improvement in condition in spite of antiretroviral therapy. On assessment, the nurse learns that the patient was nonadherent with therapy. What are the next appropriate nursing actions? Select all that apply. Multiple selection question Avoid discussing the patient's status with other people. Assess the need for a change in the medication regimen. Determine if the patient experienced any adverse effects of the medications. Determine whether the patient understands the need for treatment compliance. Instruct the patient to avoid adjusting dosages, even if the medications interfere with the patient's work schedule.
Assess the need for a change in the medication regimen. Determine if the patient experienced any adverse effects of the medications. Determine whether the patient understands the need for treatment compliance. Noncompliance to the treatment regimen is common in patients with HIV; therefore, the nurse should evaluate the factors that may lead to the noncompliance. If the noncompliance is caused by side effects, the side effects should be treated or the regimen should be changed. The nurse should determine if the patient experienced any adverse effects to the drugs. Sometimes patients will not comprehend the need for compliance to the antiretroviral therapy. Therefore the nurse should educate the patient about the importance of compliance. The nurse should engage the patient's family and friends when teaching about the medications and the need for compliance. Sometimes compliance can be improved if the patient adjusts the medication according to a work schedule.
An HIV patient is on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART). Of what side effects of the antiretroviral therapy should the nurse instruct the patient to be aware? Multiple choice question Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Lipodystrophy
Lipodystrophy HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy may develop a metabolic disorder called lipodystrophy, which is the deposition of fat in the abdomen, upper back, and breasts. There may simultaneously be a loss of fat in the arms, legs, and face. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are short-term side effects of ART and tend to subside with regular use.
The nurse should assess a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) for which most common symptoms? Multiple choice question Tremors and bradykinesia Hematuria and abdominal pain Persistent vomiting and headache Low-grade fever and persistent diarrhea
Low-grade fever and persistent diarrhea The symptoms of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are variable, but low-grade fever and persistent diarrhea are common. Tremors and bradykinesia, hematuria and abdominal pain, and persistent vomiting and headache are not specifically associated with AIDS.
The nurse is caring for a patient who is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive. The nurse is educating the patient about CD4 T cells. Which statement will be a part of the nurse's teaching? Multiple choice question "HIV produces CD4 cells to cause your infections." "HIV will destroy your CD4 cells and overwhelm your body." "Your immune system is healthy as long as you have CD4 cells." "Immune problems occur when your CD4 level is greater than 500 CD4 T cells/uL."
"HIV will destroy your CD4 cells and overwhelm your body." HIV cripples the immune system by destroying CD4 cells and overwhelming the body. The human body produces CD4 cells to fight the HIV virus. An immune system is considered healthy as long as CD4 levels remain above 500 CD4 T cells/uL, not for as long as the human body has CD4 cells. Immune problems occur when CD4 levels are less than 500 CD4 T cells/uL.
A nurse is assessing a patient's human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk. Which questions should the nurse ask to assess for an increased risk? Select all that apply. Multiple selection question "Have you ever had oral thrush?" "Have you ever been hospitalized?" "Have you ever had a blood transfusion?" "Have you ever had unprotected sexual intercourse?" "Have you ever had a sexually transmitted infection?"
"Have you ever had a blood transfusion?" "Have you ever had unprotected sexual intercourse?" "Have you ever had a sexually transmitted infection?" To help a patient assess risk of HIV, the nurse should ask questions regarding history of blood transfusion, unprotected sexual intercourse, and sexually transmitted disease. These questions provide the minimum information needed to initiate a risk assessment. A positive response to any of these questions should be followed by an in-depth exploration of issues related to the identified risk. A history of oral thrush or hospitalization may not indicate risky behavior and may not contribute to risk assessment.
A pregnant woman who was tested and diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is very upset. What should the nurse teach this patient about her baby's risk of being born with HIV infection? Multiple choice question "The baby probably will be infected with HIV." "Only an abortion will keep your baby from having HIV." "Treatment with antiretroviral therapy will decrease the baby's chance of HIV infection." "The duration and frequency of contact with the organism will determine if the baby gets HIV infection."
"Treatment with antiretroviral therapy will decrease the baby's chance of HIV infection." On average, 25% of infants born to women with untreated HIV will be born with HIV. The risk of transmission is reduced to less than 2% if the infected pregnant woman is treated with antiretroviral therapy. Duration and frequency of contact with the HIV organism are two variables that influence whether transmission of HIV occurs. Volume, virulence, and concentration of the organism, as well as host immune status, are variables related to transmission via blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or breast milk.
The nurse provides education to a patient who has expressed concern about contracting HIV infection. Which statement indicates that the patient understands the teaching? Multiple choice question "I can't contract HIV unless there's an opportunistic infection present." "Using a condom with a spermicide will give 100% protection from HIV." "Using a condom with a spermicide will reduce my risk of contracting HIV." "Kaposi sarcoma is one of the first opportunistic infections to show up in someone with HIV."
"Using a condom with a spermicide will reduce my risk of contracting HIV." Research indicates that using a condom with a spermicidal jelly containing nonoxynol-9 provides the greatest reduction of risk of contracting HIV during sexual intercourse. An opportunistic infection does not have to be present, a condom with spermicide does not provide 100% protection, and Kapos sarcoma is not one of the first opportunistic infections to appear in someone infected with HIV.
A woman infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) delivers a baby with congenital anomalies. The patient was put on Atripla (tenofovir DF+emtricitabine+efavirenz) during pregnancy to control infection. The nurse recognizes that what is the probable cause for the fetal malformations? Multiple choice question Adverse effects of efavirenz Adverse effects of tenofovir DF Adverse effects of emtricitabine Immune deficiency due to HIV
Adverse effects of efavirenz The use of efavirenz in large doses in pregnant women may cause fetal anomalies. Tenofovir and emtricitabine are usually not associated with fetal malformations. Tenofovir and emtricitabine are used for preexposure prophylaxis. Immune deficiency due to HIV rarely causes fetal malformation.
The nurse is reviewing home medications with a patient diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Which medications and over-the-counter pills may have interactions with HIV therapy? Select all that apply. Multiple selection question Antacids St. John's wort Protease inhibitors Integrase inhibitors Proton pump inhibitors
Antacids St. John's wort Proton pump inhibitors Antacids, proton pump inhibitors, and St. John's wort all interact with HIV drug therapy. Protease inhibitors and integrase inhibitors are drugs used to treat HIV.
During an assessment, the nurse finds that a patient who is HIV-positive has whitish yellow patches in the mouth, GI tract, and esophagus. Which opportunistic infection is the patient likely experiencing? Multiple choice question Candida albicans Coccidioides immitis Cryptosporidium muris Cryptococcus neoformans
Candida albicans Opportunistic infections are caused by microorganisms that normally do not cause disease but which become pathogenic when the immune system is impaired and unable to fight off infection. AIDS patients are susceptible to opportunistic diseases. Whitish yellow patches in mouth, GI tract, and esophagus and the presence of thrush indicate Candida albicans. Infection by Coccidioides immitis manifests with symptoms like pneumonia, fever, weight loss, and cough. Cryptosporidium muris gastroenteritis is characterized by watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Meningitis, cognitive impairment, motor dysfunction, fever, seizures, and headache are symptoms of Cryptococcus neoformans.
A patient is diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Which opportunistic infections should the nurse monitor for in the patient? Select all that apply. Multiple selection question Legionnaires' disease Candidiasis of bronchi Ebola hemorrhagic fever Toxoplasmosis of the brain Mycobacterium avium (MAC) complex
Candidiasis of bronchi Toxoplasmosis of the brain Mycobacterium avium (MAC) complex Candidiasis of bronchi, toxoplasmosis of the brain, and Mycobacterium avium complex are opportunistic infections in AIDS, because the immune system is too weak to fight back. Candidiasis of the bronchi is a fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. It rarely causes problems in healthy adults because they have strong immune systems, but is common in people with HIV due to weakened immunity. Toxoplasmosis of the brain is a protozoal infection, and Mycobacterium avium complex is a bacterial infection. Ebola hemorrhagic fever is caused by Ebola virus, and Legionnaires' disease is caused by Legionella pneumophila; these are not opportunistic diseases. They are emerging infections that have recently increased in incidence .
A patient was diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) approximately 12 years ago. The nurse recognizes that which assessment findings are diagnostic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Select all that apply. Multiple selection question Typhoid fever Hepatitis A infection Esophageal candidiasis Pulmonary cryptococcosis CD4 count less than 200 cells/µL
Esophageal candidiasis CD4 count less than 200 cells/µL To diagnose AIDS, the patient should have an opportunistic infection such as esophageal candidiasis, or the CD4 count should be less than 200 cells/µL of blood. Typhoid fever is not a diagnostic parameter for diagnosis of AIDS. Hepatitis A infection is not diagnostic of AIDS because it is not an opportunistic infection. Extrapulmonary cryptococcosis is diagnostic of AIDS, but pulmonary cryptococcosis is not.
The nurse is preparing to disconnect IV fluid tubing from the access port so the patient can ambulate to the bathroom. What will the nurse wear to prevent the spread of pathogens? Multiple choice question A cap Gloves Shoe covers An isolation gown
Gloves When disconnecting IV fluid tubing, the nurse may come in contact with blood. Therefore personal protective equipment such as gloves should be used. This also helps the nurse avoid an infection by not touching contaminated items or surfaces. Caps, gowns, and boots are not required when removing IV tubing.
A health care organization that is in compliance with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) provides what type of personal protective equipment (PPE) for health care workers? Select all that apply. Multiple selection question Gowns Aprons Gloves Hand gel Face protection
Gowns Aprons Gloves Face protection A health care organization that is in compliance with OSHA provides face protection and clothing such as gowns, aprons, and gloves for health care workers. Hand gel is not considered PPE.
A patient's laboratory report reveals that the patient's CD4 + T-cell count has dropped below 200 cells/µL. The patient is diagnosed with Burkitt's lymphoma and has herpes simplex with chronic ulcers. The nurse weighs the patient and finds that there is a loss of 10% of body mass. Which infection is likely to be found in this patient? Multiple choice question Parvovirus Varicella-zoster Adenoviruses infection Human immunodeficiency virus infection
Human immunodeficiency virus infection In human immunodeficiency virus infection, the CD4+ T-cell count drops below 200 cells/µL due to the destruction of the white blood cells. As a result, immunity decreases. Due to the decreased immunity, opportunistic infections such as herpes simplex and Burkitt's lymphoma may occur. Due to the ongoing infectious process, the body goes into a state of catabolism, resulting in significant weight loss. Parvovirus produces gastroenteritis. Varicella-zoster virus causes chickenpox and shingles. Adenoviruses cause upper respiratory tract infections and pneumonia.
A goal of Healthy People 2020 is to prevent the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and early detection of those infected. Which are strategies aimed at meeting this goal? Select all that apply. Multiple selection question Increased accessibility to HIV testing facilities Mandatory HIV testing as a routine part of health care Denial of sterile intravenous equipment to drug abusers Inclusion of voluntary HIV testing in routine prenatal care Advocacy for safer sex practices including use of condoms
Increased accessibility to HIV testing facilities Inclusion of voluntary HIV testing in routine prenatal care Advocacy for safer sex practices including use of condoms Strategies aimed at prevention and early detection of HIV include increasing accessibility to HIV testing facilities (e.g., drug and alcohol treatment centers and community-based organizations); offering voluntary HIV testing as part of routine prenatal care; and advocating for safer sex practices (including use of condoms). Mandated HIV testing may result in avoidance of routine health care. Taking measures to prevent drug abusers from sharing needles is imperative. Many needle/syringe exchange programs have decreased the incidence of HIV among intravenous drug abusers.
The nurse assesses a patient who tests positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Which finding would the nurse identify as the highest priority for follow-up? Multiple choice question Anorexia Insomnia Mood swings New or productive cough
New or productive cough The patient who tests positive for HIV should be informed to report a new or productive cough within 24 hours after symptoms begin. After evaluation of the cough, follow-up care for anorexia, insomnia, and mood swings is secondary.
A patient has been prescribed antiretroviral therapy (ART), and the nurse is monitoring the assessment of growth of HIV in the concentrations of prescribed antiretroviral drugs. The nurse anticipates that what test will be advised for the patient? Multiple choice question Genotype assay Phenotype assay Enzyme immunoassay Immunofluorescence assay
Phenotype assay A phenotype assay involves the assessment of growth of HIV in various concentrations of antiretroviral drugs. It helps determine the correct dosage of ART for the patient. A genotype test assesses the drug-resistant mutations in protease and reverse transcriptase genes. The enzyme immunoassay and immunofluorescence assay are used to detect serum antibodies that bind to HIV antigens.
A patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) taking antiretroviral therapy reports they are starting to feel like they did before starting the therapy. What test should the nurse prepare the patient for? Multiple choice question Phenotype assay Western Blot test Standard antibody test White blood cell count lab test
Phenotype assay The patient may have developed a resistance to the medications, and either a genotype or phenotype assay will let the nurse know if this is the reason why the antiretroviral therapy may not be working effectively. The Western Blot test is done to confirm that the patient has HIV. The standard antibody test is done to test for HIV antibodies. White blood cell count laboratory tests are done to test for possible infection.
A patient diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) comes to the clinic to find out which tests would determine the prognosis of the syndrome. What information will the nurse provide? Select all that apply. Multiple selection question Prognosis can be assessed by viral load. Prognosis can be assessed by CD4 +T-cell count. Prognosis can be assessed by red blood cell count. Prognosis can be assessed by testing for hepatitis B virus (HBV). Prognosis can be assessed by immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody levels.
Prognosis can be assessed by viral load. Prognosis can be assessed by CD4 +T-cell count. The progression HIV infection is monitored by two important laboratory assessments: CD4+T-cell counts and viral load. Laboratory tests that measure viral levels provide an assessment of disease progression. The CD4 +T-cell count is done to monitor the progression of HIV infection and response to treatment. The normal range for CD4 +T cells is 800 to 1200 cells/μL. The red blood cell count indicates presence or absence of anemia. The tests for HBV and HCV indicate the infection with respective hepatitis virus. IgM antibody levels are nonspecific and do not indicate the progress of AIDS.
A patient with a recent diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is expressing anger and asks the nurse, "Why has God done this to me?" What behaviors is the patient exhibiting? Multiple choice question Anxiety Hopelessness Spiritual distress Lack of coping skills
Spiritual distress In this situation, the patient is expressing anger at God, which is characteristic of spiritual distress. Hopelessness can be characterized by lack of involvement in care. Anxiety can be characterized by difficulty sleeping or concern about the future. Ineffective coping can be characterized by denial of the diagnosis and the care needed.
In the early stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which cells protect the human body from infections? Select all that apply. Multiple selection question Platelets T lymphocytes B lymphocytes Red blood cells Immunoglobulins
T lymphocytes B lymphocytes In the early stages of HIV infection, B cells and T cells protect the body from infections. B cells make HIV-specific antibodies that are effective in reducing viral loads in the blood. T cells play a key role in the immune system's ability to recognize and defend against pathogens. Immune dysfunction in HIV infection is predominantly the result of damage to and destruction of CD4 + T-cells. Platelets do not take part in providing immunity to the human body. They are required for clotting mechanism. Immunoglobulins do not contribute in protection against HIV infection. Red blood cells do not play a role in protection from infections.
A patient is concerned they may contract human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from a partner that engages in sexually risky activities. What should the nurse include when educating about preexposure prophylaxis? Select all that apply. Multiple selection question Take fluconazole Take amphotericin B
Take emtricitabine and tenofovir regularly Have regular HIV testing for both partners Use condoms for risk-reducing sexual relations Using male or female condoms, having monthly HIV testing for both partners, and taking emtricitabine and tenofovir regularly have been shown to decrease the infection rate of having sex with a partner who participates in high-risk behavior. Fluconazole and amphotericin B are taken for Candida albicans, Coccidioides immitis, and Cryptococcus neoformans, which are all opportunistic diseases associated with HIV infection.
A patient came to a clinic for a pregnancy test because she had missed her last menstrual period. Despite the use of a condom, the test was positive. What information should be given to this patient by the nurse? Select all that apply. Multiple selection question Discuss antiretroviral therapy (ART). Tell her that failure of condoms is possible. Offer access to voluntary HIV-antibody testing. Advise her that she can choose abortion if she wants. Advise her to get her partner tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Tell her that failure of condoms is possible. Offer access to voluntary HIV-antibody testing. Advise her that she can choose abortion if she wants. Condoms are used for contraception and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. Condoms may slip off the penis after ejaculation or break due to improper application or physical damage. If she wants to choose abortion, she can do so without consent from her husband. The current standard of care is for all women who are pregnant to be routinely offered access to voluntary HIV-antibody testing, and, if infected, offered optimal ART. Because she is not yet diagnosed with HIV infection, ART is not required. There is no need to get her partner tested for HIV because she is not diagnosed with HIV infection
The nurse is discussing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention with a patient with a history of substance abuse. Which strategy can the nurse teach the patient to eliminate the risk of HIV transmission? Select all that apply. Multiple selection question Using sterile equipment to inject drugs. Cleaning equipment used to inject drugs. Educate the patient to wear gloves when self-injecting. Not sharing equipment used to prepare and inject drugs. Not having sexual intercourse while under the influence of drugs.
Using sterile equipment to inject drugs. Cleaning equipment used to inject drugs. Not sharing equipment used to prepare and inject drugs. Not having sexual intercourse while under the influence of drugs. The major risk for HIV related to using drugs involves sharing equipment or having unsafe sexual experiences while under the influence of drugs. Basic risk reduction rules are do not use drugs; if you use drugs, do not share equipment; and do not have sexual intercourse when under the influence of any drug (including alcohol) that impairs decision making. The risk of HIV for these individuals can be eliminated if they do not share equipment. Injecting equipment ("works") includes needles, syringes, cookers (spoons or bottle caps used to mix the drug), cotton, and rinse water. Equipment used to snort (straws) or smoke (pipes) drugs also can be contaminated with blood and should not be shared. Access to sterile equipment is an important risk elimination tactic. Some communities have needle and syringe exchange programs (NSEPs) that provide sterile equipment in exchange for used equipment. Cleaning equipment before use also can reduce risk by decreasing the chance of blood contact. Wearing gloves does not reduce the risk of HIV transmission when using drugs.
The nurse is providing patient education for a newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient. Which of these statements by the patient reflects a need for further teaching? Multiple choice question "I need to keep my appointments for follow-up laboratory work." "I will call my health care provider if I am too sick to take these drugs." "Once my tests show that the virus has decreased, I cannot give HIV to another person." "I won't take any new drugs or herbal products without checking with my health care provider first."
"Once my tests show that the virus has decreased, I cannot give HIV to another person." Even at the point when the viral load is undetectable, HIV still can be transmitted to others and the patient will need to continue protection measures. It is important to keep the appointments for follow-up laboratory work to monitor the effectiveness of the antiretroviral therapy (ART). Patients should be instructed to take all medications as prescribed without stopping any of them. If the patient is unable to tolerate even one of the drugs, then the health care provider needs to be notified immediately. Instruct patients not to take any other medications, including over-the-counter and herbal products, without checking with the health care provider first.
A patient asks the nurse about rapid testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at home. What is the best response by the nurse? Multiple choice question "These tests are done on freshly voided urine." "Positive rapid tests should be repeated for confirmation." "Rapid tests are screening tests for antibodies, not for antigens." "These tests are not recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)."
"Rapid tests are screening tests for antibodies, not for antigens." Rapid testing is recommended strongly by the CDC and can be done in a variety of settings. These tests are screening tests for antibodies, not antigens; testing is done on oral fluid samples. Positive rapid tests need to be confirmed with the more specific Western blot (WB) or immunofluorescence assay (IFA). This step necessitates a blood draw and a return appointment to get results.
A nurse is asked to teach a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) about the measures to be taken to prevent resistance to antibiotics and infections. What information should the nurse give? Select all that apply. Multiple selection question Advise patient to avoid skipping antibiotic doses. Advise patient to wash hands properly and regularly. Advise patient to save unfinished antibiotics for later use. Advise patient to avoid requesting an antibiotic for flu or colds. Advise patient to only take antibiotics until the patient feels better.
Advise patient to avoid skipping antibiotic doses. antibiotic doses. Advise patient to wash hands properly and regularly. Advise patient to avoid requesting an antibiotic for flu or colds. Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections but not viruses, which cause colds and flu. Therefore antibiotics should not be requested for flu or colds. Hand washing is the single most important thing to do to prevent infection. The patient should not skip antibiotic doses, because doing so can lead to development of resistance. A person should never stop taking antibiotics when feeling better. If an antibiotic is stopped early, the hardiest bacteria survive and multiply. Eventually, the patient could develop an infection resistant to many antibiotics. It is also important to never have leftover antibiotics.
A nurse is caring for a patient diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who wants to know about the opportunistic carcinomas that are included in the diagnostic criteria of AIDS. Which opportunistic cancers should the nurse discuss with the patient? Select all that apply. Multiple selection question Melanoma Kaposi sarcoma Burkitt's lymphoma Hodgkin's lymphoma Invasive cervical cancer
Kaposi sarcoma Burkitt's lymphoma Invasive cervical cancer Opportunistic cancers are cancers that develop due to a dysfunctional immune system and are otherwise not found in healthy people. The opportunistic cancers in AIDS patients are invasive cervical cancer, Kaposi sarcoma (KS), Burkitt's lymphoma, immunoblastic lymphoma, and primary lymphoma of the brain. Kaposi sarcoma is caused by human herpesvirus 8. Burkitt's lymphoma is cancer of the lymphatic system. Melanoma is a skin cancer not associated with AIDS. Hodgkin's lymphoma represents one of the most common non-AIDS-defining cancers with an increasing incidence.
A nurse is taking a blood sample with a syringe and large-bore needle from a patient with chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who has a CD4 +T-cell count of 123/μL. What factors may affect the transmission of HIV infection if the nurse sustains a needle stick from the contaminated needle? Select all that apply. Multiple selection question Viral load Age of the nurse Age of the patient Immune status of nurse Volume of blood exposed to
Viral load Immune status of nurse Volume of blood exposed to Patients with a poor immune status are more susceptible to any kind of infection, including HIV. The concentration of the virus is an important variable. Other variables that influence the transmission are the volume of blood, virulence of the virus, and concentration of the organism in the blood. Large amounts of HIV can be found in the blood, and to a lesser extent in the semen, during the first six months of infection and again during the late stages. HIV-positive patients can transmit the infection at any age to a person of any age when the route of transmission is established. Therefore the age of the patient or nurse does not affect the transmission of HIV infection to the nurse.
The nurse assesses a patient with recently diagnosed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). When obtaining a health history from the patient, what statement does the nurse determine most correlates with this diagnosis? Multiple choice question "I am feeling fatigue in the evening." "I am sleeping six to eight hours per night." "I have had a steady weight loss over the past several months." "I have been having feelings of helplessness and hopelessness."
"I have had a steady weight loss over the past several months." A very common complaint of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is steady weight loss regardless of attempts to maintain or gain weight. Other common findings include anorexia, decreased sleep, constipation, and anxiety. Sleeping six to eight hours per night, fatigue in the evening, and feelings of helplessness and hopelessness may be seen with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, but they are not as diagnostic as unexplained steady weight loss.
The nurse is educating a patient that has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) about monitoring for the development of opportunistic diseases. What statement made by the patient demonstrates an understanding of the education provided? Multiple choice question "These diseases are usually benign." "Opportunistic diseases are not treatable if they occur." "They don't usually occur in people with healthy immune systems." "Opportunistic diseases only occur at the end stages of HIV infection."
"They don't usually occur in people with healthy immune systems." Opportunistic diseases generally do not occur in the presence of a functioning immune system. Organisms that do not cause severe disease in people with functioning immune systems can cause debilitating, disseminated, and life-threatening infections during this stage. Several opportunistic diseases may occur at the same time, compounding the difficulties of diagnosis and treatment. Advances in HIV treatment have decreased the occurrence of opportunistic diseases. These diseases can occur early in the process of HIV infection and sometimes are used to diagnose the presence of HIV.
The nurse is planning care for a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Which priority nursing action will most help the patient prevent complications? Multiple choice question Encourage the patient to eat three high-protein meals each day. Educate the patient about the importance of adherence to drug therapy. Plan an exercise regimen for the patient to adhere to three times a week. Obtain a prescription for the patient to take antibiotics prophylactically to prevent infections.
Educate the patient about the importance of adherence to drug therapy. The priority nursing action is to be sure the patient understands the importance of adhering to the antiviral medication regimen to prevent increasing viral loads. It is not required that the patient eat three high-protein meals per day, and if there is any kidney impairment, this could create problems. Taking antibiotics prophylactically may cause an antibiotic-resistant infectious process, and it is only necessary to take the antibiotics when there is a diagnosed infection. Some form of exercise should be performed regularly, but it is not the most important factor in preventing complications due to HIV.
A nurse providing education for a patient who is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and pregnant. What information should the nurse give about routes of transmission and infective periods? Select all that apply. Multiple selection question HIV can be transmitted by breastfeeding. HIV can be transmitted by contact with vomitus. HIV can be transmitted by hugging and dry kissing. HIV can be transmitted lifelong once a person is HIV-positive. HIV can be transmitted even before it is detected on a screening test.
HIV can be transmitted by breastfeeding. HIV can be transmitted lifelong once a person is HIV-positive. HIV can be transmitted even before it is detected on a screening test. HIV can be transmitted as a result of contact with infected blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or breast milk. Transmission of HIV occurs through sexual intercourse with an infected partner; exposure to HIV-infected blood or blood products; and perinatal transmission during pregnancy, at delivery, or through breastfeeding. HIV-infected individuals can transmit HIV to others within a few days after becoming infected, even before it is detected on a screening test. The ability to transmit HIV continues for life. HIV is not spread casually. The virus cannot be transmitted through hugging, dry kissing, shaking hands, sharing eating utensils, using toilet seats, or casual encounters in any setting. It is not spread by tears, saliva, urine, emesis (vomiting), sputum, feces, sweat, respiratory droplets, or enteric routes.
A patient currently taking emtricitabine asks the nurse how this medication helps with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. What is the best response by the nurse? Multiple choice question It prevents the binding of the HIV to cells, which prevents HIV entry into the cell. It inserts DNA into the HIV DNA chain and blocks further development of the HIV DNA chain. It inhibits the action of the reverse transcriptase enzyme, so that DNA is no longer converted to RNA. It binds with the integrase enzyme, which prevents HIV from incorporating its genetic material into the host cell.
It inserts DNA into the HIV DNA chain and blocks further development of the HIV DNA chain. Emtricitabine is classified as a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), and works by inserting DNA into the HIV DNA chain and blocks further development of the HIV DNA chain. Medications that prevent binding of the HIV to cells are classified as entry inhibitors. Drugs that inhibit the action of the reverse transcriptase enzyme so that DNA is no longer converted to RNA are classified as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Medications that bind with the integrase enzyme, which prevents HIV from incorporating its genetic material into the host cell, are classified as integrase inhibitors.
A patient is enzyme immunoassay (EIA)-antibody negative for HIV. The patient informs the nurse about recent sexual contact with multiple partners. What is the most appropriate nursing action? Multiple choice question Reassure the patient that HIV infection is unlikely. Advise a more specific test, such as the Western blot. Suggest getting a genotype and phenotype assay done. Suggest HIV retesting at three weeks, six weeks, and three months.
Suggest HIV retesting at three weeks, six weeks, and three months. If the patient is EIA-antibody negative for HIV and has a history of risky behavior, such as sexual contact with multiple partners, the nurse should advise the patient to get retested at three weeks, six weeks, and three months. In the initial stages of infection, the viral antibody may not be detectable; therefore repeated testing may be required. The nurse should inform the patient that absence of antibody does not indicate absence of HIV infection, and to confirm, further testing may be required. If the repeated tests are positive, then a more specific and confirmatory test like Western blot may be done. Genotype and phenotype assays are done not to detect presence of infection, but to determine whether a patient's HIV is resistant to drugs used for antiretroviral therapy.