Honors Chemistry B Unit 5

functional group

a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions; the chemistry of an organic compound is determined by its functional group

condensed structural formula

a structural formula that leaves out some bonds and/or atoms; the presence of the atoms or bonds is understood

polymer

a very large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of repeating small molecules, know as monomers

Which of the following explains why there are so many differences in the properties of peptides and proteins? a. several amino acid sequences are possible for proteins and peptides b. some proteins are enzymes while others are not c. proteins and peptides include nitrogen d. amino acids form peptides and proteins

a. several amino acid sequences are possible for proteins and peptides

If a primary alcohol is oxidized, the type of molecule it becomes is called an _________.

aldehyde

The general name for hydrocarbons with at least one triple covalent bond is _____________.

alkynes

A peptide is a bond between which functional groups?

amino and carboxyl

Phenols are characterized by ____________________.

an -OH group in a benzene ring

branched-chain alkane

an alkane with one or more alkyl groups attached to the parent structure

substituent

an atom or group of atoms that can take the place of a hydrogen atom on a parent hydrocarbon molecule

carboxylic acid

an organic acid containing a carboxyl group; the general formula is RCOOH

peptide

an organic compound formed by a combination of amino acids in which the amino group of on acid is united with the carboxyl group of another through an amide bond

amino acid

an organic compound having amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) groups in the same molecule; proteins are made from the 20 naturally occurring amino acids

alcohol

an organic compound having an -OH (hydroxyl) group; the general structure is R-OH

saturated compound

an organic compound in which all carbon atoms are joined by a single covalent

amine

an organic compound in which nitrogen is bonded to a carbon group

ether

an organic compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon groups; the general formula is R-O-R

aldehyde

an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to at least one hydrogen; the general formula is RCHO

ketone

an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons; the general formula is RCOR

aromatic compound

an organic compound that contains a benzene ring or other ring in which the bonding is like that of benzene; aromatic compounds are also known as arenes

cyclic hydrocarbon

an organic compound that contains a hydrocarbon ring

hydrocarbon

an organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen

unsaturated compound

an organic compound with or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds

halocarbon

any member if a class of organic compounds containing covalently bonded fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine

protein

any peptide with more than 100 amino acids

aliphatic compound

any straight-chain or branched chain alkane, alkene, or alkyne

Which of the following compounds has the highest boiling point? a. 2-pentanone b. pentanol c. pentane d. pentanal

b. pentanol

Which of the following compounds is an unsaturated hydrocarbon? a. methane b. propyne c. nonane d. methyl

b. propyne

What compound is the simplest aromatic compound?

benzene

What is the condensed structural formula for 2,2-dimethylbutane? a. CH3(CH2)2CH3 b. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 c. (CH3)3CCH2CH3 d. C6H4(CH3)2

c. (CH3)3CCH2CH3

Which halocarbon has the highest boiling point? a. 1-chloroprpane b. 2-chlorpropane c. 1,2,3-trichlorpropane d. 2-dichlorpropane

c. 1,2,3-trichlorpropane

Which of the following is a condensed structural formula for propane? a. C3H8 b. CH3CH3CH3 c. CH3CH2CH3 d. CH3CH2CH2CH3

c. CH3CH2CH3

In a cyclic hydrocarbon with only carbon-carbon single bonds and n number of carbon atoms, how many hydrogen atoms are there in terms of n?

2n

How many covalent bonds can each carbon atom form?

4

In an addition reaction, which bond of the reactant is broken? a. carbon-carbon single bond b. carbon-hydrogen single bond c. carbon-carbon double bond d. carbon-hydrogen double bond

c. carbon-carbon double bond

Which of the following alcohols is used in antifreeze? a. ethanol b. isopropyl alcohol c. ethylene glycol d. glycerol

c. ethylene glycol

cycloalkane

cyclic hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds

Which of the following molecules does NOT display resonance? a. benzene b. phenylethane c. m-xylene d. cyclohexane

cyclohexane

Which of the following is true about structural isomers? a. Structural isomers have the same molecular formula. b. Structural isomers have different physical and chemical properties. c. Structural isomers have the same elemental composition. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The monomer used as the building block in polyethylene is ________________.

ethene

Name the compound CH3CH2OCH2CH2CH3.

ethylpropyl alcohol

What is the name of the smallest alkyne?

ethyne

Alkanes do not have geometric isomers because the carbons atom in their carbon-carbon bonds are _______________.

free to rotate

What happens in a condensation reaction?

head-to-tail joining of monomers

alkene

hydrocarbon containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds; alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons

What is the simplest alkane?

methane

Esters contribute which property to fruits?

odor

Differences between amino acids are normally due to differences in which part of the molecule?

side chain

Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain what type of bonds?

single covalent bods only

What is the role of an enzyme?

speeds up biochemical reactions

hydroxyl group

the -OH functional group in alcohols

peptide bond

the bond between the carbonyl group of one amino acid and the nitrogen of the next amino acid in the peptide chain

cracking

the controlled process by which hydrocarbons are broken down or rearranged into smaller, more useful molecules

fatty acid

the name given to continuous-chain carboxylic acids that were first isolated from fats

fermentation

the production of ethanol from sugars by the action of yeast or bacteria

dehydrogenation reaction

a reaction in which hydrogen is lost

hydration reaction

a reaction in which water is added to an alkene

straight-chain alkane

a saturated hydrocarbon that contains any number of carbon atoms arranged one after the other in a chain

monomer

a simple molecule that repeatedly combines to form a polymer

substitution reaction

a common type of organic reaction; involves the replacement of an atom or groups of atoms by another atom or group of atoms

ester

a derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the -OH of the carboxyl group has been replaced by the -OR from an alcohol; the general formula is RCOOR

carboxyl group

a functional group consisting of a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group; it is found in carboxylic acids

carbonyl group

a functional group having a carbon atom and an oxygen atom joined by a double bond; it is found in aldehydes, ketones, esters, and amides

active site

a groove or pocket in an enzyme molecule into which the substrate (reactant molecule) fits; where the substrate is converted to products

homologous series

a group of compounds in which there is a constant increment of change in molecular structure from one compound in the series to the next

aryl halide

a halo carbon in which one or more halogens are attached to the carbon atoms oh an arene ring

alkyl halide

a halocarbon in which one or more halogen atoms are attached to the carbon atoms of an aliphatic chain

alkyne

a hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon triple bond; alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons

alkane

a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds; alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons

alkyl group

a hydrocarbon substituent; the methyl group (-CH3) is an alkyl group

substrate

a molecule on which an enzyme acts

enzyme

a protein that acts as a biological catalyst

addition reaction

a reaction in which a substance is added at the double bond of an alkene or at the triple of an alkyne

hydrogenation reaction

a reaction in which hydrogen is added to a carbon-carbon double bond to give an alkane