HSA 4

How is the conflict between Marius and Sulla significant to the breakdown of the late Republic? a) Their dispute constitutes a civil war and the beginning of internal warring amongst Romans. b) Their dispute highlights a key split between the optimates and populists that would only widen. c) Their dispute set the precedent for a single man acting against the Roman senate for his own gain. d) All of these answers.

- All of these answers.

ROMAN MAP

ROMAN MAP

Whom of the following was NOT a member of the second Triumvirate? a) Cicero b) Octavian c) Lepidus d) Marc Antony

a) Cicero

Roman believed their gods a) could be satisfied through sacrifices b) would not protect them c) were evil

a) could be satisfied through sacrifices

Which of the following was a result of the Pyrrhic Wars? a) Rome showed it was capable of asserting its military dominance in the Mediterranean. b) Rome managed to subjugate and divide most of the Greek colonies in southern Italy. c) All of these answers

c) All of these answers.

Which of the following best describes the government of the Roman Republic before the era of the civil wars? a) it consisted of a monarchy and the Senate b) it had two main components: the Senate and the army c) It had three main components: the consuls, the Senate, and the Assemblies

c) It had three main components: the consuls, the Senate, and the Assemblies

Why were Christians persecuted under earlier Roman emperors? a) Their refusal to participate in the Imperial Cult was considered treasonous. b) Rome's enemies were increasingly Christian and Christianity were seen as foreign. c) Their customs and practices were directly forbidden by the Roman state religion.

a) Their refusal to participate in the Imperial Cult was considered treasonous.

"Bread and circuses" a) refers to the program of free food and public games for Roman residents b) enabled Roman to maintain control over the populace c) seriously depleted Rome's wealth d) all of the above e) a and b

a) refers to the program of free food and public games for Roman residents

In the third century CE, the Roman Empire suffered from a) reluctance on the part of citizens to perform unpaid civic duties b) heavier defense costs c) a series of long-term and capable emperors d) All of the above e) a and c

a) reluctance on the part of citizens to perform unpaid civic duties

Which of the following statements most accurate describes the change in attitudes towards Christians during the Roman empire? a) They were persecuted under earlier emperors, but enjoyed increasing acceptance during and after the Tetrarchy. b) They enjoyed acceptance under earlier emperors, but were increasingly persecuted during and after the Tetrarchy. c) They were persecuted till the fall of the Roman empire, at which point they gained acceptance.

a) They were persecuted under earlier emperors, but enjoyed increasing acceptance during and after the Tetrarchy.

Which of the following emperors is correctly paired with his achievement? a) Trajan - attained the empire's maximum territorial extent. b) Hadrian - implemented various social welfare policies c) Marcus Aurelius - created a popular cult in the name of his Greek lover

a) Trajan - attained the empire's maximum territorial extent.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the Romans and Etruscans? a) Rome was culturally influenced by the Etruscans and conquered them in the 3rd century BCE. b) The Etruscans began calling themselves Romans in the 3rd century BCE c) Rome annexed the Etruscans in the 2nd century BCE to prevent Etruscan conquest by the Carthaginians.

a) Rome was culturally influenced by the Etruscans and conquered them in the 3rd century BCE.

Which of the following statements best describes how the model Roman dictator should act during times of crisis? a) Assume absolute control to resolve the crisis, then promptly return power back to the senate. b) Assume absolute control, then retain it to ensure that crises do not occur again. c) Refuse absolute power, as it would break the Roman taboo on kingship and unchecked authority.

a) Assume absolute control to resolve the crisis, then promptly return power back to the senate.

Why did Augustus have to use propaganda to make the Pax Romana tenable to Romans? a) He had to persuade Romans prosperity through peace and was better than the gains of fighting a war. b) His political opponents were using peace as a symbol of Augustus' ineptitude. c) Romans were lacking in key resources that other empires had.

a) He had to persuade Romans prosperity through peace and was better than the gains of fighting a war.

Why was Julius Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon with a legion significant? a) It symbolized his entering of Roman territory under arms against the city. b) The senate had specifically placed the Rubicon out of Julius Caesar's jurisdiction. c) Another legion was already stationed at the Rubicon, and Caesar's crossing ignored its presence. d) All of the above

a) It symbolized his entering of Roman territory under arms against the city.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the grievances Julius Caesar's assassins held against him? a) Julius Caesar had accumulated too much power and was watering down the prestige of the senate. b) Julius Caesar had drained Roman resources to wage his wars in Gaul. c) Julius Caesar had passed many laws that contradicted the populist agenda.

a) Julius Caesar had accumulated too much power and was watering down the prestige of the senate.

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the collapse of the Roman empire? a) Population increased in the provinces of the empire, which made the empire less centralized. b) The West and the East began to diverge politically and culturally. c) Barbarian invasions further destabilized the already crumpling west.

a) Population increased in the provinces of the empire, which made the empire less centralized.

What was the main cause that Tiberius Gracchus championed against the senate? a) Redressing the grievances of smallholders whose land had been taken by the government. b) Giving a voice to the slaves who were being forced to endure harsh conditions in the mines. c) Increasing the yearly grain dole to compensate for the growing Roman family.

a) Redressing the grievances of smallholders whose land had been taken by the government.

Which of the following did Caesar NOT do to reduce the power of the senate? a) He raised the number of senators to 900, and appointed his men as new senators. b) He granted himself a special command in Asia against the wishes of the senate. c) He declared himself to be "dictator in perpetuity." d) He passed a law that subject the governor to term limits.

b) He granted himself a special command in Asia against the wishes of the senate.

Why did Diocletian establish the Tetrarchy? a) He was under increasing pressure from the senate to distribute power he had collected. b) He sought to reorganize and stabilize a crumbling and overextended empire. c) Neither are correct.

b) He sought to reorganize and stabilize a crumbling and overextended empire.

How did the edict of Milan change the standing of Christianity in the Roman empire? a) The edict made Christianity the official state religion of the empire. b) The edict made the empire officially neutral with regard to religious worship. c) The edict officially forbade the practice of Christianity within the empire.

b) The edict made the empire officially neutral with regard to religious worship.

Why are Cicero's works important to the study of Roman history? a) They recount some of the more obscure stories in mythology. b) They offer a vivid picture of the public and private life among the Roman governing. c) They document key scientific findings during this period of Roman history.

b) They offer a vivid picture of the public and private life among the Roman governing.

How were the Romans finally able to defeat Hannibal in the Second Punic War? a) By using new seige warfare. b) They threatened the Carthaginian capital, which recalled Hannibal from Italy to Africa. c) They had a stronger Navy and defeated them at sea.

b) They threatened the Carthaginian capital, which recalled Hannibal from Italy to Africa.

In the first century BCE, as Roman imperialism brought the state into further wars, the political situation was dominated by: a) repeated invasions of Germanic barbarians b) attempts of powerful generals to achieve supremacy in Rome through use of the army c) continual warfare in Asia Minor

b) attempts of powerful generals to achieve supremacy in Rome through use of the army

Which generally describes common Roman values? a) lightheartedness and the notion of "living for the moment" b) the ability to be serious and determined

b) the ability to be serious and determined

What did Constantine see at the Battle of Milvian Bridge to prompt his official conversion to Christianity? a) The Christian symbol Chi-Rho b) A halo of light enveloping the face of Jesus Christ. c) A cross of light above it with the Greek for "in this sign you shall conquer."

c) A cross of light above it with the Greek for "in this sign you shall conquer."

Which of the following did Diocletian do to establish the Tetrarchy? a) He separated and enlarged the empire's civil and military services. b) He increased the state's expenditures and necessitated a comprehensive tax reform. c) All of the answers.

c) All of the answers.

Which of the following contributed to Julius Caesar's rise? a) His early political alliance with Crassus and Pompey. b) The death of senate of Optimates such as Cato the Younger during a period of civil war. c) All of these answers.

c) All of these answers.

Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes Octavian's rise to power? a) He was ruthless military and overpowered his enemies with brute force. b) He won the love of the people and used them to manipulate his political enemies. c) He made shrewd alliances and quickly garnered both power and the trust of the senate.

c) He made shrewd alliances and quickly garnered both power and the trust of the senate.

Second Triumvirate captured Rome by challenging the authority of the a) Assembly b) Army c) Senate d) all of the above

c) Senate

Although there are many reasons for Rome's Golden Age, there is one characteristic of the first five of the six successions during this period to which the Golden Age is often attributed. What is that characteristic? a) The consensus of the senate in choosing an emperor's successor incorrect b) A period of mentoring and apprenticeship for an emperor's successor. c) The conscious adoption of an emperor's successor over inheritance. d) All of these answers.

c) The conscious adoption of an emperor's successor over inheritance.

Which of the following groups did the young Octavian integrate himself with to gain political power? a) His adoptive father's legions. b) The senate. c) The people of Rome. d) All of these answers.

d) All of these answers.

Why did the eastern and western parts of the empire become increasingly divided? a) Constantine moved the official capital of the empire from Rome to Constantinople. b) Because of the Tetrarchy, multiple emperors ruled the empire and presided over different regions. c) the West primarily Latin-speaking, while the East was primarily Greek-speaking. d) All of these answers.

d) All of these answers.