HTH 3503 Theories of Health Behavior Exam 2 Review

Diffusion of Innovation History

1920s: U.S. Department of Agriculture researched the effectiveness of new farming practices. 1930s: Studies on the effectiveness of innovative inventions (stamps, municipal tax limits, work laws, and school laws.) 1943: Hybrid of corn seed by Ryan and Gross helped understand how new practices were spread into society.

Social Cognitive Theory

Behavioral, personal, and environmental factors interact with each other, and changing one, changes them all.

Which of the constructs of Social Cognitive Theory can be described with "if... then" statements? A. Self-regulation B. Expectancies C. Expectations D. Locus of Control

CORRECT: B. Expectancies

Due to the amount of people within this group, when they adopt an innovation, it can be considered as "mainstream". A. Innovators B. Laggards C. Early Majority D. Late Majority

CORRECT: C. Early Majority

3 Principles of Change

Decisional Balance: Weighing the pros and cons. Self-Efficacy: Confidence in the ability to cope in high-risk situations without relapse. Temptation: Intensity of urges to engage in a specific behavior in difficult situations.

History of Social Cognitive Theory

Late 1950s: Albert Bandura and the Bobo Doll experiment. Observing childhood learned aggressive behavior.

Internal Locus of Control

One's own doing controls their fate. YOU make things happen.

What is PREP?

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis A daily pill used to help prevent HIV -Antiretroviral Drug -Daily Pill

Negative Reinforcement

REMOVE aversive stimulus to INCREASE/MAINTAIN behavior Child does their homework to get their parents to stop yelling at them.

Communication Channels

The way new innovation spreads: TV, internet, newspapers, radio, etc.

Threat Appraisal

Assessing personal vulnerability to and seriousness of a threat. Severity + Vulnerability - Rewards = Threat Appraisal

Negative Trial Results

Innovation is rejected.

Negative Punishment

REMOVE pleasant stimulus to DECREASE behavior. Giving a student detention for interrupting class.

Unstable Internal

Things within the person that can change from day-to-day (mood, desire, appetite, and energy level.)

True or False: Innovation is something old and familiar. A. True B. False

CORRECT: B. False

Diffusion of Innovation

The process by which new ideas (innovations) are disseminated (diffused) and adopted by society. As new ideas are adopted and integrated into society, they become norms that cause behavior change.

Protection Motivation Theory

Fear motivates people to change attitudes and behaviors.

Why did SAAF change their slogan and testing van to the Empower Me campaign?

Fear tactics weren't working in bringing in people to get tested. In order to reduce the stigma surrounding HIV, they wanted something that empowers patients instead of reprimanding them.

Positive Trial Results

Innovation is adopted.

Mixed Trial Results

Innovation is changed/modified.

Social Cognitive Theory Constructs

Self-Efficacy: People will only do what they think they can do. Expectations: Anticipated outcomes of the behavior. Expectancies: The values of the outcome. "If... then..." Self-Regulation: Controlling our behavior based on personal standards. Observational Learning: Learning by watching others. Reinforcement: Rewards and Punishments Behavioral Capability: Having knowledge of and skills to perform a behavior.

Behavioral Process of Change

Stimulus Control: Removing the triggers. Helping Relationships: Having a support system. Counter-Conditioning: Substituting the healthier behavior for the unhealthy one. Reinforcement Management: Identifying rewards for maintaining the new behavior, and punishment for not. Self-Liberation: Freeing oneself from a behavior you no longer choose to engage in.

History of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) and Stages of Change

1980s: Scientists tried to explain the way addictive behaviors (alcoholism, smoking, drug use, etc.) could be changed. Are the process in which change occurs different between each approach?

Positive Punishment

ADD aversive stimulus to DECREASE behavior. Parent spanks their child for getting a bad grade on a test.

Positive Reinforcement

ADD pleasant stimulus to INCREASE/MAINTAIN behavior You give your child $5.00 for doing their homework.

Coordinated Approach to Child Health (CATCH)

An Obama-era program that targeted different levels of influence to combat childhood obesity: Social environment: Teachers and parent reinforce consumption of healthy foods and physical activity. Self-efficacy: Role models for students, practicing new skills in safe and supportive environments. School environment: Healthier cafeteria food and additional exercise activities.

Coping Appraisal

Assessing recommended action effectiveness, personal ability to carry out and evaluating costs. Response efficacy + Response self-efficacy - Response cost = Coping Appraisal.

The chapter reading states that in order for someone to be expected to follow the dietary guidelines, they must first know how to read food labels to find out which foods are healthier and not as healthy. This is providing an example of which Social Cognitive Theory construct? A. Behavioral Capacity B. Locus of Control C. Reinforcement D. Expectations

CORRECT: A. Behavioral Capacity

According to the chapter Article, which of the following is NOT a factor of a child and/or adolescent who is likely to engage in bullying? A. Those who interact with individuals who indicate that bullying is acceptable. B. Taught that bullying is only okay if the other person deserved it. C. Are exposed to bullying and other aggressive behaviors D. Those who endorse pro-bullying attitudes

CORRECT: B. Taught that bullying is only okay if the other person deserved it.

According to the chapter reading, the process of weighing the pros and cons or costs of a new behavior against the old behavior is called what? A. Self - liberation B. Pre-contemplation C. Decisional balance D. Stages of Change

CORRECT: C. Decisional Balance

Which of the following is NOT an example of a communication channel? A. TV B. Radios C. Laws/Public Policy D. Social Media/Internet

CORRECT: C. Laws/Public Policy

Which of the following is NOT a Stage of Change within the Transtheoretical Model (TTM)? A. Contemplation B. Maintenance C. Motivation D. Action

CORRECT: C. Motivation

Which of the following choices is NOT a factor within Reciprocal Determinism? A. Personal B. Environmental C. Socio-economic D. Behavioral

CORRECT: C. Socio-economic

The process where people obtain information about themselves and the problem behavior is known as which Process of Change? A. Social Liberation B. Environmental Reevaluation C. Self-Reevaluation D. Consciousness Raising

CORRECT: D. Consciousness Raising

According to Diffusion of Innovation theory, the person who still has uses Blackberry and refuses to update their phone can be considered a what? A. Innovator B. Early Adopter C. Late Majority D. Laggard

CORRECT: D. Laggard

Learning a behavior by watching others and copying their behavior is an example of which Social Cognitive Theory Construct? Answers: A. Self - efficacy B. Reinforcement C. Behavioral Capacity D. Observational learning

CORRECT: D. Observational Learning

Raising awareness about the benefits of proper hand washing techniques is addressing which step in the Innovations Decision Process? A. Knowledge B. Decision C. Implementation D. Persuasion

CORRECT: D. Persuasion

Based on the chapter article, which was NOT part of the educational sessions with the nurses? A. Learning about occupational back pain and discussion B. Learning about correct body posture C. Spinal screenings on each nurse D. Training in stretching movements

CORRECT: D. Training in stretching movements.

Cognitive Process of Change

Consciousness raising: Obtaining information about self and problem behavior Dramatic relief/Emotional Arousal: Expressing feeling about, or reacting emotionally to the behavior in question. Environmental Reevaluation: Looking at the behavior in light of its impact or effect on the physical environment. Social Liberation: Seeking options or alternatives that support the new behavior. Self-reevaluation: Looking at self with and without the problem behavior and assessing the differences in self-esteem.

San Antonio Aids Foundation (SAAF)

Free testing Housing for patients with HIV Food for patients with HIV Counselling services for patients with HIV

Innovator Groups

Innovators: • Risk takers • Tech Savvy • Independent • Change oriented • Trying everything as soon as possible • Camping out to get a new electronic, first testers, beta testing. Early adopters: • Community opinion leaders • Well respected • Role models • Highly educated with high SES • Complex network of friends and colleagues and are very influential people (youtubers, influencers) CHASM - the leap from "cool and new" to "mainstream" Early majority: • Greatly influenced by opinion leaders and the mass media • Adopt things over time • Given the sheer number of people this represents, when they begin to adopt an innovation, it becomes mainstream Late majority: • Question change • Have more modest financial resources • Wait until an innovation is an established norm or for it to become a social or economic necessity • Be greatly influenced by their peers Laggards: • Conservative and traditional • Less educated with lower SES • Suspicious of innovation • Adverse to risk taking • Geographically mobile and detached from the social environment • They wait until very late, even when it's obvious that the innovation is advantageous

Five Stages of the Adoption Process

Knowledge: Knowing a new thing exists. Persuasion: "Trying it on." Developing an attitude toward innovation. Why you should use them. Decision: Deciding to use the innovative item/behavior. Implementation: Adoption, rejection or re-invention of new item/behavior. Confirmation: The need for others to confirm the decision is a good one.

External Locus of Control

Outside forces (luck, supernatural causes, fate, power of others) influence your life. Things happen to YOU.

Reciprocal Determinism

Personal factors, environment and behavior all influence our interactions.

The Six Stages of Change

Precontemplation: No intention to take action in the near future (~6 months.) Contemplation: No intention to change but considering the pros and cons of modifying the behavior (~6 months.) Preparation: Intention to take action soon (~1 month.) Action: Recent, specific, and overt modification to change behavior (~6 months.) Maintenance: Specific sustained modification in lifestyle, working to prevent relapse. Termination: Zero temptation with 100% self-efficacy to avoid behavior.

Stable External

Things outside of the person that are consistent from day-to-day (safety of the environment, access to healthcare, task difficulty, streets and roads.)

Unstable External

Things outside of the person that can and do change from day-to-day (luck, weather, available fruits and vegetables at the store.)

Stable Internal

Things within a person that are consistent from day-to-day (athletic ability, creativity, habits, attitude and intellect.)

PMT Constructs

Threat Severity: Personal perception of the seriousness of a threat. How terrible is liver damage to someone taking acetaminophen? Threat Probability: Perception of personal risk of vulnerability. What is MY risk of liver damage from taking acetaminophen? Response Efficacy: The belief that the prevention is effective. Is reducing my intake of acetaminophen effective in preventing liver damage? Response Self-Efficacy: Extent to which a person believes that can carry out the action. Can I cut down on acetaminophen intake to reduce my risk of liver damage? Response Cost: Expenses associated with adopting new behavior. Is it going to cost me money, time, personnel, equipment or space to stop taking acetaminophen?

What is U = U?

Undetectable = Untransmittable If the viral load is so low that it is not readable on a test, you can't transmit HIV.