HTMT 210 Litvin -- Final Exam

Goals of Eco-Tourism Per Text and United Nations

Book: Provide clear definitions Establish measurable criteria Measure and report compliance Promote consistency in use of terminology Create defined marketing programs Packet: (Per Text) Blend with the environment and local culture Reflect community's existing tourism assets Feature local ownership and management Rely upon local goods; construction material to foodstuffs Focus upon the conservation of resources (Per UN) Provide jobs, sustain well bring and stress participation of locals Include an interpretation/learning experience Be delivered primarily to small groups by small-scale businesses Use lowest possible consumption of nonrenewable resources

Ship Size

British: Titanic, 1907 --- 46,000 GRT, 883 Ft, 2,630 PAX Queen Elizabeth 2, 1969 --- 70,000 GRT, 963 Ft, 1,750 PAX Royal Caribbean: Adventures of the Sea, 2001 --- 142,000 GRT, 1,020 Ft, 3,114 PAX *Ships became wider*

Gross Registered Tonnage

Calculation of interior space available to passengers. Includes cabins, dining rooms, and public areas. Does NOT include galley, crew quarters, or engine room. 1 GRT --- 100 Cubic Feet

Passenger/Crew Ratio

Calculation of passenger service # of PAX berths/# of crew

Space Ratio

Calculation of passengers comfort GRT/# of PAX berths

"As a result of mass tourism..."

Can cause serious problems for an area's environment or That attractions and facilities previously frequented by local residence are often abandoned by them

Concept from D'Amore Article, "Tourism the Peace Industry"

D'Amore's principal argument was about how the world needs to come together. We spend way too much money on guns and weapons when we could bee using that money to feed people, give them homes, and education. The government can only do so much until the people have to start taking action.

Cruise Industry Statistics from Lecture

Destination Region: 1. Caribbean 36% ---- Used to dominat 2. Europe/Med 31% 3. Aust/NZ/ Pacific 6% North American residents account for over 60% of total passengers. 59% of US departures from the state of Florida. Previously cruised --- 23% Never cruised --- 49% Do NOT travel --- 28% Demographics: Age % Under 25 Not in Sample 25-29 7 30-39 18 40-49 26 50-59 22 60+ 26 Length of Cruise: Days % 1-5 35 6-8 55 9+ 10 Mean Length: 1980 --- 6.7 days Today --- 7.2 days Average Ship Capacity Utilization: (Occupancy Rate) --- 104% Average Spent Per Person Per Week On A Cruise: --- $1,770 Average Spent Per Person Per Week Non-Cruise: --- $1,200

Model From Class that Depicts --- Toleration, Diffusion, Segregation, and Rejection

Diffusion-------------------Rejection Toleration Segregation (Think of a break up in a relationship)

Demonstration Effect

Display of material goods and wealth by tourists leading to envy by local residents based on either the perception or the reality of being less fortunate.

Two Charleston Videos

1. Charleston Voted #1 Lady singing; showing the famous places in Charleston 2. A Love Letter to Charleston Black trumpet player; showing famous places in Charleston ***Both promotion videos***

Arguments Against Jones Act

97% of all international cargo to USA on foreign vessels No regularly scheduled cargo on East Coast American shipbuilding near dead industry USS Independence --- American Hawaii cruises, built 1951 --- last American built ocean liner. (Eventually went bankrupt)

Pseudo Event

An event produced by a communicator with the sole purpose of generating media attention and publicity.

Food and Beverage (Book)

Major influences on the development of food and beverage services Travel experiences and innovations in science and technology Building a Culinary Heritage Most common are commercial restaurants Commercial restaurants? Vary all the way from fast-food (quick service) and take out to elegant, full-service, sit-down operations Independent eating and drinking establishments were the first food and beverage operations The guest experience is determined by menu design, place setting, plate presentation, and style of service

Pro-Poor Tourism

PPT is an overall approach to tourism development and management aiming at unlocking opportunities for the poor to obtain benefits from tourism. PPT poverty is the core focus and environmental sustainability is a means to that end

Variables Impacting Irritation

Positive and negative correlation Positive: Cultural and socio-economic display Negative: Land mass of receiving community Percent of population that benefits from tourism

Cultural Impacts of Tourism-- Impacts on the Community

Positive: - Locals & visitors learn about each other (similarities and differences). - Become aware of new tastes and ways of thinking. - "Critical mass" of interest; to maintain the viability of a society's culture, especially the cultures art form. - Tourism provides the opportunity to preserve the region's historical and natural sites. Negative: - Social carrying capacity; is sometimes used to label the amount of people that a society and its land area can bear without substantial damage to its culture. - Newcomers or visitors may cause problems or by bringing unfamiliar behaviors.

Eco-Tourism from Text

Primarily involves travel to sensitive natural and cultural environments to observe and learn about a very different culture and environment and participate in low-impact (no nature) sports activities. Eco-Travelers: Desire to mingle with local culture and have their travel needs filled buy locals in their traditional ways. Eco-Tourists: Tend to be wealthier, college educated, and willing to spend large amounts of money on extended trips.

Arguments in Favor of the Jones Act

Protects USA jobs Ensures safety for passengers Ensures environmental protection Ensures national security Time of war (Nationalize ships) Convert civilian shipyard into military shipyards All at no cost for taxpayers

The Jones Act of 1920

Regulates USA Cabotage: Definition: "The transport of goods or passengers between two points in the same country" Per Jones Act, ship sailing domestic itineraries must be: built in USA shipyard Owned by USA citizen Manned by USA crew (at least 75%) Law that established cabotage in USA

Cruise Ship Issues

Ship Registration: The process by which a ship is documented and given the nationality of the country to which the ship has been documented. Nationality of Cruise: Allows a ship to travel internationally as its proof of ownership. Flag of Convenience: The flag flown on a ship to indicate its nationality. --- Norwegian Dream - NCL - Panama --- Disney Magic - Disney - Bahamas

Multiplier Effect (could be on the test)

The additional economic activity that results when money is spent and re-spent in a region on the purchase of local goods and services. Ex. The money paid by the tourist in paying his hotel bill will be used by the management to provide for the costs which it had incurred in meeting the demands of the visitors such as food, drink, furnishing, laundry, electricity, entertainment, etc.

Saturation Point

The point at which the destinations carrying capacity has been met.

Law of Agency, Intermediaries

The two parties covered by the law of agency are the agent and the principal (Regulate relationship between agent and principal)

Ed McMahon

- Americans spend almost $400 billion a year on travel and recreation away from home. - Travel and tourism account for 11.4% of employment. - Leading industry in 37 states. - Conserving and enhancing a destination's natural tourism assets; protecting the environment. - Local planning, zoning, and urban design standards are so important to communities with tourism resources. - Local tourism officials need to become much more aware of the overall character of the community. - Along with rest and recreation, visiting scenic areas and historic sites are the top reasons why people travel. - Sustainable tourism means preserving and protecting resources. Keys to Sustainable Tourism: 1. Focus on the authentic. - Preserve the authentic aspects of local heritage and culture including handicrafts, art, music, language, architecture, landscape, traditions, and history. 2. Recognize that tourism has limits. - Tourism development that exceeds the carrying capacity of the ecosystem or fails to respect a community's sense of place will result in resentment and the eventual destruction. - Too many cars, boats, tour buses, condominiums, or harm fragile resources. 3. Ensure that tourism support facilities -- hotels, motels, restaurants and shops -- are architecturally and environmentally compatible with their surroundings - Every development should have a harmonious relationship with its setting. - Tourism support facilities should reflect the broader environmental context of the community and should respect the specific size, character, and functional factors their site within the surrounding landscape. 4. Interpret the Resources. - Interpretation can also be powerful storytelling tool which can make an attraction, even an entire community, come alive. - Interpretation instills respect and fosters stewardship in both visitors and residents. 5. Consider aesthetics and ecology. - Protecting scenic views and vistas, planting trees, landscaping parking lots, and controlling signs are all fundamentally important to economic health of a community. 6. Enhance the journey as well as the destination. - It is in the interest of the tourism industry to encourage the development of heritage corridors, bike paths, hiking trails, and other forms of alternate transportation. - This is also why local and state governments should designate scenic byways and protect roads with unique scenic or historic character. "Sustainable Tourism" agenda that strengthens the local economy by protecting and enhancing the community's natural, cultural, and scenic resources.

Future Trends (Packet)

- Growing interest in exploring each others' cultures. - Increases in the stress we endure in our daily lives. - Trend to independent travel. - Increased interest in the natural environment. - More to healthier living. - Growing recognition of the 'quality of life' factor. - Man's continued destruction of the environment. - Time poverty resulting in less time to take vacations. - Reduction of SS&S vacations. - Increased paid vacation days. - Increasingly homogeneous world. - Predicted strengthening pf the tour segment. - Predicted increase in all-inclusive resorts. - Rising popularity of 'dark tourism'.

Areas of Cultural Impacts

- Jobs; new opportunities, lost opportunities - Language - Traditions - Food - Handicrafts; arts and music - Religion - Dress - Time Sacred Time: Communal participation Profane Time: Time which is measured

5 Principles of Eco-Tourism Development

1. Tourism should be blended with, assimilated into, the environment and the local culture of an area. 2. The tourist experience should focus on the host community's existing scenic and activity opportunities. 3. Tourist needs should be filled by local businesspeople and local employees rather than by foreign investors and managers. 4. High proportion of local materials should be used to fulfill tourists needs, from construction materials to foodstuff. 5. Highlights the importance of conservation of resources. (Ecotechniques; solar power, rainwater collection, and bioclimatic design of structures to aid in heating and cooling)

Food and Beverage (Dr. Frash)

Food being prepared at home vs food NOT being prepared at home Food (grocery stores) Food Service (restaurants) 50% of people will work in the food industry once in their life Food Service? Restaurants Catering Companies (on premise/off) More off premise Finance and labor distinctions Food Trucks Contract Food Services Airlines Universities Sporting Events Dining Halls Restaurants 66% will go out of business in the first 3 years Full Service: - Pay after - Fine dining ex. Halls Chophouse Grille 225 - while table cloth - Casual theme Limited Service: - Pay before - Fast food ex. McDonalds Subway - Fast Casual ex. Tazikis Chipotle - menu more upscale --- Price Cost (66%) Food (33% per $1.00) Labor (33%) Fixed (33%) - Utilities, marketing, rent, profit

National Geographic's Center for Sustainable Destinations

For planning and control Is about maintaining while enhancing for the future

Environmental Cruise Statistics Issues

Generate a ton of garage daily, 75%-80% is incinerated Generate 170,000 gallons of "brown water" daily Emit 3X the exhaust as does a container ship 95% of CHS --- Container ships 5% of CHS --- Cruise ships

Eco-Tourism and 'Greenwashers'

Greenwashers --- apply to tour operators who make dubious ecological claims

Emily Fralinger

ICE BOX (currently) (Charleston & Greenville) Casual Company (wore t-shirt, ripped jeans, and sneakers) Top Providers = Clemson University and Event in New Orleans Worked at Hyman's Seafood & Cru Catering Also, worked at Country Club of Charleston

Carrying Capacities

Is a destinations ability to cure tourism without physical, environment, ecological, or social destruction. --- Physical: Finite capacity --- Environmental: When the experience of the visitor deteriorates --- Ecological: When damage to nature is unacceptable --- Social: When visitor #'s become a burden on the local

Doxey's Article

Tourist Irritation Index (Niagara); describes the levels of irritation that locals may feel with the influx in the number of tourists and the changes brought about by this growth. Stages: 1. Tourist Euphoria - Locals find a way to enjoy tourist - They can work together to make it work 2. Apathy - Locals becoming irritated/not interested in tourists 3. Irritation - Too many tourists taking over a community; congestion everywhere 4. Antagonism - Tourist are bad; locals realizing 5. Final stage - Tourist have changed the community; it will never be the same again; if community is big enough to handle mass tourist it will continue to thrive Conclusion: - Locals need to realize the change that tourism brings - The population of Niagara is now close to a critical point on the tourism irritation index - Mass tourist destination

"National Leisure Travel Monitor" Yesawich

Trends shaping the future of leisure travel 1. Time Poverty "Feel like they don't have enough vacation time" Work week= 50 hours 7/10 spousal households report both a husband and wife are now working full time 2. The Pursuit of Pleasure 'Living for Today' Fueled by the liberal use of credit, will manifest in the growing popularity of luxury goods and services 3. New and Different Brand loyalty will become an increasingly fragile commodity 4. Inclusive Pricing Consumers desire to simplify their lives Simplicity saves consumers "energy" 5. Closer to Home More frequent vacations of shorter duration, generally taken closer to home, and scheduled around the demands of work Most vacationers in the future will NOT visit destinations that require more than 3 1/2 hours to reach 6. Active Vacations Increase in consumers' interest in pursuing a variety of activities while on vacation

Growth of Leisure Travel (Book)

Two possible scenarios: 1. Mass markets and a "one-size-fits-all" approach to delivering tourism services 2. Highly focused services that are targeted toward meeting the needs of specific market niches. Increased economic activity will lead to increased levels of leisure travel both domestically and internationally. As more citizens of the world discover the enjoyment that comes from tourism activities, increasing participation in travel will drive the development of new facilities and services.

Commodification

Using a place's culture and the cultural artifacts to make a large enough profit to support part of the area's economy. Ex. The hard Rock Beach Club in Bali

Environmental Impacts, Determinates of Impact

Visitor #'s (more visitors; positive impact) Spatial distribution (greater dispersion; negative impact)

Acculturation

When groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous contact, with subsequent changes in the original culture patterns of either or both groups.

Eco-Tourism: Why, Why not, Benefits, Limitations

Why it works? - efforts to reduce the impacts of tourism, especially on fragile areas. Why it may not? What are the benefits? What are the limitations?

One of the biggest changes that will occur in the tourism market in the 21st century...

Will be the increasing size of the mature traveler segment