Human A&P 2 chapter 25 & 26
The descending limb of the nephron loop is relatively impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water.
TRUE
The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane.
TRUE
The urethra has two functions in men but only one in women.
TRUE
A patient has a fluid volume deficit, the nurse anticipates a decrease of which vital sign when the patient moves from a lying to a standing position?
blood pressure
All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center EXCEPT __________.
hypotonic extracellular fluid
What removes nonvolatile (fixed) acids from the body?
kidneys
How does the body compensate for respiratory acidosis?
kidneys retain more bicarbonate in blood.
Which fluid compartment of the body contains the greatest volume of water?
intracellular fluid
Which of the following is the standard substance used to measure the GFR?
inulin
Pica, the desire to consume substances that are not normally considered food, such as chalk or clay, may be triggered by a deficiency of __________.
iron
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the __________ to __________ water excretion.
kidneys; decrease
The major calyces are the ___.
large branches of the renal pelvis
All of the following would occur if there were an increase in plasma osmolality EXCEPT __________.
production of large amounts of urine
What is the function of juxtaglomerular complex in the kidney?
regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling blood pressure.
The blood vessels that branch out from the renal artery are called?
segmental arteries
Arrange the following structures to represent the sequence in which urine passes through them to the external environment: (1) ureter, (2) renal pelvis, (3) calyx, (4) urinary bladder, and (5) urethra.
3, 2, 1, 4, 5 calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Any arterial pH between __________ is considered physiological acidosis.
7.0 and 7.35
Which pH value for arterial blood indicates acidosis?
7.3
Urea transport out of the medullary collecting duct is enhanced by __________.
ADH
Select the true statement regarding micturition. A. Increased sympathetic activity opens the internal urethral sphincter. B. Increased parasympathetic activity stimulates contraction of the detrusor. C. Increased somatic motor nerve activity opens the external urethral sphincter. D. Increased parasympathetic and decreased somatic motor nerve activity inhibits micturition.
B. Increased parasympathetic activity stimulates contraction of the detrusor.
Choose the correct statement regarding disturbances in water balance. A. In dehydration, excessive water is lost from ECF, ECF osmotic pressure falls, and cells shrink. B. In hypotonic dehydration, the ECF osmotic pressure falls, cells lose water to ECF by osmosis, and cells shrink. C. In dehydration, the ECF osmotic pressure rises, water moves into cells by osmosis, and cells swell. D. In hypotonic hydration, excessive water enter the ECF, water enters the cell by osmosis, and cells swell.
D. In hypotonic hydration, excessive water enters the ECF, water enters the cell by osmosis, and cells swell.
Select the true statement regarding chemical buffer systems. A. The phosphate buffer system is the main buffer of the extracellular fluid. B. Carbonic acid and monohydrogen phosphate make up the bicarbonate buffer system. C. Hemoglobin in red blood cells is an example of an intracellular phosphate buffer. D. The protein buffer system is the most important buffer inside cells.
D. The protein buffer system is the most important buffer inside cells.
Most fluid in the body is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment.
FALSE
Most of the hydrogen ions in the body come from acidic substances in the foods we ingest.
FALSE
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases Ca2+ deposition in the bones.
FALSE
The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is potassium.
FALSE
The perirenal fat capsule is a transparent capsule that prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney.
FALSE
Water can leave the ascending limb of the nephron loop.
FALSE
Which of these are components of the renal corpuscle?
Glomerular capsule and glomerulus
Which choice shows the correct order of how the filtrate turns into urine?
Glomerulus-->Proximal convoluted tubule-->distal convoluted tubule--> collecting duct
Which of the pressures that determine net filtration pressure (NFP) is regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic controls of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPGC)
Alcohol and many drugs prescribed for hypertension are examples of diuretics.
TRUE
In situations in which there is an extreme change of blood pressure (e.g., mean arterial pressure of less than 80 mm Hg), extrinsic controls take precedence over intrinsic blood pressure controls.
TRUE
A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is __________.
a rise in plasma osmolality
Which of the following is NOT one of the most common causes of incontinence in adults?
a side effect after general anesthesia
The blood supply leading directly into the nephron is the ___.
afferent arteriole
Estrogens are chemically similar to __________ and are therefore associated with water retention.
aldosterone
When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases, __________.
aldosterone levels increase
Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is indicative that glomerular blood pressure may be too low to cause filtration?
anuria
The most important buffer system of extracellular fluid, such as plasma, is the __________ buffer system.
bicarbonate
How is Na+ reabsorbed?
by active transport using ATP
The energy needed for secondary active transport is provided by the __________.
concentration gradient established by Na+
When atrial natriuretic peptide is released by the heart because of increased blood pressure, it causes __________.
decreased sodium and water reabsorption
Select the route of water output that is considered to be insensible water loss.
expired air
Which of the following is/are NOT associated with primary nocturnal enuresis?
females over the age of 60 years
From the inside out, select the correct order of the supportive tissues that surround each kidney.
fibrous capsule, perirenal fat capsule, renal fascia
All of the following functions are carried out in the renal tubules EXCEPT __________.
filtration
Which of the following is NOT an electrolyte?
glucose
What structure(s) is/are part of the juxtaglomerular complex and act(s) as a mechanoreceptor, sensing blood pressure in the afferent arteriole?
granular cells
Which of the following is an abnormal constituent of urine?
hemoglobin
Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion?
hydrogen
Renal ptosis may lead to __________.
hydronephrosis due to urine backup
Which of the following is associated with a swelling of cells?
hypotonic hydration
In what part of the nephron is plasma filtered?
in the renal corpuscle
which of the following is not one of the urinary changes due to aging?
increase risk of developing horseshoe kidney
Which of the following results from dehydration?
increased reabsorption of water from collecting ducts
If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate ___.
increases
Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the __________.
interstitial space
Which of the following is NOT a physical characteristic of freshly voided urine in a healthy person?
it is slightly basic in pH
Which of the following statements about the urinary system is INCORRECT?
it produces epinephrine
The only organ(s) of the body that can remove excess nonvolatile fixed acids is/are the __________.
kidney
What would be the effect of vasopressin of the kidney?
less urine is produced
When the concentration of ADH increases, ____.
less urine is produced
The medullary osmotic gradient is created by which area of the nephron?
loop of Henle
The basic functional unit of the kidney is the____.
nephron
__________ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys, which carry out the processes that form urine.
nephrons
An important factor directly affecting the glomerular filtration rate is____.
net filtration pressure
Which hormone is the major regulator of Ca2+ in the blood?
parathyroid hormone
What is the most important urinary buffer of H+?
phosphate buffer system
What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid?
potassium
The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the __________ buffer system.
protein
Which substance would NOT normally be expected in urine?
protein
Filtrate in the glomerular capsule empties into which structure?
proximal convoluted tubule
In which part of the nephron does most reabsorption occur?
proximal convoluted tubule
which secretion of the nephron is known as "obligatory reabsorption"?
proximal convoluted tubule
which is the correct sequence of renal tubule as filtrate flows through the kidney?
proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct.
What is the trigone of the urinary bladder?
region outlined by the openings to the urethra and ureters
All of the following are layers of the filtration membrane in the glomerular membrane EXCEPT the __________.
renal capsule
The glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and glomerulus make up the ___.
renal corpuscle
The __________ is the darker, reddish-brown area of the kidney that exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids.
renal medulla
Which kidney structure merges with the ureter?
renal pelvis
Tubular reabsorption involves the movement of substances from the _____.
renal tubule to the peritubular capillaries
Someone who is suffocating would develop __________.
respiratory acidosis
Hyperventilation can lead to __________.
respiratory alkalosis
Tubular secretion is important for all EXCEPT which of the following?
ridding the body of excess glucose
Normal arterial blood pH is __________.
slightly alkaline
What is the major cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
sodium (Na+)
the direction that water molecules move is determined by the difference in the concentration of ___ dissolved in the fluid inside and outside the cell.
solute
Which description characterizes a juxtamedullary nephron?
the glomerulus lies close to the cortex-medulla junction
Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors, including __________.
the inefficiency of infant kidneys
Which of the following describes how the kidneys normally handle hydrogen and bicarbonate ions?
the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.
Which of the following has the LEAST influence over the pH of blood plasma?
the phosphate buffer system
Micturition is ____.
the release of urine from the bladder via the urethra.
The reason glucose is detected in the urine of individuals with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is that __________.
the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded.
Which of the following puts infants at increased risk for dehydration?
their inefficient kidneys
Which substances is secreted into the renal tubules?
urea, creatinine, uric acid
Which structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder?
ureter
Which nephron capillary bed specializes in forming concentrated urine?
vasa recta
which of these is a function of Angiotensin 2?
vasoconstrictor increase aldosterone synthesis increase sodium retention release of ADH
What could cause metabolic alkalosis?
vomiting