Human Anatomy & Physiology Chap 5: Integumentary System

entire thickness of skin is burnt. skin is gray-white, cherry red or blackened. nerve endings destroyed

third degree burn

layer of 4-6 cell layers. keratinization begins. accumulate keratohyaline granules (producing keratin) and lamellar granules (contain glycolipid, aiding in water resistence). produce epidermal water barrier.

stratum granulosum

outer layer of the hair shaft. single layer of overlapping cells. most heavily keratinized layer

cuticle

proximal nail fold is the (eponychium)

cuticle

folds epidermis into dermis (in scalp, even into hypodermis). expands to form hair bulb

hair follicle

sensory nerve endings attached to hair bulb. aka root hair plexus

hair follicle receptor

dermal tissue providing nutrients through capillaries protruding into hair bulb

hair papilla

pinkish hue. oxygenated pigment in red blood cells in dermal capillaries.

hemoglobin

thickened region under free end of nail is

hyponychium

oil glands. simple branched alveolar. found everywhere except thick skin. secrete sebum. secrete lipids til they burst (holocrine glands). mostly as outgrowth of hair follicle

sebaceous glands

What lubricates the surface of the skin and hair, consists of cell fragments and fatty substances, and in excess may cause seborrhea?

sebum

epidermis and upper dermis burnt. redness, swelling, pain, blisters

second degree burn

Which of the following is not an epidermal derivative?: a) hair; b) sweat gland; c) sensory receptor; d) sebaceous gland.

sensory receptor

in hair, keratinization is complete in the

shaft

Amount of blood, pigments and oxygenation of blood determine

skin colour

The epidermis provides a physical barrier due largely to the presence of

keratin

Which epidermal cell type is most numerous?

keratinocyte

middle layer of hair shaft. absent in fine hair. large cells and air spaces. contains soft keratin.

medulla

pigment from reddish yellow to brownish black. passes from melanocytes to basal keratinocytes. only found in deeper layers of epidermis. productin stimulated by UV rays. protects DNA from UV rays

melanin

deepest layer of epidermal cells. single row of stem cells (stratum germinativum)

stratum basale

top layer (aka horny layer). anucleated (apopyosis: nucleus and organelles break down and plasma membrane thickens). 20 to 30 cell layers thick. made up of keratin and plasma membranes and glycolipid

stratum corneum

dendritic cells, macrophages, DNA

biological barriers

specialized sweat gland. secrete milk

mammary glands

clear layer in epidermis (only in thick skin). flat dead (too far from dermal capillaries to receive nutrients) keratinocytes. keratinocytes in tonofilaments made by keratohyaline granules cling to keratin filaments

stratum lucidum

cells also known as "prickle cells". (2nd layer). pre-keratin filaments attached to desmosomes

stratum spinosum

yellow to orange pigment. accumulates in stratum corneum and hypodermis

carotene

hard, dead keratinocytes make up

hair and nails

fine, pale body hair

vellus hair

expansion of hair follicle

hair bulb

network of blood vessels that nourish the the layers of the dermis

cutaneous plexus

The product of this type of sweat gland includes protein and lipid substances that become odiferous as a result of bacterial action:

apocrine gland

axillary and anogenital areas. (merocrine sweat gland). function sexual scent glands?

apocrine sweat glands

What causes a hair to stand up straight?

arrector pili muscle

modified apocrine sweat glands in external ear canal. secretion mixes with sebum to form cerum

ceruminous glands

skin secretions (acid mantle) and melanin

chemical barriers

separations or less dense regions of the collagen fiber bundles in the reticular layer. incisions made parallel to these lines heal more readily and gape less

cleavage lines

middle layer of hair shaft. many layers of flattened cells. surrounds medulla in thicker hair

cortex

Which cell functions as part of the immune system?

dendritic cell

more abundant sweat gland (palms, soles of feet, forehead). simple, coiled tubular gland. hypotonic filtrate. (merocrine sweat glands)

eccrine sweat glands

inner layer from invagination of epidermis regarding hair follicle

epithelial root sheath

The rule of nines is helpful clinically in estimating what?

extent of burn

only epidermis is burnt. redness swelling, pain

first degree burn

Skin surfaces that reflect tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called

flexure lines

body temp regulation, cutaneous sensation, metabolic functions,blood reservoir, excretion

functions of the Integumentary system

middle layer from thickened basal lamina regarding hair follicle

glassy membrane

the proximal and lateral borders of the nail are overlapped by skin folds called

nail folds

thickened portion of nail bed responsible for nail growth

nail matrix

layer of hair follicle from dermis. fibrous sheath

peripheral connective tissue sheath

layered keratinized skin cells

physical barrier

makes up 80% of thickness of the dermis. irregular, dense fibrous connective tissue cutaneous plexus lies between this and the hypodermis. matrix is adipose cells and collagen fibers

reticular layer

in hair, keratinization is ongoing in the

root

what are eccrine and apocrine

sweat glands

coarser, longer hair of eyebrows and scalp

terminal hair

The sensations of touch and pressure are picked up by receptors located in

the dermis

Which layer of the dermis is highly vascular, contains nerve endings that respond to stimuli, and is comprised largely of areolar connective tissue?

the papillary layer