Human Anatomy & Physiology: Tissue Worksheet

All epithelial tissues are attached to other structures on all surfaces but one. What is the name of the "free/unattached" surface?

Apical surface

What do you call the upper or free surface of epithelial tissues?

Apical surface

Pseudostratified Columnar

Shape/Layers: some cells are shorter than others Location(s): respiratory tract Functions: absorption, secretion, lines most of the respiratory tract.

Transitional Epithelium

Shape/Layers: somewhat cuboidal; many layers Location(s): urinary system (bladder, uterus, urethra). Functions: lines very few organs; allows urine to be stored in bladder; stretches.

Simple Columnar

Shape/Layers: tall cells that fit closely together Location(s): digestive tract Functions: lines body cavities open to the body exterior.

Stratified Cuboidal/Columnar

Shape/Layers: two cell layers; vary in size/shape. Location(s): ducts of large glands; are rare Functions: protection; secretion

Which type of epithelial tissue usually forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by diffusion occurs? (Simple or stratified)

Simple

Epithelial tissue is classified between two criteria. What are these criteria?

Simple (one cell layer) and stratified (more than one cell layer)

Digestive tract

Simple columnar

Why is it important for the cells in the lungs and digestive tract to be simple instead of being stratified?

Simple epithelium is most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration.

Air sacs/aveoli of the lungs, capillaries

Simple squamous

Attached to connective tissue

Skeletal

Striated

Skeletal

Voluntary

Skeletal

Found in the walls of hollow organs

Smooth

Multinucleated

Smooth

No striations

Smooth

All connective tissues were derived from a common embryonic tissue. What is the name of the embryonic cells?

Stem cells

In an area where an epithelium is subjected to considerable wear and tear, you would expect to find (simple or stratified)

Stratified

Epidermis, esophagus, oral cavity

Stratified squamous

You're looking at epithelial tissue in the microscope and notice the specimen has several layers with flattened cells on the apical surface. What type of epithelial tissue are you looking at?

Stratified squamous

_______ is a type of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to bones and connects bone to bone.

Tendons

Epithelial cells are said to be avascular. What does that mean?

That there is no blood flow.

Covers surfaces, either outside or inside the body.

Epithelial (E)

Has a free apical surface and attached basement membrane.

Epithelial (E)

Involved in secretion, absorption, and protection.

Epithelial (E)

Primary tissue found in glands.

Epithelial (E)

Regenerates the quickest of all tissue.

Epithelial (E)

Relies on nutrients from underlying areolar tissue.

Epithelial (E)

Which type of tissue would be found in the epidermis and form the lining of internal organs such as the intestines?

Epithelial Tissue

Where are connective tissues found?

Everywhere in the body

What substances make up the rigid matrix of bone?

Calcium salts and collagen fibers

Contains cells that stores energy; insulates the body and cushions organs.

Adipose

_______ is a type of connective tissue also known as a fat. Its purpose is to store excess nutrients and fats as energy. It also serves as a type of insulation for the body.

Adipose

Found in the heart

Cardiac

Involuntary

Cardiac

______ is a type of loose connective tissue that separates the cells of the body from the blood stream. It is a "go-between" for nutrients and wastes to leave and enter the blood stream on their way to and from the body's cells.

Areola

Epithelial tissues are _________ which means they have no blood flow.

Avascular

Tissues are groups of similar cells working together to...

B) Perform common functions

All epithelial tissues are attached to underlying tissue that holds them in place. What is the membrane called?

Basement membrane

What do you call the bottom layer that's connected to connective tissues?

Basement membranes

Why is it important for the skin to be made up of stratified epithelial tissues instead of simple epithelial?

Because a main function of stratified epithelium is protection, and the skin protects the inner organs of the body.

Contains cells surrounded by a fluid matrix that supports substances.

Blood

_____ transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes through the body by traveling through vessels called arteries and veins.

Blood

Contains cells surrounded by a hard matrix that supports and protects.

Bone

____ is a type of connective tissue with one of the hardest extracellular matrixes that forms a protective structure used for muscle attachment. This type of connective tissue is formed by a cell known as an osteocyte.

Bone

Why does it take tendons and ligaments longer to heal than many bone injuries?

Both tendons and ligaments have poor blood supply.

Uninucleated

Cardiac

_________ is a semi-solid connective tissue that is used as both a protective and supportive structure within the body. This particular type of connective tissue can be found in the nose, ear, ribs, and vertebral disks.

Cartilage

What purpose, if any, do fibers like collagen and elastin provide in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?

Collagen provides strength and elastin provides flexibility.

Besides cells, what other substances do connective tissues have?

Collagen, elastin, mast cells, and macrophage

What type of tissue can always be found underneath epithelial tissues?

Connective

Contains large amount of extracellular matrix and possesses fibers.

Connective (C)

Most common type of tissue.

Connective (C)

Originates from mesenchyme.

Connective (C)

Replaces damaged tissue during fibrosis.

Connective (C)

Supports, protects, storage and attachment.

Connective (C)

Which type of tissue would form ligaments, tendons, fat and bone?

Connective Tissue

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Connects body parts together; protection and supporting.

Fibrocartilage

Cushion-like discs in vertebrae of spinal column.

Since the epithelial tissues have no blood flow, they are able to receive needed nutrients and expel wastes through the process known as...

Diffusion

Elastic Cartilage

Ear, nose, ribs, vertebral disks.

Contains cells that reduce friction and allow flexibility at joints.

Elastic connective

Avascular

Epithelial (E)

Cells are tightly packed forming continuous cellular sheets.

Epithelial (E)

What is the function of goblet cells and cilia found within or attached to the epithelial cells? In which epithelium would you find these structures?

Goblet cells produce a lubricating mucus and can be found in simple columnar epithelium. Cilia are tiny, hair-like projections on a cell membrane and can be found in pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Where are epithelial tissues found in the body?

In the epidermis; forms lining of internal organs.

_________ is a type of dense connective tissue with irregularly arranged fibers that provides strength where tension is exerted in various directions such as in the dermis.

Irregular

What is unique about transitional epithelium? How is this beneficial?

It only forms the lining of the urinary system and the organs pertaining to the urinary system are subject to considerable stretching.

Hyaline Cartilage

Larynx (voice box), attaches ribs to breastbone.

Identify at least 2 factors that affect the consistency of a connective tissue. What factors can change the thickness/viscosity of the tissue?

Matrix and type of cell.

What are muscle cells called?

Microfibers

What characteristics do all connective tissues share?

Most connective tissues are well vascularized. All have extracellular matrix.

Highly vascular with elongated cells called fibers.

Muscular (M)

Involved in movement of body, posture and heat production.

Muscular (M)

May have multiple nuclei and striations.

Muscular (M)

Which type of tissue makes up the majority of the heart?

Muscular Tissue

Composed of neutrons and neuroglia.

Nervous (N)

Receive, integrate and conduct impulses throughout the body.

Nervous (N)

Which type of tissue would make up the majority of the brain and spinal cord?

Nervous Tissue

What are the two types of cells and how are they different.

Neurons: transmit signal to muscle and glands. Neuroglia: supports neuronal function.

What is the extracellular matrix of connective tissue made of?

Nonliving substances found outside of the cell.

Respiratory tract (trachea)

Pseudostratified columnar

Do epithelial cells reproduce rapidly or slowly?

Rapidly

What is the difference between regeneration and fibrosis?

Regeneration is the replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells. Fibrosis is the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a result of injury.

_________ is a type of connective tissue that aids in the formation of red and white blood cells. This tissue is found in the spleen and bone marrow.

Reticular

Simple Squamous

Shape/Layers: fit closely together like tiles. Location(s): air sacs/alveoli of the lungs, capillaries. Functions: forms walls of capillaries, forms membranes where filtration occurs, forms slick lining along ventral body cavities.

Simple Cuboidal

Shape/Layers: fits closely together (cube-like) Location(s): salivary glands, pancreas, ovaries Functions: forms walls of kidney tubules, covers surface of ovaries.

Stratified Squamous

Shape/Layers: several layers; at free edge Location(s): esophagus, mouth, outer portion of skin. Functions: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion.

Glandular Epithelium

Shape/Layers: single cell layer; disc shape Location(s): thyroid, adrenals, pituitary, liver, pancreas. Functions: secretion (hormones to blood vessels/sweat and oils to skin's surface).

Identify the functions of connective tissues.

They connect body parts together by ligaments, tendons, etc.

What are the functions of muscular tissue?

They contract and shorten to produce movement.

What are functions of the epithelial tissues?

They line and cover the surfaces of internal organs.

Are epithelial cells tightly packed or loosely spaced?

Tightly packed

How does the type of tissue in an organ relate to its function?

Tissues are collections of similar cells that help perform common functions.

How are connective tissues classified?

Type of cell and matrix