Human Anatomy & Physiology: Tissue Worksheet
All epithelial tissues are attached to other structures on all surfaces but one. What is the name of the "free/unattached" surface?
Apical surface
What do you call the upper or free surface of epithelial tissues?
Apical surface
Pseudostratified Columnar
Shape/Layers: some cells are shorter than others Location(s): respiratory tract Functions: absorption, secretion, lines most of the respiratory tract.
Transitional Epithelium
Shape/Layers: somewhat cuboidal; many layers Location(s): urinary system (bladder, uterus, urethra). Functions: lines very few organs; allows urine to be stored in bladder; stretches.
Simple Columnar
Shape/Layers: tall cells that fit closely together Location(s): digestive tract Functions: lines body cavities open to the body exterior.
Stratified Cuboidal/Columnar
Shape/Layers: two cell layers; vary in size/shape. Location(s): ducts of large glands; are rare Functions: protection; secretion
Which type of epithelial tissue usually forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by diffusion occurs? (Simple or stratified)
Simple
Epithelial tissue is classified between two criteria. What are these criteria?
Simple (one cell layer) and stratified (more than one cell layer)
Digestive tract
Simple columnar
Why is it important for the cells in the lungs and digestive tract to be simple instead of being stratified?
Simple epithelium is most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration.
Air sacs/aveoli of the lungs, capillaries
Simple squamous
Attached to connective tissue
Skeletal
Striated
Skeletal
Voluntary
Skeletal
Found in the walls of hollow organs
Smooth
Multinucleated
Smooth
No striations
Smooth
All connective tissues were derived from a common embryonic tissue. What is the name of the embryonic cells?
Stem cells
In an area where an epithelium is subjected to considerable wear and tear, you would expect to find (simple or stratified)
Stratified
Epidermis, esophagus, oral cavity
Stratified squamous
You're looking at epithelial tissue in the microscope and notice the specimen has several layers with flattened cells on the apical surface. What type of epithelial tissue are you looking at?
Stratified squamous
_______ is a type of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to bones and connects bone to bone.
Tendons
Epithelial cells are said to be avascular. What does that mean?
That there is no blood flow.
Covers surfaces, either outside or inside the body.
Epithelial (E)
Has a free apical surface and attached basement membrane.
Epithelial (E)
Involved in secretion, absorption, and protection.
Epithelial (E)
Primary tissue found in glands.
Epithelial (E)
Regenerates the quickest of all tissue.
Epithelial (E)
Relies on nutrients from underlying areolar tissue.
Epithelial (E)
Which type of tissue would be found in the epidermis and form the lining of internal organs such as the intestines?
Epithelial Tissue
Where are connective tissues found?
Everywhere in the body
What substances make up the rigid matrix of bone?
Calcium salts and collagen fibers
Contains cells that stores energy; insulates the body and cushions organs.
Adipose
_______ is a type of connective tissue also known as a fat. Its purpose is to store excess nutrients and fats as energy. It also serves as a type of insulation for the body.
Adipose
Found in the heart
Cardiac
Involuntary
Cardiac
______ is a type of loose connective tissue that separates the cells of the body from the blood stream. It is a "go-between" for nutrients and wastes to leave and enter the blood stream on their way to and from the body's cells.
Areola
Epithelial tissues are _________ which means they have no blood flow.
Avascular
Tissues are groups of similar cells working together to...
B) Perform common functions
All epithelial tissues are attached to underlying tissue that holds them in place. What is the membrane called?
Basement membrane
What do you call the bottom layer that's connected to connective tissues?
Basement membranes
Why is it important for the skin to be made up of stratified epithelial tissues instead of simple epithelial?
Because a main function of stratified epithelium is protection, and the skin protects the inner organs of the body.
Contains cells surrounded by a fluid matrix that supports substances.
Blood
_____ transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes through the body by traveling through vessels called arteries and veins.
Blood
Contains cells surrounded by a hard matrix that supports and protects.
Bone
____ is a type of connective tissue with one of the hardest extracellular matrixes that forms a protective structure used for muscle attachment. This type of connective tissue is formed by a cell known as an osteocyte.
Bone
Why does it take tendons and ligaments longer to heal than many bone injuries?
Both tendons and ligaments have poor blood supply.
Uninucleated
Cardiac
_________ is a semi-solid connective tissue that is used as both a protective and supportive structure within the body. This particular type of connective tissue can be found in the nose, ear, ribs, and vertebral disks.
Cartilage
What purpose, if any, do fibers like collagen and elastin provide in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?
Collagen provides strength and elastin provides flexibility.
Besides cells, what other substances do connective tissues have?
Collagen, elastin, mast cells, and macrophage
What type of tissue can always be found underneath epithelial tissues?
Connective
Contains large amount of extracellular matrix and possesses fibers.
Connective (C)
Most common type of tissue.
Connective (C)
Originates from mesenchyme.
Connective (C)
Replaces damaged tissue during fibrosis.
Connective (C)
Supports, protects, storage and attachment.
Connective (C)
Which type of tissue would form ligaments, tendons, fat and bone?
Connective Tissue
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Connects body parts together; protection and supporting.
Fibrocartilage
Cushion-like discs in vertebrae of spinal column.
Since the epithelial tissues have no blood flow, they are able to receive needed nutrients and expel wastes through the process known as...
Diffusion
Elastic Cartilage
Ear, nose, ribs, vertebral disks.
Contains cells that reduce friction and allow flexibility at joints.
Elastic connective
Avascular
Epithelial (E)
Cells are tightly packed forming continuous cellular sheets.
Epithelial (E)
What is the function of goblet cells and cilia found within or attached to the epithelial cells? In which epithelium would you find these structures?
Goblet cells produce a lubricating mucus and can be found in simple columnar epithelium. Cilia are tiny, hair-like projections on a cell membrane and can be found in pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Where are epithelial tissues found in the body?
In the epidermis; forms lining of internal organs.
_________ is a type of dense connective tissue with irregularly arranged fibers that provides strength where tension is exerted in various directions such as in the dermis.
Irregular
What is unique about transitional epithelium? How is this beneficial?
It only forms the lining of the urinary system and the organs pertaining to the urinary system are subject to considerable stretching.
Hyaline Cartilage
Larynx (voice box), attaches ribs to breastbone.
Identify at least 2 factors that affect the consistency of a connective tissue. What factors can change the thickness/viscosity of the tissue?
Matrix and type of cell.
What are muscle cells called?
Microfibers
What characteristics do all connective tissues share?
Most connective tissues are well vascularized. All have extracellular matrix.
Highly vascular with elongated cells called fibers.
Muscular (M)
Involved in movement of body, posture and heat production.
Muscular (M)
May have multiple nuclei and striations.
Muscular (M)
Which type of tissue makes up the majority of the heart?
Muscular Tissue
Composed of neutrons and neuroglia.
Nervous (N)
Receive, integrate and conduct impulses throughout the body.
Nervous (N)
Which type of tissue would make up the majority of the brain and spinal cord?
Nervous Tissue
What are the two types of cells and how are they different.
Neurons: transmit signal to muscle and glands. Neuroglia: supports neuronal function.
What is the extracellular matrix of connective tissue made of?
Nonliving substances found outside of the cell.
Respiratory tract (trachea)
Pseudostratified columnar
Do epithelial cells reproduce rapidly or slowly?
Rapidly
What is the difference between regeneration and fibrosis?
Regeneration is the replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells. Fibrosis is the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a result of injury.
_________ is a type of connective tissue that aids in the formation of red and white blood cells. This tissue is found in the spleen and bone marrow.
Reticular
Simple Squamous
Shape/Layers: fit closely together like tiles. Location(s): air sacs/alveoli of the lungs, capillaries. Functions: forms walls of capillaries, forms membranes where filtration occurs, forms slick lining along ventral body cavities.
Simple Cuboidal
Shape/Layers: fits closely together (cube-like) Location(s): salivary glands, pancreas, ovaries Functions: forms walls of kidney tubules, covers surface of ovaries.
Stratified Squamous
Shape/Layers: several layers; at free edge Location(s): esophagus, mouth, outer portion of skin. Functions: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion.
Glandular Epithelium
Shape/Layers: single cell layer; disc shape Location(s): thyroid, adrenals, pituitary, liver, pancreas. Functions: secretion (hormones to blood vessels/sweat and oils to skin's surface).
Identify the functions of connective tissues.
They connect body parts together by ligaments, tendons, etc.
What are the functions of muscular tissue?
They contract and shorten to produce movement.
What are functions of the epithelial tissues?
They line and cover the surfaces of internal organs.
Are epithelial cells tightly packed or loosely spaced?
Tightly packed
How does the type of tissue in an organ relate to its function?
Tissues are collections of similar cells that help perform common functions.
How are connective tissues classified?
Type of cell and matrix