Humanities Exam 3 Judaism
Augustine
After Paul, the single most important expounder of Christian doctrine was ______________. -For him, human beings can only know true ideas the they are illuminated in the soul by God. -Dismissed knowledge from sense experience -In early adulthood, Augustine lived a life of self-indulgence. His Confessions describe his dissatisfaction with this way of life, his search for spiritual fulfillment, and finally his conversion to Christianity
Creation Dome
Among the celebrated mosaics of St Mark's the most famous is the __________ ___________ -Narrative begins in center with the creation of heaven and earth. The story of Adam and Eve occupies the second circle and outermost circle.
Roman Paganism Home Hearth soldiers
Another background to which early Christianity derived rituals and borrowed traditions was that of ___________ _____________; Itself a blend of local and borrowed traditions and religious practices Among these was the recognition of Roman Gods and Goddesses: The household gods protected the _________ Vesta protected the __________ The locus genii protected the outside areas of a place Mars, god of war, was the protection of ___________
Judaism
As a religion that would share a large part of its scriptures with _____________, Christianity leaned heavily on Jewish traditions and beliefs -Shared vision of universal deity, a God who made moral demands on his subjects -Strong ethical standards -Bonds linked Jewish and Christian ritualistic traditions; The connection between Jewish Passover and Christian Easter -Both religions embrace the idea of a weekly holy day
Confessions Piers Divine Comedy
Augustine's ___________ were enormously influential. -Throughout the Middle Ages the book was read, copied, and imitated -The books image of the spiritual journey influenced medieval poems of pilgrimage such as __________ Ploughman and Dante's _________ _____________paved the way for the Renaissance rediscovery of the self
Islam Mediterranean
Byzantium continued to thrive for hundreds of years, although the seventh century it had to compete with the rising civilization of _________ for the control of the ______________ basin
Madonna and Child Enthroned
Characteristic of this Byzantine styles is this __________ and _________ _____________. Egg tempera - pigment mixed with egg yolk-was the standard medium used to paint on wood throughout the Middle ages -Icon,(Mary) a painted image of a religious figure or religious scene used in worship -Face is wistful or melancholy expression -Jesus's proportions are those of a tiny adult, and acts as a tiny adult
Decius Theodosius I
Christian Struggles in the Roman Empire: -Was a period of slow growth for Christianity -___________ expelled Christians from Rome -They had a problem with Christians for their refusal to worship the Roman Gods alongside their own God -First great turning point, Constantine granted toleration of Christianity as a religion -______________ declared Christianity the Roman state religion, banning all other cults
Converts First Missionary
Christianity seeks _____________ From its earliest days in the __________ century a ___________ religion, seeking to attract as many followers as possible
martys and missionaries
Christianity spread throughout the Mediterranean due to the efforts of __________ and __________.
averse Bible's
Christianity was first ______ to art because it served the worship of idols. However, Christians recognized that art could help illustrate the _________'s teachings to illiterate followers
tightly
Constantinople was ___________ controlled. Its customs duties were high and restrictive. -Demands for its goods was maintained by limiting their supply and by keeping prices high. -Well situated to transport goods between East and West. Yet mutual distrust between Constantinople and the West
Heaven and Earth Adam and Eve disobey gods word in the Garden of Eden and eat the forbidden fruit.
Creation: The Hebrews believed that God created _________ and ___________ The bible describes both the world and the human beings that originally populated it as "good." Why does humankind not live in the original paradise anymore?
Judah (North) Israel (South) Soloman
David extend his control over the neighboring tribes, however, failed to unite the kingdoms of ________ in the north and __________ in the south. Having his rule challenged by his son Absalom, David eventually turned over his kingdoms and capital city to __________, son of David and Bathsheba
No, the Hebrew scriptures represented God's words to his Chosen people -The scriptures emphasized a special national destiny, privilege, and responsibility
Did Judaism seek converts?
Strengthened
During David reign, the city defenses were ____________ through... -The extension of the city's walls -Erection of defensive towers -Arranged to have the Ark of the Covenant brought to Jerusalem and housed in a special tent
instrumental liturgical (music used in religious ritual)
Early Christianity prohibited ________________ accompaniment of any kind. Up until the 4th century early Christian _________ music was based exclusively on sacred texts
superhuman
Figures in this creation dome are doll like and stocky with big heads. Intended to express the ____________ nature of the subject portrayed. Simplest manner possible to convey the ideas
Split in two Israel Judah
Following the death of Soloman the kingdom was __________ The North Kingdom retained the name ________ The South Kingdom retained the name _________
Gods Chosen People Promised Land Joshua (who led them into Canaan once again)
For ancient Hebrews, divine acts like the conferring of the Ten Commandments were acknowledgments of their status as __________ ________ __________. Though the Hebrews wandered for forty years "in the wilderness" of the Sinai, they were delivered to the _________ __________, the land of "milk and honey" by the patriarch ______________
Luke
Gospel of _________: Only gospel that describes Jesus's birth in a manger in Bethlehem -Focuses more on women -Mary, mother of Jesus
John
Gospel of __________: This gospel is the most theological, the one most attuned to the religious and philosophical implications of Jesus's work and words -"Jesus is the Logos" -"Jesus is the living water who quenches spiritual thirst"
Matthew
Gospel of ___________: Emphasizes Jesus as the Messiah referred to in the Old Testament prophecies -The one who would complete Jewish communities destiny
Abraham, Issac, and Jacob
Historicized Fiction: -Includes stories of the patriarchs __________, ________ and _________
-Aligned himself with neighboring territories by taking wives from competing tribes -Increased his countries foreign trade and exploited natural resources of iron and copper -Used slave labor to fortify the city -Slaves to build a magnificent palace and an elaborate temple to house the Ark of the Covenant
How was Soloman politically astute?
Church of the Holy Wisdom
In Constantinople, one of the most magnificent and religious buildings ever constructed was ___________ of the ___________ ________, or Hagia Sophia , built by Justinian and Theodora Well into the ninth and tenth centuries Constantinople remained the largest, richest, and most sophisticated city in the world
On Christian Doctrine City
In addition to Confessions, Augustine wrote _____ ____________ ______________, which analyses and explains the central tenets of Christian teaching, and the _______ of God. in which he explores the relationship between faith and reason. -Explains two opposite visions of life: An earthly city and a heavenly one
Stoicism and Neoplatonism Stoicism Neoplatonism
Influences on early Christianity include Greek Philosophical ideas, especially those of ____________ and ____________. _____________: emphasized self-control and human brotherhood, which became hallmarks of Christian thinking _____________: emphasized the refined spiritual nature of reality, with a special emphasis on the spiritual union of the individual soul with the "One" or ultimate reality that underlay the physical appearances
evangelists
It spread the work of God through _____________, meaning "bearer of good news"
Jewish Messiah or Anointed One Judaea
Jesus and his Message: -Jesus was ____________ -His followers whoo identified him as the Christ -which means "_________" or "___________ _______" were the first Christians -Jesus was born in ___________, a land under the political control of the Romans, during the reign of the emperor Augustus
-To lov God above all 2) And to love others as one loves oneself
Jesus's teaching can be reduced to what two essentials?
Gods Chosen People Quran God and Savior
Jews believe they are _______ ________ ________ Muslims with the __________, is the word of God Christians believe Jesus is _______ and _________
First Golden Age Catherine
Justinian patronized the arts that his reign referred to as the __________ ___________ __________ of Byzantine Art, with Constantinople as its artistic capital. -Much of the art survives outside of the capital, mostly in Revenna and of St. ______________ built by Justinian at Mount Sinai
Abraham Monotheistic Yahweh , a name so sacred they never speak or write it
Led by ___________, the Hebrews settled in Canaan and became their homeland and was, the Hebrews believed, was promised to them by their God. Hebrews were ________________. What was the name of their God?
mystery cults
Many _________ _________ performed symbolic rituals to enact the birth, death, and rebirth of deities. Some included symbolic reenactments.
Christian churches Local Bishops Patriarch Priests; Celibate
Most important were the deep rooted differences between the ___________ __________ of the West and the East In Rome, the early church was ruled by local ____________ In Constantinople, the church was controlled by a ___________ who was appointed and disposed of by the emperor In the West, __________ were encouraged to be ___________
Narthex Nave Aisles Apse
Next, the visitor passed through the ________, an entrance hall or vestibule Having now reached the actual church, the visitor entered the _______, a large rectangular space for the masses of people, and flanked on both sides by one or two ________ The ______ is a semicircular space at the end of the church. A visitor would have to walk from one end to the other to reach the altar located in front of the apse
Assyrians Babylonians ; Nebuchadnezzar
North Kingdom fell to the _____________; The South Kingdom was overrun by the ______________ under the command of _________________, who destroyed Soloman's magnificent temple
Justinian Theodora
Of the early Byzantine emperors, ____________ exerted the greatest cultural and political influence. -defeated Germanic tribes Most important, was his rebuilding of in Constantinople itself. It was his wife, _____________ who persuaded her husband not to abandon Constantinople Together they sought to restore the grandeur of the empire and of their capital Constantinople
Mark
Of the surviving gospels, Gospel of _________ is the earliest. -Portrays Jesus as a miracle worker -And as a dynamic and vibrant social reformer -Action centered, moving quickly from one event to the next , describing Jesus's life, ministry, passion and death
Romans
One element of Christian faith: -The belief that Jesus rose from the dead after being crucified by the _____________
San Vitale, of Ravenna -Imprints the influential of Constantinople and Justinian. -Octagonal in shape, Contains mosaics of Justinian and Theodora , shown as good Christian rulers -Figures are shown in representation of the Byzantine facial type: Everyone looks alike, with big dark eyes, curved eyebrows, long noses, and small mouths -Realism is not the goal
One especially important accomplishment in the First Golden Age was ....
Israelites
Over the next 2 hundred years they gained control of the region and called themselves _____________ , after the patriarch Jacob who named himself Israel
Apocalypse -Seven seals, Seven lamps, The Great Beast, The Seven Bowls, and the woman, child and dragon
Revelation also known as the "___________" presents a visionary account at the end of the world. -Symbolic vision of the future What were some of the symbols used?
Riches; Morals Split Nebuchadnezzar
Solomans reign was peaceful: _____________ accumulated, but ___________ began to decay With Soloman's death, the country __________, and the Babylonian King ________________, captured the city inaugurating a period known as from earlier the Babylonian Captivity. *GOLDEN AGE ENDED*
iconography Ex) Angels holding a staff, a symbol of Jesus's passion and an orb or globe with a cross which signifies Jesus's domination of the world
Some features of Madonna and Child Enthroned are examples of _______________, the language of symbols, which was particularly useful in an era where few people were literate
dark tesserae
St Marks space is quite ________. It is illuminated by windows in the base of the domes and by flickering candles. Yet, all the surfaces glitter, for they are covered with mosaics, many of which are made with gold ____________- (the small cubes of color material that are pressed into wet plaster to make mosaics
Greek cross gilt copper
St. Marks plan is a _________ ________-that is a cross with four arms of equal length. A dome over center and each arm. All five domes are covered with wood and gilt ____________, making them striking
David John the Baptist
The Becoming of Christianity: -Judaism was fundamental to the emergence of Christianity -With its belief hat a Messiah would come into the world and dave humankind, fulfilling God's promises -Hebrew writings of the book of ___________, predicted the coming of a Savior -_______ the Baptist further prepared the way for Jesus ministry by preaching that a Messiah was at hand -Those who saw that Kingdom was represented in Jesus, became the first Christians
Roman Old St. Peters
The Early Christian basilica was derived from the __________ basilica. _______ ___________'s im Rome is the quintessential example
"Iconoclastic Controversy" Iconophiles ; Second Golden Age
The First Golden Age ended with the "___________ ___________" Yet, the __________-lovers of artistic images- triumphed over the iconoclasts, and a ___________ _________ __________ of Byzantine art began
Ark
The Hebrews carried the Decalogue, carved it into stone tablets called ______ of the Covenant
Theocracy Jews of the Diaspora
The Hebrews remained in exile for over 60 years. Those who returned then rebuilt the temple. After rebuilding the Temple, the Jews established a _______________ (A religiously governed state) Although many exiles returned to Judah, many others remained outside Judah and were known as _______ of the __________
Prophets
The Israelite _____________ spoke for God. -They did not foretell the future, instead they had been instructed by God in vision or through ecstasy -They taught importance of 10 commandments. -Voices of Conscious, confronting Israelite kings with their wrongdoings
Religion of the book
The Jews produced a "__________ of the ________" what Christians regard as the Old Testament portion of the bible, providing a spiritual and moral foundation for Western culture
Plotinus
The Neoplatonist philosopher ___________ was perhaps the most significant influence, especially his notion of a soul's ascent through ever higher levels of spiritual purification and perfection, an idea found in the Christian mysticism and in Dante's Paradiso
21 14 -Pauls epistles served his missionary vocation, to spread Christianity throughout the Greco-Roman world (VERY important)
The New Testament contains _______ epistles _______ of these are ascribed to the apostle Paul (The titles of Pauls Epistles are derived from their recipients: Romans, Corinthians, Ephesians, etc) The importance of Paul?
Ten -Influenced 600 and more laws recorded in the book of Leviticus -Continuing with the mortality and exploration in the name of Jesus -Provide a basis for moral reflection and analysis
The ______ Commandments contain the essence of the religious law of the ancient Judeo-Christian world.
New Testament Hebrew Scriptures Quran
The ________ __________ is for Christianity what the ___________ __________ are for Judaism and the ___________ is for Islam
Hebrew Bible 1) The Law 2) The Prophet 3) The Writings
The _________ _____________ consists of the canon of books accepted and officially sanctioned by Judaism. Consist of what 3 major groupings?
St. Marks
The biggest and most elaborate church of the Second Golden Age was the ____. _________ in Venice Its location on one side of a large piazza (open public area) is impressive
Issac Jacob
The covenant, starting with Abraham was passed to the next patriarchs. Abrahams son: _____________, Abrahams grandson: _____________
Catacombs
The earliest Christian art is found in the ____________- the underground cemeteries of the Christians in and around Rome. -practically underground towns of sepulchers and funeral chapels
patriarchs
The early ____________ of ancient Israel believed they were favored by god and consequently led lived that honored God
Saul The first book of Samuel describes Sauls kingship and the arrival of David, who saves the Israelites from there enemy, Philistines, by slaying the giant Goliath with a stone from a slingshot
The first king of Israel was ___________.
Solomon
The last important Israelite king was Davids son ___________. -Famous for his wisdom -Associated with the temple he built in Jerusalem -Was a poet -Author of the biblical Song of Songs, love poem between God and his people
-Square base formed on 4 huge piers -Combined plan of the longitudinal basilica plan with those of the domed central plan -Transition of circle to square is achieved through the use of four pendentives, or pieces of triangular supporting masonry
The layout of the Hagia Sophia:
Ambrose Byzantine
The liturgy of _______________ made accommodations for active musical participation by the congregation. This required music to be relatively simple, with single notes sung to each syllable. In the ____________ liturgical music practices, it was more complex, with many notes sung to a syllable in a florid style.
Genesis Explaining the Origin of the Universe, The reason humans suffer pain and death, and the emergence of the worlds languages These Etiological stories occupy the first eleven chapters of Genesis
The narratives in the book of _____________ can be read as being literally true. Includes two categories: Prehistoric Myths and Historicized Fiction Prehistoric Myths: Stories of the Creation, Great Flood, and the Tower of Babel are myths explaining what?
Mesopotamian
The nomadic Hebrew people were forced out of the _________________ basin by the Akkadians and the ascendancy of the Babylonians
Moses Sinai Ten Commandments
The patriarch _________ then defined the pharaoh and led his people out of Egypt (The Exodus) into a peninsula between Egypt and Canaan. There on top of Mt. __________ God is said to have given the Decalogue or the ________ ______________
Water to Wine Parables
The public ministry of Jesus began when he was 30 years old, with the performance of his first miracle changing ________ into _________ Jesus taught through stories, or __________. Reveal a religious teaching They illustrate an essential Christian principle: In the case of the Good Samaritan, that believing Christians should love their "neighbors" - neighbors include all human beings
frescoes
The walls of catacombs were decorated with _________, paintings made quickly on fresh applied limestone
Instruction or Teaching
Torah means :
Bathsheba Absalom
Transgressions include (going against law): -One of his soldiers, Uriah, was killed on the front line so that David could marry his widow, ____________ - Davids son __________, mounted a military rebellion against him.
In the east priests could and often did marry. The Eastern patriarch refused to submit to the authority of the Roman pope
What caused a final and permanent schism or split between the East and West Churches?
Christianity
What grew out of Judaism?
-God agrees to be the Hebrew deity -Hebrews agree to be his people and follow his will -With each patriarch, God renews the covenant (originally Abraham) -Referred to many times in the first 5 books of the bible the Torah
What is entailed in the covenant?
Santa Costanza -Known also as a mausoleum -Constructed for the emperor Constantine's daughter Constantia -has an ambulatory (circular aisle)
What is the finest example of a basilica, located in Rome?
-Genesis and Job Genesis for its fascinating narratives Job for its sublime philosophical poetry Both reflect the ideals of ancient Israel
What two books of the Hebrew Bible tower above the rest?
Responsorial and Antiphonal
What two kinds of singing developed in Christian services?
Humankind's inability to obtain salvation on its own -Only God could freely grant this grace. -Humans are not able to understand the divine complexities on their own , need authoritative teaching of the church
What was one last major influence of Augustine's ideas?
That evil does not possess reality in the same way that good does -Evil is a deficiency in good rather than something that exists in its own right -Evil entered the world through incorrect choices made by human beings -Christ redeemed humanity, : life is a spiritual pilgrimage toward God, to find salvation
What was one of Augustines central ideas?
-The idea that the world was divided into two competing and contrasting forces of Good and Evil -Forces of Light and Darkness
What were some new features during the post-exilic period of Jewish beliefs?
1) Cult Antecedents 2) Philosophical Antecedents 3) Jewish Influences
What were the three basic forms of antecedents of Christianity?
Atrium
When entering a Christian Basilica, the visitor first came into the ___________, a rectangular forecourt open in the center to the sky -This area was for people not yet baptized
Abraham When God called Abraham out of the land of Ur to Canaan, Abrahams response was an immediate and total acceptance of Gods will
Who was the first patriarch?
Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel
Who were the most important biblical prophets?
Byzantine
With the fall of the Roman empire, the emperor Constantine established the trading city of ________________ as his new Eastern capital , renaming it Constantinople in the process
Paul Damascus
_______: was the most important of the first century Christian missionaries. -Strongly opposed to Christianity until he underwent a conversion experience on the road to ___________. -Known for spreading the Gospel to non-jewish communities
New Testament
_________ ___________: records and interprets the acts and words of the Christian Savior, Jesus Christ -Contains 4 types of writing: 1) The gospels (accounts of Jesus' life and ministry) 2) The Epistles (letters to the early Christian churches) 4) The Acts of the Apostles (A history of the spread of Christianity during the thirty years after Jesus's death and resurrection) 4) Revelation (Apocalypse, the end of the world book)
Seven (We don't know why they left Cannan to go to Egypt) (Prospered until Egyptians enslaved them)
__________ hundred years after Abraham, a renewal of the covenant took place while Hebrews were living in Egypt.
Religious Faith
___________ __________ is the consistent concern of ancient Hebrew poetry
Babylonian Captivity
____________ ____________: Period when the Southern Kingdom Hebrews were carried off into exile
Isaiah
____________: Called for social justice and for an end to war
Yahweh sun
_____________ was transcendant, apart from nature Thus the ______ which the Egyptians worshiped as a god, was for the for the Hebrews subject to the power of their god, who had created it
Covenant
_____________: An agreement between God and his people
Etiological
______________ stories: Stories about the origins and causes of things
David
_________________ was Israels greatest King -Time of Military success -Capture of Jerusalem (Made capital) (Chose Jerusalem as the seat of political power) -Rule didn't prevent composing poetry and music (Biblical Psalms) -Imperfect : Sinner and a penitent
Antiphonal Singing
__________________: means dividing a group of singers into two groups in such a way that they are (usually) separated spacially from each other, for example: the right and left sides of a church
Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus
___________________ of ____________ ___________: Bassus (high position administrator) converted to Christianity shortly before his death. The front is divided into two tiers of columns into 10 areas. The subjects are drawn from the Old and New Testament
Responsorial singing
___________________: means singing a response to a chanted or read verse of scripture