Imperialism in Africa and Asia

Kashmir

- in the Himalayas and is controlled by India and Pakistan, but they have had multiple wars over control

What were the causes and effects of the Sepoy Rebellion?

-Causes: sepoys had to bite the cartridges that were covered in animal fat (against their religion) -Effects: India was put under complete British control

What were the economic, political, social, and military causes of imperialism?

-Economic: manufacturers wanted access to natural resources and wanted to sell factory goods, colonies offered valuable outlets to European populations -Political: nationalism- they felt ruling global empires increased the nation's reputation around the world -Military: steam powered merchant ships, naval vessels, bases around the world for coal

Explain Britain's system of colonial rule in India. How did this affect life for the Indian population positively and negatively?

-Positive: railroad network, communication, trading -Negative: rapid population growth --> famine The British were able to conquer India by exploiting its diversity (Islam vs. Hinduism)

Treaty of Kanagawa

American and Japanese treaty to open up Japan's ports but not for trade

Rubber Terror

Belgians used the riches of the congo (rubber, copper, and ivory), killed Africans when they didn't collect enough rubber

What led to the partition of Pakistan and India, and why is there continuing tension between the two?

Both wanted Kashmir

Treaty of Nanking

Britain received an indemnity (payment for losses in war), British gained Hong Kong, China opened 5 ports for foreign trade, granted British citizens in China extraterritoriality (the right to live under their own laws), unfair treaty

Opium Wars

British made huge profits from trading opium grown in India for Chinese tea, Chinese became addicted to the drug, China lost money paying for drug, China asked Britain to stop trade but Britain refused, Chinese warships clashed with British merchants; Chinese were easily defeated due to outdated weapons

How did Western economic problems and traditional beliefs weaken China?

Chinese got addicted to opium, trade deficit (imported more than exported)

Liberia and Ethiopia

Ethiopia and Liberia were the only African nations to preserve their independence

What was the Berlin Conference and how did it relate to the conquest of Africa?

European powers met at an international conference where no Africans were invited. They talked about Leopold's private claims to the Congo Free State but called for free trade on the Congo and Niger Rivers. They then agreed that a European power could not claim any part of Africa unless it had set up a government office there. It was a rush to colonize Africa.

Who was Mahatma Gandhi, and how did he work to end British control of India?

Gandhi led India to independence and wanted a peaceful protest, purposely broke laws to prove injustice

How did Japan become a country that imperialized others?

Japan isolated themselves to modernize, therefore they became powerful so they could imperialize other countries

How and why did Japan act differently than China when threatened by Western powers?

Japan looked towards western powers for support while China tried to be independent (unsuccessful)

How did imperialism impact the economy, government, and society in Africa?

Made economy stronger because it took and sold resources.

Muslim League

Muslims in India that organized for independence, wanted separate Muslim state

How did internal problems and traditional beliefs weaken China?

Older government officials refused to change so other countries could take advantage easily, self sufficient, closed self off

How did the Europeans draw boundaries in Africa, and how has this led to problems?

The Europeans drew boundaries in Africa randomly, without considering the needs or desires of the Africans. This led to conflict because the Africans weren't grouped with other members of their ethnicity and they didn't get along well.

How was the Industrial Revolution linked to imperialism?

The industrial revolution created needs and desires that spurred overseas expansion such as manufacturers wanting access to natural resources, new markets of consumers to sell factory goods, bankers sought ventures to invest their profits in, and the colonies offered a valuable outlet for Europe's growing population.

How did Africans resist European imperialism?

They battled the British, French, and Germans. Ethiopia managed to resist European colonization and maintain its independence. Ethiopia and Liberia were the only African nations, to preserve their independence.

What factors led to Indian nationalist movements?

They dreamed of ending imperial rule and gaining democracy, freedom, and equality

Social Darwinism

Westerner's applied Darwin's ideas about natural selection and survival of the fittest to human societies, and argued that European races were superior to all others and imperial domination of weaker races was simply nature's way of improving human species; millions of non-Westerners were robbed of their cultural heritage

Meiji Restoration

a period in time that was a major turning point in Japanese history; determined to make Japan stronger with money and a strong military, caused Japan to have a common culture and language, Japan looked to Westerners to learn how to establish a powerful country, they were successful and had enough power to force the Westerners to revise unequal treaties

Open Door Policy

a policy to keep Chinese trade open to everyone on an equal basis

Berlin Conference

a rush to colonize Africa, took place in Germany, European powers partitioned almost the whole continent (20 years after conference), they redrew map the map of Africa with little regard to ethnic boundaries, European powers recognized Leopold's private claims to the Congo free state but called for free trade on the Congo and niger rivers, decided that a European power could not claim any part of Africa unless it had a government office there, no Africans were invited to the conference.

Sphere of Influence

an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges (open door policy)

Sepoy Rebellion

angry sepoys rose up against their British officers; British ended up crushing the revolt; rebellion left a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust on both sides; brought major changes to British policy; Parliament ended the rule of the East India Company and put India directly under the British crown

Russo-Japanese War

conflict between Russia and Japan over control of Korea and Manchuria; Japan won due to more advanced technology

Boxer Rebellion

goal was to drive out foreigners who were polluting China with their un-Chinese ways, boxers attacked foreigners across China

Indian National Congress

its members believed in peaceful protest to gain their ends; looked forward to democracy and self-rule

Taiping Rebellion

most devastating peasant rebellion in history; rebels had control for 14 years; the government then crushed the rebellion, poverty and misery caused peasants to rebel

. King Leopold

of Belgium, publicly he spoke of a civilizing mission but privately he dreamed of conquest and profit, exploited Congo for rubber

Colony

one country takes control over another country (direct relationship between 2 countries), offered a valuable outlet for Europe's growing population

Amritsar Massacre

peaceful gathering of Indians; British then fired on unarmed Indians

Mahatma Gandhi

peaceful protestor who led India to independence

Imperialism

the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

Extraterritoriality

the right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own courts

Matthew Perry

went to Japan to deliver a letter from the President of the United States demanding that Japan were to open its ports to diplomatic and commercial exchange

Great Salt March

when Gandhi led his people to pick up sand from the Indian Ocean, salt symbolized right in their homeland in taking down British empire

Protectorate

when local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of European advisors on issues such as trade or missionary activity (country with own government but under control of an outside power)

British East India Company

won trading rights on the Mughal Empire; main goal was to make money; missionaries tried to convert Indians to Christianity; made some unpopular moves such as requiring sepoys, indian soldiers, to serve anywhere, and then the British issued guns to the sepoys