Imperialism Review Sheet

Negative Effects of Imperialism in Africa

-African peoples were treated as inferior to Europeans -Europeans divided Africa and ignored the tribal, ethnic and cultural boundaries of the African people -led to tribal conflicts

Internal Forces Enabling Imperialism

-Africans' huge variety of languages and cultures discouraged African among African people -Europeans soon learned to pit rival African groups against each other -Africans did not have weapons that Europeans had

External Forces Enabling Imperialism

-European technological superiority a) Maxim gun invented b) africans forced to rely on outdated weapons such as spears -Invention of Steam Engine -Invention of drugs to prevent malaria

Motives for Imperialism in India

-India had a lot of natural resources, such as tea, indigo, coffee, and jute -India supplied a lot of people in India, 300 million, that would buy British products

The Raj

-era of British rule in India often called British Raj, Hindi word meaning "rule" -administration carried out by government agency

Berlin Conference

-goal: to lay down rules for the division of the still unclaimed African territories -result: the remainder of Africa was divided up between the European powers

Suez Canal

-influenced Britain's interest in Egypt -linked Mediterranean with Red Sea -made travel easier

Positive Effects of Imperialism in Africa

-introduction of modern transportation and communication systems, such as telegraphs, railroads, and telephones -the introduction of European medicine and improved nutrition led to an increase of the African population

Reasons/ Motives For New Imperialism

-no longer about setting up colonies or exercising direct control over areas

Indian National Congress

-though ruling India -officials were British -employed very few Indians -many educated Indians frustrated at having no say in their own government

Old Imperialism

-took during the age of exploration -mainly in the western Hemisphere -European countries wanted to set up colonies and have direct control over them

New Imperialism

-took place during 1870's-1914 -prompted by needs created by the Industrial Revolution -took place mostly in Eastern hemisphere

Impact of Imperialism on China

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Boxer

A member of a secret society in China that unsuccessfully attempted in 1900 to drive foreigners from the country by violence and force Chinese Christians to renounce their religion.

Open Door Policy

A policy of the United States that stated China should be open to all nations that which to trade with them. This policy did not include the consent of the Chinese, and was another form of imperialism.

Boxer Rebellion

A rebellion by the people of China to end foreign domination.

Taiping Rebellion

A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.

Treaty of Nanjing

According to the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, the Chinese were to: -Reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the Chinese -Open several ports to British trade -Provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong -Grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China

Spheres of Influence

An area of one country under the control of another. In China, these areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere.

Commodore Matthew Perry

Commodore. United States Navy officer who is responsible for opening Japan to trade and imperialism.

Opium Wars

In the early 19th century, Great Britain began importing opium, processed from poppy plants grown in the Crown Colony of India, into China. Chinese officials attempted to ban the importation of the highly addictive opium, but ultimately failed. The British declared war on China in a series of conflicts called the Opium Wars. Superior British military technology allowed them to claim victory and subject the Chinese to a series of unequal treaties.

Sepoy

Indian soldier in British army

Japan's Reaction to Imperialism

Japan practiced imperialism throughout Asia. A campaign to rid Asia of European imperialism was waged in which Japan occupied nations once held by the French, British, and the Dutch. Native leaders were installed as part of puppet governments that were manipulated by the Japanese.

Modernization/Westernization

Japan was quickly emerging as a world-class power using western technology and methods while still maintaining its traditional cultural values.

Sino-Japanese war

Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.

White Man's Burden

The Europeans' sense of superiority made them feel obligated to "civilize the heathen savages" they encountered.

Shogun

The hereditary commander of the Japanese army who until 1867 exercised absolute rule under the nominal leadership of the emperor.

Sepoy Mutiny

The rifle cartridges that were distributed to the Sepoys had to be bitten to remove a cover before being inserted into a gun. Rumors circulated among the Sepoys that this cover had been greased with beef and pork fat. This angered Muslim Sepoys who were not supposed to consume pork, and the Hindu Sepoys who were not supposed to eat beef. Thus, the Sepoys revolted against the British army, which eventually ended the conflict through use of force.

Boer Wars

War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.

Russo-Japanese War

War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

Meiji Restoration

a chain of events that restored imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under the Meiji Emperor.

Colony

a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country

Ethnocentrism

belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group

Self-sufficicency

did not need to trade with other countries

Mughal Empire

empire that was in charge of India before the British took control

Muslim League

formed to protect Indian Muslims

Cecil Rhodes

instrumental in assuring British dominance of southern Africa. He founded the De Beers Mining Company, eventually controlling 90% of the world's diamond production. After becoming prime minister of the Cape Colony (now South Africa) in 1890, he used his influence to strengthen British control over the region

Impact of Imperialism on India

negative effects: Racism grew (british to the Indians) economic hardship, british were upset by the Indian desire for self rule and nationlism, loss of self sufficiency, reduced food production which led to famines. Positive effects: railroads were built, communication grew due to the building of telephones, and the telegraph, desire for unity, modern economy, public health improved.

Imperialism

occurs when a strong nation takes over a weaker nation or region and dominates its economic, political, or cultural life.

"Jewel in the Crown"

of the British Empire; signified that India was Britain's most prized colony

King Leopold

sent emissaries to establish trade with native Africans in the Congo. This single act began a flurry of imperialistic activity as the other nations of Europe, including: France, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Germany, Italy, and Portugal.

Social Darwinism

the belief that all human groups compete for survival, and that the stronger groups will replace the weaker groups. Others saw it as a warning to western nations to stop the harmful practice of imperialism.

"Scramble for Africa"

the invasion, occupation, colonization, and annexation of African territory by European powers during the New Imperialism period

Tokugawa Shogunate

the last feudal Japanese military government

Isolation

the process or fact of isolating or being isolated.

British East India Company

trading company that had contact with India sinc the early 1700's when India was ruled by the Mugal Empire