Industrial Revolution Chapter 22

machester, liverpool

By 1830, the world's first rail line linked two major British cities, _________ and ________.

model t

By 1920, the ______ __ made 40 to 50 percent of U.S. automobile production

1870

By _____, long-distant movement of goods by steamship was economically viable.

electric, steam

By using ________ power, factories no longer had to rely on large _____ engines to power machines.

napolean 3, frederick law olmsted

In the 1860s ____________ created parks in Paris to give working people places for healthy recreation. In the US, ______ _____ _____ designed city parks that were equally accessible to all residents.

impressionism

In the 1860s, a group of French painters introduced a new way of looking at the world and started a movement known as ___________. These artists wanted to capture an impression of a scene using light, vivid color, and motion, rather than just showing its realistic details.

psychology

In the 1890s the study of mind and human behavior emerged as a separate field known as ________.

1900s

In the early ____, appliances such as vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, and electric stoves became available.

raw materials, buyers, factories, transportation

In the industrial city _____ ______ had to be sent to factories, and the products distributed to ____________. Industrial cities needed ________, a large workforce, a reliable ____________ network, warehouses, stores, and offices.

realism

In the mid-1800s, a movement known as ________ developed in reaction to romanticism. It revealed the details of everyday life, no matter how unpleasant.

working, lower

Instead of painting imaginary or emotional scenes, painters painted ordinary _____ people as they really lived. Many realist paintings show people of the _____ class as possessing quiet dignity.

marie curie

Introduced the idea of teaching science through experiments and was the first woman to teach at Sorbonne.

smog

London had a special problem with _______, or thick, choking, lung-burning fog mixed with smoke.

thomas edison

Made generators, motors, light sockets, and other electrical devices; played a major role in the development of city electrical utility systems.

nature, emotions, individual, past, imagination

Major characteristics of Romanticism were love of _____, deep ______, value of the _________, affection for the _____, and the importance of the ___________.

urbanization

Many changes took place in the cities in the 1800s and much of Europe and the United States experienced rapid ____________--the growth in the proportion of people living in towns and cities.

archaeology, recorded, preserved

One field that received much attention was ____________, the study of the past based on artifacts. Starting in the mid-1800s, archaeologists ________ all stages of their work and _______ their findings for education, not just riches.

lowell, textile, women

One of the first cities to have all support for an industry was ________, Massachusetts. At the heart of its growth was its ________ factories, which employed young _____ from the surrounding countryside and newcomers from Europe.

fermentation

Pasteur also discovered that bacteria present in the air cause _______________, the process that makes grape juice turn into wine and milk turn sour.

heating, pasteurization

Pasteur discovered that by _______ liquids and foods to high temperatures, he killed the bacteria and prevented fermentation. His process became known as _________.

william wordsworth

Poet ________ _______ expressed the romantic spirit in his definition of poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of power feelings from emotion recollected in tranquility"

rabies, 1885

Preventing ______ was another one of Pasteur's goals, and he developed a vaccine in _____ that saved the life of a young boy who had been bitten by a rabid dog.

telegraph, journalism

Reporting of foreign affairs improved when the _______ made up-to-date coverage possible. Foreign correspondence was just one area within a growing profession--___________.

thomas edison

Based on the work of Faraday and Swan, ________ ________ developed the first usable and practical lightbulb in 1879.

women

Bc few colleges allowed women to enroll as students, educators who thought women should have more opportunities began funding colleges just for ________.

sigmund freud, hypnotism, psychoanalysis

Austrian-Jewish physician that argued that an unconscious part of the mind contains thoughts of which one is unaware. _________ was one of the techniques he used to explore the unconscious. He called his method of therapy _______________.

anthropology

As evidence of the human past was unearthed, _____________, the study of humanity and human ancestors, became an organized discipline.

romanticism

A literary and artistic development of the early 1800s was called _________. With an emphasis on intuition and feeling, it was a reaction to Enlightenment rationalism and the early abuses of the Industrial Revolution.

telegraph

A machine that sent messages instantly over wires changing the way of communication.

education, governments

After 1870 governments in western Europe and the U.S. passed laws requiring for _________ for all children. Eventually, some __________ funded education through high school.

girls

Although more industrialized countries guaranteed free public education, some countries did not require that _____ go beyond elementary school.

alexander graham bell, telegraph

American ______ _____ _____, a teacher of hearing-impaired students, was one of the scientists working in sound technology. He tried to create a way to send multiple ______ messages at the same time.

crawford w long, ether

American surgeon _______ __ ______ discovered a solution for treating pain. He had his patients breathe in a gas called _____, an anesthetic, or drug that reduced pain and in large doses makes the patient unconscious.

E=mc2

Among Einstein's ideas was a now-famous formula: _________. The formula means that a small amount of mass can be converted into a huge amount of energy.

theodore gericault

Among many great romantic painters was Frenchman _______ __________, whose scenes of suffering heroes caught the public's attention.

hospitals, mortality

Another improvement in public health was the building of more modern __________. A major result of these developments in medical care and public health was a dramatic decline in _________, or deaths in infancy.

leisure, football, rugby, football, baseball

As ______ time increased, people had more time to play and watch sports. In Britain, _________ became more popular; ______ and American __________ were also developed. _______ became a popular pastime for troops during the American civil war.

suburbs

As cities became more congested, people moved out of the cities and into the ______.

1769

As early as ______, several Europeans had tried to build a form of personal transportation.

evolution

Charles Darwin also came up with the theory of _______, which states that species will evolve, or change to improve its survival chances.

natural selection

Charles Darwin developed the concept of _____ _____, which states that creatures that are well adapted to their environments have a better change of surviving to produce offspring.

sociology

Closely related to anthropology is _________, which emerged as a social science in the late 1800s. These people study people in groups and examine societies' institutions and sub-groups.

europe, atlantic, 1870

Communication between the United States and _______ also improved with the laying of the telegraph on the floor of the _______ Ocean in 1866. By ______, telegraph wires stretched from England to India.

cities'

Despite the _____ unhealthy conditions, people kept arriving during the late 1800s. They wanted not just jobs, but to escape hunger, political oppression, or discrimination.

benjamin franklin, electricity

During the 1700s ________ ________ and other scientists had performed important experiments with __________, but no one had developed a way to use it.

educated, factories, education

During the 1800s, increased industrialization created a need for a more ________ workforce. _______ wanted managers who could read and write and engineers with technical skills. Bc people became more informed in politics they supported public _________ as a way to develop informed citizens.

space, time

Einstein also proposed that _____ itself is curved and that one must include _____ in the study of space.

relativity, light, motion, absolute

Einstein developed the special theory of __________, based on two crucial ideas. One was that no particle of matter can move faster than the speed of _____. The other that is _______ can be measured only from the viewpoint of a particular observer, therefore, scientists cannot speak of ______ motion, space, or time.

improvements, home, water, sanitation

Eventually, _________ were made in the cities, and these improvements were extended into the ______. Better plumbing allowed families to have clean drinking ______, toilets, and bathtubs. _______ and overall health improved.

waterways, sunlight

Factories did not have to depend on ___________ to power steam engines. Factory production increased as factories became less dependent on ________.

carl benz, gottilieb daimler

German engineers ______ _____ and _______ _______ both developed practical automobiles.

congestion, subways, london

Growing populations caused ________ on city streets. Underground railway systems, or _______, helped relieve the crowding. In 1863 ______ opened the world's first subway line.

charles dickens

In his novel, Hard Times Englishman ______ ______ wrote about the struggles of London's power. That novel also described pollution, exploitation, and miseries caused by Industrialization.

leo tolstoy

In his novel, War and Peace, Russian writer ____ ______ showed that war is chaotic and horrible.

joseph lister, antiseptic

In the 1860s English surgeon _______ _____ began cleaning wounds and equipment with an ___________--a germ-killing agent containing carbolic acid. By using the antiseptic, he reduced post-surgery deaths.

shadow, light, color, movement

Impressionists were more concerned about the effects of ____ and ____, the use of ____, and the suggestion of ________.

steel, henry bessemer, william kelly

Improvements in ______ production contributed to the expansion of the railroad system. Englishman ____ _______ and American ______ ______ developed the Bessemer process, which involved forcing air through molten metal to burn out carbon and other impurities.

john dalton, elements

In 1803, English chemist _____ ____ developed modern atomic theory. An essential part of this theory is the idea that atoms of different ________ are themselves of different sizes and masses.

michael faraday

In 1831, English chemist _______ _________ discovered the connection between magnetism and electricity.

joseph swan

In 1860, British chemist _______ _____ developed a primitive electric lightbulb that gave off light by passing heat through a small piece of paper.

louis pasteur, spontaneous generation, bacteria

In 1870, French chemist _______ _____ showed the link between microbes and disease. He disproved a concept called _____________ _______-the idea that bacteria, flies, or other tiny animals could spring to life out of nonliving matter. He showed that _________ are always present in the air and reproduce like other living things.

dmitri mendeleyev

In 1871, Russian chemist ______ __________ arranged all the chemical elements into a chart called the periodic table.

booker t washington

In 1881, _______ __ ________ founded a private school to train African Americans to be teachers in Tuskegee, Alabama.

benz, daimler, carburetor

In 1885, _____ built a three-wheeled vehicle. A year later ________ put an internal combustion engine on a horse carriage. Daimler developed the ___________, which mixed fuel with air for proper combustion in the engine.

palace of electricity

In 1900, lights of the ________ __ _______ turned part of Paris into a fantasy land.

albert einstein, light, energy

In 1905 German-Jewish scientist ______ _______ revolutionized physics. In an early work, he used mathematics to show that _____ can act not only as a wave, but also like tiny particles of ________.

henry ford

In 1908, _____ _____ built a motor car for the great multitude and using mass-production methods in modern factories, built a line of affordable cars called the Model T.

ernest rutherford

In 1911 British chemist ________ _________ realized that in the center of the atom lay a core called a nucleus. He found that the nucleus is made up of positively charged particles, which he called protons.

marie, pierre curie, energy, radioactivity

In France, in 1898, chemists _____ and _____ _____ discovered polonium and radium. They also concluded that certain elements release _____ when they break down. Marie called this process _________________.

wilbur, orville wright

In Kitty Hawk, NC, on December 17, 1903, American brothers _______ and ______ ____ succeeded in flying a powered airplane in sustained flight.

1844, telegraph

In _____, Samuel Morse received funding from the U.S. government to lay 35 miles of ________ wires between Washington D.C, and Baltimore, Maryland.

generators

Michael Faraday used electricity to power an electric motor, and his discoveries led to the development of electrical _______________.

dynamo

Michael Faraday's discovery led to the _________, a machine that generated electricity by moving a magnet through a coil of copper wire.

lower, work, vocational, technical

Most children of the _______ classes stayed in school only as long as the law required. Then, many of them quit school to go to _____. The establishment of _________ and ______ training schools gave some members of the working class more opportunities.

louvre, libraries

Museums such as the _______ in Paris made great works of art available to all. Public ________ opened their doors.

ludwig van beethoven, freedom

Nature inspired composers such as German ______ ___ ________, who also celebrated human _______ in his work.

henrik ibsen, women

Norwegian playwright ______ _____ broke new ground in A Doll's House. The play revealed the unfair treatment of _____ within families.

bell, thomas watson

One day in 1876, _____ was in one room and his assistant _____ ____ was in another and they could hear each other through the telephone.

ivan pavlov, conditioned reflexs x2

Russian physiologist _______ ____ used dogs as research subjects to prove that animals could be conditioned to have certain reflex actions. He called their reactions ____ ____ and concluded that human behaviors are also a series of connected ______ ______.

electromagnetic waves, guglielmo marconi, radio

Since telephone wires could only stretch so far, a new wireless technology was based on theories about ___________ ____. In 1895, Italian physicist _____ _______ used the discoveries to build a wireless telegraph, or _____.

shine, dim

Swan's lightbulb did not ______ for very long, and its light was too _____.

aerodynamics

The Wright brothers used principles of _________, which is the study of how forces act on solid surfaces moving through the air, to aid them in their flight.

origin, united states, immigrated

The _____ of the new city residents differed, and the ____ _____ drew the most people. Between 1870 and 1900, about 12 million people _________ to the US.

travel, trade, markets, declined

The rapid expansion of the railroad helped both _______ and ______. _________ for goods increased. Transportation costs ______ and new products became available.

power plant

Thomas Edison built the world's first central electric _______ ______ in New York City.

anthrax, antibodies

To prevent _________, Pasteur injected animals with a vaccine containing weakened anthrax germs, which prevented animals from getting sick. His vaccine worked because the body builds up substances called __________ to fight weakened germs.

charles darwin

Took a long voyage, during which he studied variations among plants and animals; he published he theories in a book titled On The Origins of Species.

locomotives, railroad, bridges

Using the Bessemer process, factories increased their production of ________ and _______ tracks. Engineers used the stronger steel to build _______ that allowed the trains to cross any type of terrain.

crowded

When they first arrived, most of the immigrants lived in miserable, _________ conditions.

newspapers, linotype, electric

With a more educated populace, more cities began printing ______________. New technology, including the _________ machine and the ________ press, improved newspaper printing processes.

health, coal

With high population density, the ______ of many cities suffered. One of the hazards was smoky air from the ____ that was burned to run steam engines and warm homes.

scarce, taller, william le baron jenney

With more people moving to the cities, working and living space became more _____. Constructing ____ buildings was one solution. In 1883, architect _______ ____ ____ _____ designed the first multistory steel-framed building, or skyscraper, in Chicago.

trains, heavy, waterways, faster

With the development of efficient steam engines, ______ began to replace boats. They could carry ______ loads, did not require __________, and traveled ______ than watercraft.

hot air balloons, wind

_____ ___ _____ made their debut in 1783 and became useful for wartime spying and aerial photography. However, they were at the mercy of the ____.

samuel morse, 1837, morse code

______ ______ is credited with inventing the telegraph in ______. He is also credited with developing a "language", which became known as ______ _____, for sending telegraph messages.

william blake

______ ______, an English artist and writer, painted scenes of mystical beauty.

thomas edison, phonograph

______ _______ recorded sound with one of his many inventions, the ________, which became the record player.

railroads, cultural, concert, theaters

______ allowed more families to enjoy a range of activities. _______ activities became more available to people. During the 1800s, city governments began building new _______ halls and _______ and supporting more orchestras, bands, and choral groups.

steamships, 1849

_______ changed ocean travel. In ____, regular US steamship service began, traveling from the west coast, around South America, to the east coast.

meat, steel

_______-packing was one of the several industries that lured workers to Chicago. Jobs in the _____ industry in Pittsburgh attracted workers.