Science Quarter 2

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: bacteria

Prokaryote

Name the steps for mitosis in order from the beginning of cell DIVISION.

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis.

Function of cell wall

Protects the cell and helps give it shape and structure.

What are reactants?

Reactants are elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction.

What is anaerobic respiration?

A form of cellular respiration that occurs when oxygen is absent or scarce.

What is aerobic respiration?

A form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen in order to generate energy.

What happens during interphase?

The cell makes proteins and grows in size.

What is the role of the cell membrane?

The cell membrane is SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE = controls what enters and leaves the cell, this its main function.

Function of nucleus

The cell nucleus acts like the brain of the cell. It helps direct cellular activities.

Which organelle in a plant is responsible for capturing sunlight needed for plants to carry out photosynthesis?

The chloroplast is responsible for capturing sunlight needed for plant photosynthesis.

What organelle is responsible for contractile movement in eukaryotic cells?

The cytoskeleton is responsible for the contractile movement in eukaryotic cells.

Function of vacuole

little pockets in the cytoplasm of a cell where a cell stores food.

WHat are the reactants of photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide and water.

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: fungi

Eukaryote

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: plants

Eukaryote

Function of plasma membrane

works as a barrier between the inner and outer surface of a cell.

Explain what would happen to a cell if it was placed in a hypotonic saline solution?

A hypotonic solution refers to a solution that contains less solute (more water) compared to the cytoplasm of the cell. If the solution surrounding the cell is hypotonic, osmosis causes water to have a net flow into the cell, thus resulting in the swelling and expansion of the cell.

What is a stem cell?

A stem cell is essentially a "blank" cell, capable of becoming another more differentiated cell type in the body, such as a skin cell, a muscle cell, or a nerve cell.

What are actin filaments?

Actin filaments, also known as microfilaments, are thin support filaments produced from chains of the protein actin, which is present in the cells of all eukaryotic organisms. While these filaments serve many different functions, they primarily exist to provide structural support and intracellular transportation as parts of the cellular cytoskeleton.

What is differentiation? Why is it important?

Cell differentiation is a process in which a generic cell develops into a specific type of cell in response to specific triggers from the body or the cell itself. This is the process which allows a single celled zygote to develop into a multicellular adult organism which can contain hundreds of different types of cells.

What is the role of the cell wall?

Cell walls are made of specialized sugars called cellulose. Cellulose provides a protected framework for a plant cell to survive. Cellulose is called a structural carbohydrate (complex sugar) because it is used in protection and support. Cell walls also help a plant keep its shape. While they do protect the cells, cell walls and cellulose also allow plants to grow to great heights.

What is ATP and what is its relationship with glucose?

Cells can use extra energy to power their functions. It's stored in an excitable compound called ATP. ATP is the power molecule used by all the cells of an organism to power the secondary reactions. In cellular respiration, the chemical energy in various nutrients, such as glucose, is transferred to ATP. In this form it can be transported to provide the energy needed to carry out metabolic functions.

What are ribosomes and what do they do?

Cells need to make proteins. Enzymes made of proteins are used to help speed up biological processes. Ribosomes are the protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell. They are like construction guys who connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains.

What is the organization of living things?

Cells, tissues. organs, organ systems.

What is centromere and why is it important in cellular reproduction?

Centromeres are the point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division. Centromeres are also important because they hold copies of chromatids together and are used to move them around during cell division.

What is the role of chromosomes?

Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of DNA. DNA contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique. Chromosomes are responsible for the passage of traits from one generation to the next.

What are chromosomes and why are they important?

Chromosomes are threadlike structures that contain the genetic information of the cell and reside in the nucleus. Chromosomes are important because they determine what traits will be passed on to an offspring.

What is mitochondria and what is it responsible for?

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell. Many of the reactions involved in cellular respiration happen in the mitochondria. Mitochondria are the working organelles that keep the cell full of energy. Mitochondria is responsible for cellular respiration and ATP production.

Function of ribosome

Ribosomes are the protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell.

How are chloroplasts and mitochondria similar?

The mitochondrion consumes oxygen to efficiently extract energy from carbon sources producing carbon dioxide and water in the process. The chloroplast consumes water and carbon dioxide as it captures energy from light and funnels it into the chemical energy of glucose, releasing oxygen in the process. Also, BOTH ORGANELLES EVOLVED FROM ENDOSYMBIOTIC PROKARYOTES

Which organelle provides the energy needed for the plasma membrane to carry out active transport?

The mitochondrion is responsible for generating energy for the plasma membrane to perform active transport.

Explain the relationship between the nucleus and ribosomes.

The nucleus is where the mRNA used by the ribosomes is made.

What is the role of the golgi apparatus?

This cellular organelle packages and sorts proteins before they are sent to their final destination.

Function of endoplasmic reticulum

the ER functions as a manufacturing and packaging system.

WHat are the reactants of cellular respiration?

Glucose and oxygen.

What is diffusion? Why is it important to cells?

Diffusion simply means the spreading of a substance from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of lower concentration. It is important to cells because cells need materials necessary to survive or to be used as an energy source. Such materials must pass through a cells' semi-permeable membrane in order to be utilized.

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: protists

Eukaryote

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multicelled, such as you, me, plants, fungi, and insects. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle. Prokaryotes include two groups: bacteria and another group called archaea.

What happens to cells if food particles are not properly broken down?

If food is not properly broken down the lysosome in cells is damaged.

What happens during Cytokinesis?

In cytokinesis the cell divides into 2 daughter cells.

Explain the relationship between chloroplasts and photosynthesis?

In plants and algae, photosynthesis is the cellular process that occurs in a specialized intracellular organelle—the chloroplast. Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis during the daylight hours.

Which is stage of mitosis is longer- interphase or cytokinesis?

Interphase is the longest. Most of mitosis occurs in the interphase stage.

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?

It is the internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells. It is the place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled.

What is mitosis and why is it important?

Mitosis is one type of cell division. Mitosis is the type of cell division where one cell (the parent cell) divides to give rise to two identical cells (the daughter cells), which are not only identical to each other, but are also identical to what had been their parent cell. You need it for growth and repair of tissue.

When protein is needed, what organelle receives an mRNA strand from the nucleus?

The ribosome receives the mRNA strand from the nucleus.

What is homeostasis?

The tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system of feedback controls, so as to stabilize health and functioning,regardless of the outside changing conditions.

Why are there more classifications of eukaryotes than prokaryotes?

There are more classifications of eukaryotes than prokaryotes because prokaryotes are unicellular and eukaryotic are BOTH unicellular and multicellular.

Where are the instructions for protein synthesis stored?

They are stored in the nucleus.