Infant and Child Development: Chapter 7 Quiz

Which statement about the stability of attachment among children between 1 and 2 years of age is true? a)Insecure babies are more likely to maintain their attachment status than secure babies. b)In low-SES families, attachment generally moves toward greater security. c)Secure babies are more likely to maintain their attachment status than insecure babies. d)In different studies, the percentage of children who remain the same in their attachment to parents tends to be roughly similar.

C

When asked to push a wagon while standing on a towel attached to its rear axle, 21-month-old Maximus figures out that if he steps off the towel, the wagon will move. Maximus is displaying ________. A)effortful control B)secure attachment C)an explicit body self-awareness D)a categorical self

C

Does the fact that gender differences in temperament exist demonstrate that these differences are caused entirely by genetic factors? a)Yes, because differences in brain structures such as the amygdala can affect temperament. b)No, because parents tend to react positively when their child exhibits temperamental traits consistent with gender stereotypes. c)No, because gender differences tend to widen by adolescence. d)Yes, because some gender differences are evident even in infants.

b

In a large study of 1- to 3-year-old twin pairs, parents viewed ________. a)identical twins as very much alike in temperament, whereas researchers rated them as somewhat opposite B)fraternal twins as somewhat opposite in temperament, whereas researchers rated them as moderately similar C)identical twins as more alike in temperament than researchers' ratings indicated d)fraternal twins as more alike in temperament than researchers' ratings indicated

b

The heritability of attachment is ________, which supports the view that ________. a)virtually nil; genetic factors are more important than environmental factors in the development of attachment b)virtually nil; environmental factors play an important role in attachment c)high; environmental factors play an important role in attachment d)high; genetic factors are more important than environmental factors in the development of attachment

b

Which statement about grandparents who are primary caregivers is true? A)Grandparent caregivers rarely forge significant attachment relationships with their grandchildren. B)Nearly 1.8 million U.S. grandparents live with grandchildren but apart from the children's parents. C)The number of grandparents with primary responsibility for rearing grandchildren has decreased in recent decades. d)Grandparents in European-American families are more likely to serve as children's primary caregivers than are grandparents in other ethnic groups.

b

Compared to sociable children, shy children are more likely to have ________. a)a drop in blood pressure when faced with novelty b)lower levels of amygdala activity in response to novel stimuli c)a higher heart rate beginning in the first few weeks of life d)lower concentrations of salivary cortisol

c

In a large study of 1- to 3-year-old twin pairs, parents viewed ________. a)fraternal twins as more alike in temperament than researchers' ratings indicated b)identical twins as more alike in temperament than researchers' ratings indicated c)fraternal twins as somewhat opposite in temperament, whereas researchers rated them as moderately similar d)identical twins as very much alike in temperament, whereas researchers rated them as somewhat opposite

c

Most neurobiological research has focused on children who fall at opposite extremes of the ________ and ________ dimensions of temperament. a)attention-span; irritable-distress b)activity-level; positive-affect c)positive-affect; fearful-distress d)effortful-control; activity-level

c

Which statement about reactivity and self-regulation is true? A)Reactivity refers to strategies that modify self-regulation. B)Self-regulation refers to the tendency to respond to the environment, whereas reactivity refers to responding to genetic influences. C)Self-regulation refers to strategies that modify reactivity. d)Reactivity refers to the tendency to respond to the environment, whereas self-regulation refers to responding to genetic influences.

c

Which statement about sadness in infants is true? a)A still-face reaction usually produces sadness in Western infants but not infants from other cultures. b)Among infants, expressions of sadness tend to be less frequent than expressions of anger. c)Infants from different cultures usually respond to a still-faced, unreactive pose by assuming a similar pose themselves. d)Low cortisol levels are strongly associated with a sad, vacant outlook in infants.

c

As infants understand more about their world, they laugh ________. A)at events with subtler elements of surprise B)only in response to very active stimuli C)less often D)at dynamic, eye-catching sights

A

In an experiment in which pairs of 18- and 24-month-olds were exposed to attractive play materials that neither owned ahead of time, the children ________. a)seldom took all of the materials for themselves, and often shared the materials with each other equally b)rarely shared the materials, even if encouraged to share by their caregivers c)shared the materials only when they knew that they would be rewarded for sharing d)were equally likely to share the materials and to keep them all to themselves

A

Research on sex differences in temperament shows that ________. a)girls' advantage in effortful control contributes to better school performance b)boys are more anxious and timid than girls, and they are slightly more impulsive c)boys are more active than girls, but they also tend to be more anxious and timid d)girls are more daring than boys, and they have a large advantage in effortful control

A

The Attachment Q-Sort ________. A)requires either a parent or a trained observer to categorize 90 descriptive behaviors B)differentiates between types of insecurity C)measures fewer attachment-related behaviors than the Strange Situation D)is less time-consuming than the Strange Situation

A

Which statement about Thomas and Chess's research findings is true? A) a substantial percentage of the children surveyed showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics. B)All children surveyed were characterized as either easy, difficult, or slow to warm up. C)The researchers found that a higher percentage of children were classified as slow to warm up than were classified as easy. D)The researchers found that a higher percentage of children were classified as difficult than were classified as easy.

A

Ahmed, age 2, gives his favorite stuffed toy to his little brother when his brother falls down and starts to cry. Ahmed is displaying ________. A)a categorical self B)empathy C)delayed gratification D)an internal working model

B

In several studies, securely attached 12- to 16-month-olds looked longer at a video of an unresponsive caregiver than a video of a responsive caregiver. The researchers concluded that the toddlers expected the caregivers to be ________ and looked longer at the video that ________ with this expectation. A)unresponsive; was inconsistent with B)responsive; was inconsistent with C)responsive; was consistent with D)unresponsive; was consistent with

B

In the context of child development, attachment refers to the connection we have with people that ________. A)depends on an expectation that those people will provide for our physical needs, such as the satisfaction of hunger B)causes us to experience pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress C)influences later development so thoroughly that it becomes more important than the parent-child relationship D)builds our dependency on them, which makes it more difficult for us to develop independent lives and personality traits

B

Marissa wants to help her 18-month-old daughter, Isabel, develop self-control. Which strategy is likely to be helpful? A)Withhold approval for self-controlled behavior so Isabel does not become dependent on adult encouragement. B)Gradually increase the number of rules Isabel is expected to follow as her cognitive and language skills improve. C)Refrain from prompting and reminding Isabel to follow rules so she will remember on her own. D)Firmly insist that Isabel stop playing immediately when it's time for lunch or dinner.

B

The most reliable cues for determining the emotions that infants are experiencing are ________. a)body movements b)facial expressions c)reflex reactions d)vocalizations

B

The social smile ________. a)first appears in response to dynamic, eye-catching sights b)is evoked by parent-child interaction c)emerges during the second week of life d)first appears during REM sleep

B

Cross-cultural research indicates that ________. a)expressions of basic emotions differ widely from culture to culture, but expressions of self-conscious emotions are universal b)in individualistic cultures, most children are taught to feel embarrassment in response to personal achievement c)the situations in which adults encourage various self-conscious emotions vary from culture to culture D)in collectivist cultures, most children are taught to feel pride in response to personal achievement

C

In designing the Strange Situation, Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues reasoned that securely attached infants and toddlers ________. A)do not show distress when the parent leaves the room B)are just as easily comforted by an unfamiliar adult as by a parent C)should use the parent as a secure base from which to explore an unfamiliar setting D)combine anger and clinginess when reunited with a parent who has left the room for a time

C

In the 1950s, a famous experiment examining rhesus monkeys reared with terry-cloth and wire-mesh "surrogate mothers" provided evidence that ________. A)daytime separation interferes with forming secure attachment patterns B)sensitive caregiving is key to the development of a secure attachment pattern C)attachment does not depend on hunger satisfaction D)attachment security in infancy is highly dependent on hunger satisfaction

C

Alice is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, Alice would be classified as a(n) __________ child. A)uninhibited B)easy C)difficult D)slow-to-warm-up

D

In a social referencing experiment, 18-month-old Joey is asked to share spinach or graham crackers with his mother. Even though Joey prefers graham crackers, he might offer the spinach to his mother if she ________. a)encourages him to try both and then to give her the food he prefers b)expresses no preference for either spinach or graham crackers c)uses her voice and facial expressions to convey a preference for the graham crackers d)uses her voice and facial expressions to convey a preference for the spinach

D

Self-conscious emotions include ________. A)shame, doubt, and fear B)envy, happiness, and disgust C)embarrassment, pride, and sadness D)guilt, shame, and pride

D

Which statement about the stability of attachment among children between 1 and 2 years of age is true? a)Insecure babies are more likely to maintain their attachment status than secure babies. b)In low-SES families, attachment generally moves toward greater security. c)In different studies, the percentage of children who remain the same in their attachment to parents tends to be roughly similar. d)Secure babies are more likely to maintain their attachment status than insecure babies.

D

Imani, age 11 months, is wary of strangers. However, when his mother remains nearby, Imani ventures a few feet away from her for a few minutes at a time and then returns to her for emotional support. Imani is ________. a)using his mother as a secure base b)displaying avoidance rather than approach c)engaging in effortful control d)exhibiting unusual behavior for a toddler with stranger anxiety

a

In the Strange Situation, Antwan ignores his mother and displays an odd, frozen posture. He does not cry when his mother leaves the room. When she returns, Antwan looks away when she is holding him. Antwan is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment. a)disorganized/disoriented b)insecure-resistant c)insecure-avoidant d)ethological

a

Infants' emotional expressions are ________. a)closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others b)easy for researchers to categorize because they are clearly recognizable c)hardwired at birth, and their responses to emotional cues are automatic d)consistent across cultures and emerge in stagelike sequences

a

Research on the relationship between parents' internal working models and infant attachment indicates that parents who ________ tend to have securely attached children. a)discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance, regardless of whether their experiences were positive or negative, b)had positive childhood experiences and portray those experiences as positive c)had positive childhood experiences but portray those experience as unexceptional d)had negative childhood experiences but portray those experiences as positive

a

Social referencing is the process of ________. a)actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation b)coordinating separate skills into more effective, emotionally expressive systems c)predicting an infant's preferences based on the cultural context in which the infant was reared d)recognizing that development is influenced by genetic and environmental factors.

a

The Nso people, a rural farming society of Cameroon, highly value infant calmness. In contrast, Western middle-SES parents place more value on infant self-expression. As a result, ________. a)Nso babies tend to smile less frequently than babies of Western middle-SES parents b)Nso babies tend to smile more frequently than babies of Western middle-SES parents c)Western middle-SES parents are more likely to focus more on soothing their infants than on promoting active social engagement d)Western middle-SES parents are likely to respond inconsistently to infant self-expression, in order to encourage their infants to express their emotions more forcefully

a

Two-year-old Aisha tells her mom, "I good girl." This statement demonstrates that Aisha is beginning to develop ________. a) categorical self b)delayed gratification c) empathy d)scale errors

a

When 11-month-old Delia's mother greets her, Delia is likely to display a ________ smile. a)broad, "cheek-raised" b)mouth-open" c)brief, fleeting d)reserved, muted

a

Which statement about anger in infants is true? a)Anger can serve an adaptive purpose by motivating infants to overcome obstacles and motivating caregivers to relieve an infant's distress. b)Discomfort caused by the behavior of a caregiver is less likely to cause an angry reaction than other kinds of behavior. c)Infants who at 5 months reacted with greater anger to interruption of play are less persistent during play with toys in later years. d)Angry reactions are less likely as infants become capable of intentional behavior.

a

Which statement is consistent with findings on the interaction between the short 5-HTTLPR gene, which greatly increases the risk of self-regulation difficulties, and parenting quality? a)Children with the short 5-HTTLPR gene displayed more anger than those without it, regardless of parenting quality. b)Higher parenting quality was associated with less anger for those without the short 5-HTTLPR gene, but not for those with it. c)Children with the short 5-HTTLPR gene who also had more positive parenting displayed less anger than children without the short 5-HTTLPR gene. d)Higher parenting quality was associated with less anger for those with the short 5-HTTLPR gene, but not for those without it.

c

In designing the Strange Situation, Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues reasoned that securely attached infants and toddlers ________. a)do not show distress when the parent leaves the room b)combine anger and clinginess when reunited with a parent who has left the room for a time c)should use the parent as a secure base from which to explore an unfamiliar setting d)are just as easily comforted by an unfamiliar adult as by a parent

d

Mounting evidence indicates that __________ determines whether attachment security is linked to long-term, favorable adjustment. a)heredity b)child temperament c)family size d)continuity of caregiving

d

Unlike the model of Thomas and Chess, Mary Rothbart's model ________. a)includes intensity of reaction b)considers distractibility and persistence to be important, but unrelated characteristics c)includes regularity of routines d)considers distractibility and persistence to be opposite ends of the same dimension

d

Which statement about sex differences in emotion regulation is true? a)Caregivers often pay greater attention to boys' emotional expressions because boys express positive emotion more freely than girls. b)Girls typically have a harder time than boys regulating their negative emotions. c)The common belief that females are emotionally expressive and males are emotionally controlled has no basis in reality. d)Boys get more training than girls in how to suppress negative emotion.

d

Which statement about temperament is true? a)It refers to the intensity of cognitive behavior but not physical behavior. b)It is best understood as the result of genetic influences as opposed to environmental influences. c)It describes differences in the behavior of young children but lacks practical application when describing the behavior of adults. d)It refers to early-appearing, stable differences in reactivity and self-regulation.

d

Which statement about the behavior of blind babies is true? a)Their parents usually compensate for the babies' muted emotional responses by being more engaging, even without therapeutic intervention. b)Their observable behavior does not provide reliable evidence about their emotional state. c)Because they do not make eye contact, they are unable to provide visual evidence of their emotional state. d)Through finger movements, they express emotions in ways that parents can learn to interpret.

d

Which statement about the relationship between attachment security and infant child care is true? a)Exposure to child care exerts a more powerful impact on children's adjustment than does parenting quality. b)Infants and toddlers who attend daily child care are at risk for attachment insecurity. c)Infants who experience daily separations from their parents are at risk for developmental problems. d)The relationship between child care and emotional well-being depends on both family and child-care experiences.

d