Infectious Diseases Caused by Protozoa & Fungi (finish Crystosporidiosis)
Cryptosporidiosis: C. coccidi and its cysts are found commonly in what of mammals, birds, reptiles, humans?
intestines
Cryptosporidiosis: Where does C. coccidi transform into cysts?
intestines
Infectious diseases caused by fungi are called what?
mycoses
What are the 2 types of candidiasis?
1. oral 2. skin
Name the infection caused by fungi: Oral and Skin
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: C. coccidi cysts are extremely resistant to chlorine.
Cryptosporidiosis
Trichomoniasis: T. vaginalis can increase the risk of what?
HIV infection
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Sleeping under an insecticide-treated bed net (Anopheles mosquitoes are night feeders).
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Some patients will develop anemia which is a lower than normal number of red blood cells.
Malaria
Candidiasis of the Skin 1. Symptoms:_ _-like inflammation of the skin 2. Commonly occurs in _ and is mistaken for "_ _"
Painful rash 2. infants; diaper rash
Name the infection caused by fungi: tinea
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by protozoa: The vast majority of infected people experience no symptoms or mild "flu-like" symptoms.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Females develop a vaginal discharge (white to green in color), vaginal irritation, or have no symptoms
Trichomoniasis
Subacute encephalitis is a very serious disease in which extensive lesions develop in the what?
brain
opportunistic mycosis
candidiasis
Infectious diseases caused by fungi
mycoses
What are the symptoms of candidiasis of the skin?
painful rash-like inflammation of the skin
What is the name for oral candidiasis?
thrush
What is the other name for ringworm?
tinea
What is the protozoan agent of malaria?
plasmodium
Toxoplasmosis: The most significant problem regarding toxoplasmosis is that if T. gondii infects a _ _ , T. gondii can cross the placenta and infect the developing fetus. Fetal infections that occur during the 1st or 2nd trimester of pregnancy can result in _, or in the birth of a newborn infant with an enlarged _ and _, liver _, _ damage, and/or _
pregnant woman; stillbirth; spleen; liver; failure; brain; blindness
What is the most significant problem regarding toxoplasmosis?
pregnant women can be infected
Historically, what that cause disease are referred to as "parasites", although as you have learned, any microbe that benefits from its host and causes harm to it is a parasite?
protozoa
Historically, _ that cause disease are referred to as "_", although as you have learned, any microbe that benefits from its host and causes harm to it is a _.
protozoa; parasites; parasite
Malaria: Symptoms are directly linked to the rupture of _ blood cells caused by _.
red; plasmodium
What diseases are named by the part of the body that is affected?
ringworm
Tinea unguium is _ of the _.
ringworm; nail
Tinea capitis is _ of the _.
ringworm; scalp
a very serious disease in which extensive lesions develop in the brain.
subacute encephalitis
Malaria: Public health efforts in wealthy countries located in_ climates that greatly reduced _ populations and effectively treated malaria patients, eliminated malaria in those areas, but the disease continues to be a significant threat in _ areas of the world where _ are harder to control
temperate; mosquito; tropical; mosquitoes
Ringworm diseases are named by the what?
the part of the body that is affected
Ringworm of the scalp
tinea capitis
Ringworm on foot and in nails
tinea pedis
What is athlete's foot?
tinea pedis
Candidiasis Treatment: _ and _ anti-fungal drugs
topical; oral
Cats
toxoplasmosis
What is the protozoan agent for trichomoniasis?
trichomonas vaginalis
What causes ringworm? Fungal agents: _, _, and _ (as a group these _ are referred to as _)
trichophyton; microsporum; epidermophyton; fungi; Dermatophytes
True/False: dermatophytes can tolerate the low moisture and salty conditions of the skin and hair and nails
true
Toxoplasmosis: Likewise, humans can become infected with T. gondii by eating what from infected animals and poultry?
undercooked meat
What type of disease is malaria?
vector-borne
Cryptosporidiosis: Outbreaks occur if drinking _ reservoirs become contaminated with _ _ following a very heavy rain or if human carriers shed _ into _ _
water; feces; cysts; swimming pools
What are the symptoms of oral candidiasis?
white lesions in mouth and on tongue
Candidiasis: Symptoms: Thick, _ _ discharge, inflammation, severe _
white vaginal; itching
Candidiasis: Usually referred to as a "_ _"
yeast infection
What is candidiasis referred to as?
yeast infection
Can trichomoniasis result in female infertility?
yes
Toxoplasmosis is a terrific example of a what?
zoonosis
Treatment of ringworm: 1. _-_ drugs can cure ringworm a._ application (_or _) of _-_ drugs is usually sufficient 2. Certain types of ringworm may require_-_ _ drugs
1. Anti-fungal a. topical; creams; gels; anti-fungal 2. oral anti-fungal
Treatment of malaria: 1. _-_ drugs, often in multi-drug combinations, are used to cure malaria. 2. Like many other microbes, _ is becoming increasingly resistant to the drugs used to treat it. 3. This is concerning because there are a small number of _-_ drugs, so any resistance to a given drug further reduces the chances of effective treatment.
1. Anti-malarial 2. Plasmodium 3. anti-malarial
Prevention of malaria relies on breaking the life cycle of plasmodium: 1. _-_ drugs are prescribed to people traveling from non-malarial areas to areas of the world where malaria is endemic to prevent them from becoming infected with Plasmodium 2. Sleeping under an insecticide-treated _ _(Anopheles mosquitoes are _ feeders) 3. Elimination of _ _ to reduce mosquito breeding sites 4. Use of certain _within homes and nearby 5. Use of window and door _ 6. Use of _ _ 7. Staying inside at _ (assuming the house has screens) 8. A promising vaccine candidate is in the testing phases, but is not yet licensed. The search for an effective vaccine has been impeded by the _ _ of Plasmodium (the organism can change its _ into thousands of different molecular types
1. Anti-malarial 2. bed net; night 3. standing water 4. insecticides 5. screens 6. mosquito repellants 7. night 8. antigenic variation; antigens
Treatment of trichomoniasis: 1. _-_ drugs can cure trichomoniasis. 2. Some strains of T. vaginalis are _ to certain drugs which complicates the treatment plan. 3. Even though _ usually lack symptoms of their infections, it is important that they receive _-_ drug treatment if a _ _ is diagnosed with trichomoniasis.
1. Anti-protozoan 2. resistant 3. males; anti-protozoan; sex partner
What are the symptoms of ringworm? Symptoms vary depending on the location of the infections and can include 1. _ skin 2. Red rings or _ in the skin 3. Hair _ 4. Thick, discolored _
1. Itchy 2. red; patches 3. loss 4. nails
Cryptosporidiosis Treatment: 1. _ curative drug exists 2. Drugs can be taken to relieve _ and _
1. No 2. diarrhea; cramps
Oral Candidiasis (Thrush) 1. Symptoms: _ lesions and painful _ inside the mouth and on the _ 2. Often referred to as "_" 3. Common in infants and in the _
1. White; painful; mouth; tongue 2. thrush 3. immunocompromised
What are the complications of malaria? (6)
1. anemia 2. kidney damage 3. liver damage 4. spleen damage 5. organ enlargement 6. cerebral (brain) malaria
What are the potential complications of malaria?1. Some patients will develop _ which is a lower than normal number of _ blood cells. 2. Some patients will develop _, _ and/or _damage due to an accumulation of cellular debris from ruptured _ blood cells. a. These organs are responsible for filtering the blood, so the cellular debris accumulates in them, resulting in _ _ and damage. 3. The most serious complication is _ (_) _ b. _ _ occurs if the infected _ blood cells adhere to blood vessels in the brain, _ blood flow. c. Cerebral malaria is the worst case scenario for malaria patients and can result in _ and/or _.
1. anemia; red 2. liver; kidney; spleen; red a. organ enlargement 3. cerebral (brain) malaria b. Cerebral malaria; red; reducing c. cerebral malaria; coma; death
Candidiasis usually occurs during what times? (3)
1. antibiotic therapy 2. pregnancy 3. menstrual cycles
Candidiasis is an opportunistic mycosis: Disease occurs when C. albicans "over grows" due to 1. Disruption of the normal _ of species in the _ _ a. For example, _ _ can reduce the number of bacterial species in the normal microbiota that compete with C. albicans for nutrients and space 2. A compromised _ _ b. Hormonal changes such as during _
1. balance; normal microbiota a. antibiotic treatment 2. immune system b. pregnancy
What are the prevention methods for malaria prevention?
1. bed net 2. elimination of standing water 3. window and door screens 4. mosquito repellants 5. stay inside at night
Cryptosporidiosis: Widespread in nature: C. coccidi and its cysts are commonly found in the intestines of what 3 things?
1. birds 2. reptiles 3. humans
Prevention of toxoplasmosis: 1. Pregnant women are advised to avoid all possible contact with _ _. a. Fetal infections can also be prevented by the testing of pregnant women for asymptomatic infection with a _ test. 2. Hands should be washed after touching _, used _ _, _ , or _. 3. Meat and poultry should be _cooked.
1. cat feces a. blood 2. cats; cat litter; sand; soil 3. thoroughly
What are the 3 types of animals that can be infected with toxoplasmosis?
1. cats 2. humans 3. birds
What is ringworm? 1. Ringworm is a group of _ _ (_ diseases of the _, _ and _) 2. The disease is mis-named! No _ are involved. 3. Ringworm is also known as tinea
1. cutaneous mycoses; fungal; hair; skin; nails 2. worms 3. _
How are dematophytes transmitted? (4)
1. direct contact with infected skin 2. fomites 3. contact with infected animals 4. contact with soil that has dermatophytes
Candidiasis is an opportunistic mycosis that occurs when C. albicans "over grows" due to what? (2)
1. disruption of the normal microbiota's balance 2. a compromised immune system
What are the 2 required hosts for malaria?
1. female anopheles mosquitos 2. humans
What are the symptoms of trichomoniasis for females?
1. green or white vaginal discharge 2. vaginal irritation
Cutaneous mycoses like ringworm are fungal diseases of what 3 things?
1. hair 2. skin 3. nails
Who is oral candidiasis (thrush) common in?
1. infants 2. immunocompromised
What are the symptoms of ringworm? (4)
1. itchy skin 2. red rings or patches 3. hair loss 4. thick, discolored nails
What are the trichomoniasis potential complications? 1. The most significant problem is that pregnant women with trichomoniasis are at increased risk of going into _ _ and giving birth to a _ _ _(_) infant. 2. _ _ _ (_) infants often require extensive, expensive hospital care in a neonatal intensive care unit, and depending on how premature they are, can have developmental and other long-term problems. 3. Like other STIs, the _ that results from host defenses against T. vaginalis can increase the risk of _ _. 4. Like other STIs, trichomoniasis can result in _ _
1. labor prematurely; low birth weight (premature) 2. Low birth weight (premature) 3. inflammation; HIV infection 4. female infertility
What are the Infectious Diseases Caused by Protozoa? (4)
1. malaria 2. toxoplasmosis 3. cryptosporidiosis 4. trichomoniasis
Candidiasis: Candida Albicans is a member of what 3 normal microbiota?
1. oral 2. gastrointestinal 3. vaginal
What is the prevention of toxoplasmosis?
1. pregnant women avoid cat feces 2. hand washing 3. thoroughly cooking meat and poultry
What are the infectious diseases caused by fungi? (2)
1. ringworm 2. candidiasis
What are the symptoms of cryptosporidiosis?
1. severe abdominal pain 2. diarrhea
What are the potential complications of Toxoplasmosis? 1. Infected people who are immunocompromised can develop _ _ a. _ _ is a very serious disease in which extensive lesions develop in the brain. 2. infected patients who are immunocompromised patients can also develop damage to the _ and/or _ that can be fatal
1. subacute encephalitis 2. Subacute encephalitis 3. heart; lungs
What are the complications of toxoplasmosis?
1. subacute encephalitis 2. heart damage 3. lung damage 4. infect pregnant women
What are the symptoms of candidiasis? (3)
1. thick, white vaginal discharge 2 inflammation 3. severe itching
What are the 3 fungal agents of ringworm?
1. trichophyton 2. microsporum 3. epidermophyton
How is Plasmodium transmitted? 1. Malaria is a _-borne disease: _ is transmitted from human-to-human by _ 2. In particular, _ _ mosquitoes are the vectors (no other mosquito species can transmit _).
1. vector; plasmodium; mosquitoes 2. female Anopheles; plasmodium
What are the 3 preventative measures for Cryptosporidiosis?
1. water disinfection using filtration and UV light 2. personal hygiene 3. don't go to pools if you have diarrhea
Cryptosporidiosis Prevention: 1. _ disinfection using _ and _ _ a. C. coccidi _ are extremely resistant to _ 2. Personal _ 3. People with _ should not use public _
1. water; filtration; UV light a. cysts; chlorine 2. hygiene 3. diarrhea; pools
Cryptosporidiosis: Which patients become chronically infected resulting in chronic diarrhea?
AIDS
Cryptosporidiosis: _ patients sometimes become chronically infected resulting in _ _
AIDS; chronic diarrhea
What is the treatment of toxoplasmosis?
Anti-protozoan drugs
There's no prevention of candidiasis because what?
C. albicans is a member of the normal microbiota and there are many unavoidable reasons it can become opportunistic
What is the fungal agent of candidiasis?
Candida albicans
Name the infection caused by fungi: A compromised immune system. Hormonal changes such as during pregnancy.
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: C. albicans is a common member of the oral, gastrointestinal, and vaginal nomal microbiota.
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: Commonly occur during or immediately after antibiotic therapy, during pregnancy, and at certain points during some women's menstrual cycles.
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: Disease occurs when C. albicans "over grows" due to disruption of the normal balance of species in the normal microbiota and a compromised immune system
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: Disruption of the normal balance of species in the normal microbiota.
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: For example, antibiotic treatment can reduce the number of bacterial species in the normal microbiota that compete with C. albicans for nutrients and space.
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: Fungal agent: Candida Albicans.
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: Fungal agent: Candida Albicans. C. albicans is a common member of the oral, gastrointestinal, and vaginal nomal microbiota. This is an opportunistic mycosis: Disease occurs when C. albicans "over grows" due to Disruption of the normal balance of species in the normal microbiota. For example, antibiotic treatment can reduce the number of bacterial species in the normal microbiota that compete with C. albicans for nutrients and space. A compromised immune system. Hormonal changes such as during pregnancy. Symptoms: Thick, white vaginal discharge, inflammation, severe itching. Usually referred to as a "yeast infection". Commonly occur during or immediately after antibiotic therapy, during pregnancy, and at certain points during some women's menstrual cycles. Treatment: Topical and oral anti-fungal drugs. Prevention: None, because C. albicans is a member of the normal microbiota and there are many unavoidable reasons it can become opportunistic. Oral this (Thrush): Symptoms: White lesions and painful inflammation inside the mouth and on the tongue. Often referred to as "thrush". Common in infants and in the immunocompromised. This of the Skin: Symptoms: Painful rash-like inflammation of the skin. Commonly occurs in infants and is mistaken for "diaper rash"
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: Oral this (Thrush): Symptoms: White lesions and painful inflammation inside the mouth and on the tongue. Often referred to as "thrush". Common in infants and in the immunocompromised.
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: Prevention: None, because C. albicans is a member of the normal microbiota and there are many unavoidable reasons it can become opportunistic.
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: Symptoms: Thick, white vaginal discharge, inflammation, severe itching.
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: This is an opportunistic mycosis
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: This of the Skin: Symptoms: Painful rash-like inflammation of the skin. Commonly occurs in infants and is mistaken for "diaper rash"
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: Thrush
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: Treatment: Topical and oral anti-fungal drugs.
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: Usually referred to as a "yeast infection".
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: diaper rash
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: opportunistic mycosis
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by fungi: yeast infection
Candidiasis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: AIDS patients sometimes become chronically infected resulting in chronic diarrhea.
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: C. coccidi cysts are extremely resistant to chlorine. Personal hygiene. People with diarrhea should not use public pools
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: C. coccidi transforms into cysts in the intestines of infected hosts.
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: CYSTS
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Cysts
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Drugs can be taken to relieve diarrhea and cramps.
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Not life-threatening in healthy people.
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Outbreaks occur if drinking water reservoirs become contaminated with livestock feces following a very heavy rain or if human carriers shed cysts into swimming pools.
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: POOLS
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: People with diarrhea should not use public pools
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Prevention: Water disinfection using filtration and UV light.
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Protozoan Agent: Cryptosporidium coccidi.
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Severe abdominal pain and diarrhea
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Symptoms: Headache, sweating, vomiting, severe abdominal pain, diarrhea.
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Transmission occurs by ingestion of food or water that is contaminated with feces containing the cysts.
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Treatment: No curative drug exists.
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Widespread in nature: C. coccidi and its cysts are commonly found in the intestines of mammals, birds, reptiles, and sometimes humans.
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: · Protozoan Agent: Cryptosporidium coccidi. Widespread in nature: C. coccidi and its cysts are commonly found in the intestines of mammals, birds, reptiles, and sometimes humans. C. coccidi transforms into cysts in the intestines of infected hosts. Transmission occurs by ingestion of food or water that is contaminated with feces containing the cysts. Symptoms: Headache, sweating, vomiting, severe abdominal pain, diarrhea. Not life-threatening in healthy people. AIDS patients sometimes become chronically infected resulting in chronic diarrhea. Outbreaks occur if drinking water reservoirs become contaminated with livestock feces following a very heavy rain or if human carriers shed cysts into swimming pools. Treatment: No curative drug exists. Drugs can be taken to relieve diarrhea and cramps. Prevention: Water disinfection using filtration and UV light. C. coccidi cysts are extremely resistant to chlorine. Personal hygiene. People with diarrhea should not use public pools
Cryptosporidiosis
Ringworm is classified as cutaneous because what do not invade beyond the surface of the skin, hair strands, or nails?
Dermatophytes
RIngworm: _ digest _ which is found on the surface of the_, _and _, using it as their source of nutrition
Dermatophytes; keratin; skin; hair; nails
Ringworm: Unlike many microbes, _ do not require _ cells or tissues to serve as their hosts, so they are able to colonize _-_ body surfaces such as the outer layer of skin and the surfaces of hair shafts and nails
Dermatophytes; living; non-living
Ringworm: Unlike many microbes, _ can tolerate the low _ and _ conditions of the _ surface, and the low _ conditions of _ and _
Dermatophytes; moisture; salty; skin; moisture; hair; nails
Name the infection caused by protozoa: "bad air"
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: (there are five species of Plasmodium, but there is no need to learn the names of the individual species.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: A promising vaccine candidate is in the testing phases, but is not yet licensed.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: A small percentage of these patients will develop chronic this in which Plasmodium is not fully cleared from the body by the immune system and persists in the liver, causing disease relapse for several years. Risk of death is highest for fetuses, newborns, children, pregnant women, and other young adults.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Anti-malarial drugs are prescribed to people traveling from non-malarial areas to areas of the world where malaria is endemic to prevent them from becoming infected with Plasmodium.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Cerebral this a is the worst case scenario for these patients and can result in coma and/or death.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Cerebral this occurs if the infected red blood cells adhere to blood vessels in the brain, reducing blood flow.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Depending of which species of Plasmodium is involved, the red blood cells will rupture synchronously in either 48 or 72 hour cycles, therefore, the symptoms of malaria rise and fall in either 48 or 72 hour cycles.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Elimination of standing water to reduce mosquito breeding sites.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Has been known since ancient times
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Has been known since ancient times (derives from Latin: "mal" meaning "bad" and "aria" meaning "air") and is still a significant global health problem. Until the early to mid-20th century, it occurred in temperate and tropical climates worldwide, including parts of Europe and the US. Public health efforts in wealthy countries located in temperate climates that greatly reduced mosquito populations and effectively treated malaria patients, eliminated this in those areas, but the disease continues to be a significant threat in tropical areas of the world where mosquitoes are harder to control. Protozoan agent: Plasmodium (there are five species of Plasmodium, but there is no need to learn the names of the individual species. Is a vector-borne disease: Plasmodium is transmitted from human-to-human by mosquitoes. In particular, female Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors (no other mosquito species can transmit Plasmodium). In addition to serving as vectors, female Anopheles mosquitoes are one of the required hosts in the life cycle of Plasmodium. The other required hosts for Plasmodium are humans. In humans, Plasmodium first infects cells in the liver, then goes on to infect red blood cells. Symptoms: Malaise, Fatigue, Aches, Nausea, Chills, Fever, Sweating. Symptoms are directly linked to the rupture of red blood cells caused by Plasmodium. Depending of which species of Plasmodium is involved, the red blood cells will rupture synchronously in either 48 or 72 hour cycles, therefore, the symptoms of malaria rise and fall in either 48 or 72 hour cycles. Some patients will develop anemia which is a lower than normal number of red blood cells. Some patients will develop kidney, liver, and/or spleen damage due to an accumulation of cellular debris from ruptured red blood cells. These organs are responsible for filtering the blood, so the cellular debris accumulates in them, resulting in organ enlargement and damage. The most serious complication is cerebral (brain) malaria. Cerebral this occurs if the infected red blood cells adhere to blood vessels in the brain, reducing blood flow. Cerebral this a is the worst case scenario for these patients and can result in coma and/or death. A small percentage of malaria patients will develop chronic this in which Plasmodium is not fully cleared from the body by the immune system and persists in the liver, causing disease relapse for several years.Risk of death is highest for fetuses, newborns, children, pregnant women, and other young adults. Treatment: Anti-malarial drugs, often in multi-drug combinations, are used to cure this. Like many other microbes, Plasmodium is becoming increasingly resistant to the drugs used to treat it. This is concerning because there are a small number of anti-malarial drugs, so any resistance to a given drug further reduces the chances of effective treatment. Prevention: Depends on breaking the life cycle of Plasmodium. Anti-malarial drugs are prescribed to people traveling from non-malarial areas to areas of the world where malaria is endemic to prevent them from becoming infected with Plasmodium. Sleeping under an insecticide-treated bed net (Anopheles mosquitoes are night feeders). This is a very cost effective approach that has been widely promoted by global health agencies. Elimination of standing water to reduce mosquito breeding sites. Use of certain insecticides within homes and nearby. Use of window and door screens. Use of mosquito repellants. Staying inside at night (assuming the house has screens). A promising vaccine candidate is in the testing phases, but is not yet licensed. The search for an effective vaccine has been impeded by the antigenic variation of Plasmodium (the organism can change its antigens into thousands of different molecular types).
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: In addition to serving as vectors, female Anopheles mosquitoes are one of the required hosts in the life cycle of Plasmodium.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: In humans, Plasmodium first infects cells in the liver, then goes on to infect red blood cells.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: In particular, female Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors (no other mosquito species can transmit Plasmodium).
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Is a vector-borne disease: Plasmodium is transmitted from human-to-human by mosquitoes.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Like many other microbes, Plasmodium is becoming increasingly resistant to the drugs used to treat it.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Prevention: Depends on breaking the life cycle of Plasmodium.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Protozoan agent: Plasmodium
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Some patients will develop kidney, liver, and/or spleen damage due to an accumulation of cellular debris from ruptured red blood cells.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Staying inside at night (assuming the house has screens).
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Symptoms are directly linked to the rupture of red blood cells caused by Plasmodium.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Symptoms: Malaise, Fatigue, Aches, Nausea, Chills, Fever, Sweating.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: The most serious complication is cerebral (brain) malaria.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: The other required hosts for Plasmodium are humans.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: The search for an effective vaccine has been impeded by the antigenic variation of Plasmodium (the organism can change its antigens into thousands of different molecular types).
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: These organs are responsible for filtering the blood, so the cellular debris accumulates in them, resulting in organ enlargement and damage.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: This is a very cost effective approach that has been widely promoted by global health agencies.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: This is concerning because there are a small number of anti-malarial drugs, so any resistance to a given drug further reduces the chances of effective treatment.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Treatment: Anti-malarial drugs, often in multi-drug combinations, are used to cure this.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Until the early to mid-20th century, it occurred in temperate and tropical climates worldwide, including parts of Europe and the US. Public health efforts in wealthy countries located in temperate climates that greatly reduced mosquito populations and effectively treated these patients, eliminated this in those areas, but the disease continues to be a significant threat in tropical areas of the world where mosquitoes are harder to control.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Use of certain insecticides within homes and nearby.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Use of mosquito repellants.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Use of window and door screens.
Malaria
Name the infection caused by protozoa: derives from Latin: "mal" meaning "bad" and "aria" meaning "air" and is still a significant global health problem
Malaria
Candidiasis: Prevention: _ because C. albicans is a member of the _ _ and there are many unavoidable reasons it can become _
None; normal microbiota; opportunistic; opportunistic
Malaria: Symptoms are directly linked to the rupture of red blood cells caused by What?
Plasmodium
Prevention of malaria relies on breaking the life cycle of what?
Plasmodium
is classified as cutaneous because Dermatophytes do not invade beyond the surface of the skin, hair strands, or nails.
Ringworm
Name the infection caused by fungi: Dermatophytes digest keratin which is found on the surface of the skin, hair and nails, using it as their source of nutrition.
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: Fungal agents: Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton (as a group these fungi are referred to as Dermatophytes).
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: Is classified as cutaneous because Dermatophytes do not invade beyond the surface of the skin, hair strands, or nails.
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: It is a group of cutaneous mycoses (fungal diseases of the hair, skin and nails)
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: It is a group of cutaneous mycoses (fungal diseases of the hair, skin and nails) The disease is mis-named! No worms are involved. Is also known as tinea. Fungal agents: Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton (as a group these fungi are referred to as Dermatophytes). Unlike many microbes, Dermatophytes can tolerate the low moisture and salty conditions of the skin surface, and the low moisture conditions of hair and nails.. Unlike many microbes, Dermatophytes do not require living cells or tissues to serve as their hosts, so they are able to colonize non-living body surfaces such as the outer layer of skin and the surfaces of hair shafts and nails. Dermatophytes digest keratin which is found on the surface of the skin, hair and nails, using it as their source of nutrition. Is classified as cutaneous because Dermatophytes do not invade beyond the surface of the skin, hair strands, or nails. There are two common routes of transmission: Via direct contact with infected skin surfaces, hair, or skin cells that have been shed from an infected person. Via contact with fomites such as bedding, clothing, wrestling mates, shower tiles, etc, that are contaminated with infected hair or skin cells that have been shed from an infected person. There are two other possible routes of transmission: Via contact with animals that have certain Dermatophyte infections. Via contact with soil that contains Dermatophytes. Symptoms vary depending on the location of the infections and can include: Itchy skin, Red rings or patches in the skin, Hair loss, Thick, discolored nails. These diseases are named by the part of the body that is affected. Tinea capitis: Ringworm of the scalp. Tinea corporis: Ringworm of the body. Tinea pedis: Athlete's foot Tinea unguium: Ringworm of the nail. What are the potential complications?: None. Treatment: Anti-fungal drugs can cure this., Topical application (creams or gels) of anti-fungal drugs is usually sufficient. Certain types of this may require oral anti-fungal drugs Prevention of this: The only prevention is to avoid contact with Dermatophytes, but that is difficult to do because hair and skin cells are continuously shed and it isn't possible to know whether contact is being made with hair or skin cells that have been shed by an infected person.
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: Prevention of this: The only prevention is to avoid contact with Dermatophytes, but that is difficult to do because hair and skin cells are continuously shed and it isn't possible to know whether contact is being made with hair or skin cells that have been shed by an infected person.
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: Symptoms vary depending on the location of the infections and can include: Itchy skin, Red rings or patches in the skin, Hair loss, Thick, discolored nails.
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: The disease is mis-named! No worms are involved. Is also known as tinea.
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: There are two common routes of transmission: Via direct contact with infected skin surfaces, hair, or skin cells that have been shed from an infected person. Via contact with fomites such as bedding, clothing, wrestling mates, shower tiles, etc, that are contaminated with infected hair or skin cells that have been shed from an infected person.
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: There are two other possible routes of transmission: Via contact with animals that have certain Dermatophyte infections. Via contact with soil that contains Dermatophytes.
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: These diseases are named by the part of the body that is affected.
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: Tinea capitis: Ringworm of the scalp.
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: Tinea corporis: Ringworm of the body.
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: Tinea pedis: Athlete's foot
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: Tinea unguium: Ringworm of the nail.
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: Treatment: Anti-fungal drugs can cure this., Topical application (creams or gels) of anti-fungal drugs is usually sufficient. Certain types of this may require oral anti-fungal drugs
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: Trichophyton, microsporum, epidermophyton
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: Unlike many microbes, Dermatophytes can tolerate the low moisture and salty conditions of the skin surface, and the low moisture conditions of hair and nails..
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: Unlike many microbes, Dermatophytes do not require living cells or tissues to serve as their hosts, so they are able to colonize non-living body surfaces such as the outer layer of skin and the surfaces of hair shafts and nails.
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: What are the potential complications?: None.
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: cutaneous mycoses
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: dermatophytes
Ringworm (Tinea)
Name the infection caused by fungi: fungal diseases of the hair, skin, nails
Ringworm (Tinea)
Tinea pedis is _ on _ and in _
Ringworm; foot; nails
Trichomoniasis: What kind of infection is trichomoniasis?
STI
Prevention of trichomoniasis: Usual _ preventions, including _ use, will prevent trichomoniasis.
STI; condom
Trichomoniasis: Trichomoniasis is an _: T. vaginalis is transmitted via _ (_) _ between _ _ that contain the organism and the _ _ of an uninfected person.
STI; direct (sexual) contact; bodily fluids; mucous membranes
Ringworm of the nail
Tinea unguium
What is the protozoan agent of toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasma gondii
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Although cats are the primary reservoir, T. gondii is widespread in the natural world, in fact, this species can infect at least 200 species of birds and mammals.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: CAT FECES
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: CATS
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Fetal infections can also be prevented by the testing of pregnant women for asymptomatic infection with a blood test.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Fetal infections that occur during the 1st or 2nd trimester of pregnancy can result in stillbirth, or in the birth of a newborn infant with an enlarged spleen and liver, liver failure, brain damage, and/or blindness.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Flu-like symptoms
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Hands should be washed after touching cats, used cat litter, sand, or soil.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: In fact, some experts believe that T. gondii influences the functions of the human brain as well
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Infected patients who are immunocompromised patients can also develop damage to the heart and/or lungs that can be fatal.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Infected people who are immunocompromised can develop subacute encephalitis.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Is a terrific example of a zoonosis
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Like humans, most animals and birds become infected with T. gondii from exposure to cat feces containing the organism.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Likewise, humans can become infected with T. gondii by eating undercooked meat from infected animals and poultry.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Meat and poultry should be thoroughly cooked.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: On the other hand, cats become infected with T. gondii from eating infected prey.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Prevention: Pregnant women are advised to avoid all possible contact with cat feces.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Protozoan agent: Toxoplasma gondii.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Protozoan agent: Toxoplasma gondii. Is a terrific example of a zoonosis: T. gondii is transmitted from cats to humans, usually via human contact with cat feces containing the organism. The primary reservoirs for T. gondii are members of the cat family, including house cats. Although cats are the primary reservoir, T. gondii is widespread in the natural world, in fact, this species can infect at least 200 species of birds and mammals. Like humans, most animals and birds become infected with T. gondii from exposure to cat feces containing the organism. On the other hand, cats become infected with T. gondii from eating infected prey. Likewise, humans can become infected with T. gondii by eating undercooked meat from infected animals and poultry. Transmission of T. gondii is particularly interesting because the organism seems able to influence brain functions, and therefore, the behavior of infected hosts, in ways that increase the chances that it will spread from host to host. In fact, some experts believe that T. gondii influences the functions of the human brain as well The vast majority of infected people experience no symptoms or mild "flu-like" symptoms. Infected people who are immunocompromised can develop subacute encephalitis. Subacute encephalitis is a very serious disease in which extensive lesions develop in the brain. Infected patients who are immunocompromised patients can also develop damage to the heart and/or lungs that can be fatal. The most significant problem regarding toxoplasmosis is that if T. gondii infects a pregnant woman, T. gondii can cross the placenta and infect the developing fetus: Fetal infections that occur during the 1st or 2nd trimester of pregnancy can result in stillbirth, or in the birth of a newborn infant with an enlarged spleen and liver, liver failure, brain damage, and/or blindness. Treatment: Several anti-protozoan drugs. Prevention: Pregnant women are advised to avoid all possible contact with cat feces. Fetal infections can also be prevented by the testing of pregnant women for asymptomatic infection with a blood test. Hands should be washed after touching cats, used cat litter, sand, or soil. Meat and poultry should be thoroughly cooked.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Subacute encephalitis
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Subacute encephalitis is a very serious disease in which extensive lesions develop in the brain.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: T. gondii is transmitted from cats to humans, usually via human contact with cat feces containing the organism.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: The most significant problem regarding this that if T. gondii infects a pregnant woman, T. gondii can cross the placenta and infect the developing fetus
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: The primary reservoirs for T. gondii are members of the cat family, including house cats.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Transmission of T. gondii is particularly interesting because the organism seems able to influence brain functions, and therefore, the behavior of infected hosts, in ways that increase the chances that it will spread from host to host.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: reatment: Several anti-protozoan drugs.
Toxoplasmosis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Even though males usually lack symptoms of their infections, it is important that they receive anti-protozoan drug treatment if a sex partner is diagnosed with this.
Trichomoniasis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Increase risk of HIV infection
Trichomoniasis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Is is an STI: T. vaginalis is transmitted via direct (sexual) contact between bodily fluids that contain the organism and the mucous membranes of an uninfected person.
Trichomoniasis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Like other STI agents, T. vaginalis cells cannot survive for extended periods of time outside of a human host..
Trichomoniasis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Like other STIs, the inflammation that results from host defenses against T. vaginalis can increase the risk of HIV infection.
Trichomoniasis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Like other STIs, this can result in female infertility.
Trichomoniasis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Low birth weight (premature) infants often require extensive, expensive hospital care in a neonatal intensive care unit, and depending on how premature they are, can have developmental and other long-term problems..
Trichomoniasis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Males usually have no symptoms.
Trichomoniasis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Prevention: Usual STI preventions, including condom use, will prevent this
Trichomoniasis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Protozoan agent: Trichomonas vaginalis.
Trichomoniasis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Protozoan agent: Trichomonas vaginalis. Is is an STI: T. vaginalis is transmitted via direct (sexual) contact between bodily fluids that contain the organism and the mucous membranes of an uninfected person. Like other STI agents, T. vaginalis cells cannot survive for extended periods of time outside of a human host.. T. vaginalis cannot transform into cysts that would help it survive outside a host. Females develop a vaginal discharge (white to green in color), vaginal irritation, or have no symptoms. Males usually have no symptoms. The most significant problem is that pregnant women with this are at increased risk of going into labor prematurely and giving birth to a low birth weight (premature) infant.. Low birth weight (premature) infants often require extensive, expensive hospital care in a neonatal intensive care unit, and depending on how premature they are, can have developmental and other long-term problems.. Like other STIs, the inflammation that results from host defenses against T. vaginalis can increase the risk of HIV infection. Like other STIs, this can result in female infertility. Treatment: Anti-protozoan drugs. Some strains of T. vaginalis are resistant to certain drugs which complicates the treatment plan. Even though males usually lack symptoms of their infections, it is important that they receive anti-protozoan drug treatment if a sex partner is diagnosed with this. Prevention: Usual STI preventions, including condom use, will prevent this
Trichomoniasis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Some strains of T. vaginalis are resistant to certain drugs which complicates the treatment plan.
Trichomoniasis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: T. vaginalis cannot transform into cysts that would help it survive outside a host.
Trichomoniasis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: The most significant problem is that pregnant women with this are at increased risk of going into labor prematurely and giving birth to a low birth weight (premature) infant.
Trichomoniasis
Name the infection caused by protozoa: Treatment: Anti-protozoan drugs.
Trichomoniasis
What is the most significant problem of trichomoniasis?
Women go into premature labor and have a premature baby
How are Dematophytes transmitted? 1. There are two common routes of transmission: a. Via _ _ with _ skin surfaces, hair, or skin cells that have been shed from an infected person b. Via contact with _ such as bedding, clothing, wrestling mates, shower tiles, etc, that are contaminated with _ _ or _ cells that have been shed from an infected person 2. There are two other possible routes of transmission: c. Via contact with _ that have certain _ infections d. Via contact with _that contains _
a. direct contact; infected b. fomites; infected hair; skin c. animals; dermatophyte d. soil; dermatophytes
What is the treat of ringworm?
anti-fungal drugs
What is the treatment of the candidiasis?
anti-fungal drugs
What is the treatment for malaria?
anti-malarial drugs
What are the treatment measures of trichomoniasis?
anti-protozoan drugs
Candidiasis infections commonly occur during or immediately after _ therapy, during _, and at certain points during some women's _ _
antibiotic; pregnancy; menstrual cycles
The search for an effective vaccine has been impeded by the what of Plasmodium (the organism can change its antigens into thousands of different molecular types)?
antigenic variation
Tinea pedis is also called what?
athlete's foot
Prevention of ringworm: The only prevention is to _ _ _ _, but that is difficult to do because _ and _ cells are continuously shed and it isn't possible to know whether contact is being made with _ or _ cells that have been shed by an infected person.
avoid contact with Dermatophytes; hair; skin; hair; skin
What is the prevention of ringworm?
avoid contact with dermatophytes
Toxoplasmosis: Transmission of T. gondii is particularly interesting because the organism seems able to influence what functions?
brain
Prevention of malaria relies on doing what?
breaking the life cycle of plasmodium
Commonly occur during or immediately after antibiotic therapy, during pregnancy, and at certain points during some women's menstrual cycles
candidiasis
· Commonly occur during or immediately after antibiotic therapy, during pregnancy, and at certain points during some women's menstrual cycles
candidiasis
Diaper rash
candidiasis of the skin
The primary reservoirs for T. gondii are members of what family?
cat
T. gondii is transmitted from cats to humans, usually via human contact with what containing the organism?
cat feces
Toxoplasmosis: Like humans, most animals and birds become infected with T. gondii from exposure to what containing the organism?
cat feces
Toxoplasmosis: The primary reservoirs for T. gondii are members of the _ family, including _ _
cat; house cats
T. gondii is transmitted from what to humans, usually via human contact with cat feces containing the organism?
cats
Toxoplasmosis is associated with what animal?
cats
What is the primary reservoir for toxoplasmosis?
cats
T. gondii is transmitted from _ to humans, usually via human contact with _ _ containing the organism.
cats; cat feces
occurs if the infected red blood cells adhere to blood vessels in the brain, reducing blood flow.
cerebral malaria
the worst case scenario for malaria patients and can result in coma and/or death
cerebral malaria
What will prevent trichomoniasis?
condoms
What is the protozoan agent of cryptosporidiosis?
cryptosporidium coccidi
Ringworm is classified as what because Dermatophytes do not invade beyond the surface of the skin, hair strands, or nails?
cutaneous
Ringworm is a group of _ _
cutaneous mycoses
fungal diseases of the hair, skin and nails
cutaneous mycoses
Ringworm is a group of _ _ (_ diseases of the _, _ and _)
cutaneous mycoses; fungal; hair; skin; nails
Ringworm is classified as _ because _ do not invade beyond the surface of the _, _ strands, or _.
cutaneous; dermatophytes; skin; hair; nails
Cryptosporidiosis: Transmission occurs by ingestion of food or water that is contaminated with feces containing the what?
cysts
Cryptosporidiosis: Widespread in nature: C. coccidi and its what are commonly found in the intestines of mammals, birds, reptiles, and sometimes humans?
cysts
do not require living cells or tissues to serve as their hosts, so they are able to colonize non-living body surfaces such as the outer layer of skin and the surfaces of hair shafts and nails
dematophytes
What is the overarching name for the fungal agents of ringworm (tinea)?
dermatophytes
digest keratin which is found on the surface of the skin, hair and nails, using it as their source of nutrition
dermatophytes
Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton are _ that cause _.
dermatophytes; ringworm
What is the nickname for candidiasis of the skin?
diaper rash
Trichomoniasis: How is T. vaginalis transmitted?
direct (sexual) contact
What is the treatment for cryptosporidiosis?
drugs to relieve diarrhea and cramps
Malaria: In humans, Plasmodium first infects cells in the liver, then goes on to infect what cells?
erythrocytes
Malaria: The symptoms of malaria are directly linked to rupture of what caused by plasmodium?
erythrocytes
Cryptosporidiosis: Transmission occurs by ingestion of food or water that is contaminated with what containing the cysts?
feces
Malaria: In particular, _ _ _ are the vectors (no other mosquito species can transmit _).
female Anopheles mosquitoes; plasmodium
What are the vectors for malaria?
female anopheles mosquitoes
What are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis?
flu-like
Cryptosporidiosis: Transmission occurs by ingestion of what that is contaminated with feces containing the cysts?
food or water
Cryptosporidiosis: Transmission occurs by ingestion of _ or _ that is contaminated with _ containing the _
food; water; feces; cysts
Who is candidiasis of the skin found in? (1)
infants
Toxoplasmosis: On the other hand, cats become infected with T. gondii from eating what?
infected prey
Ringworm: Dermatophytes digest what which is found on the surface of the skin, hair and nails, using it as their source of nutrition?
keratin
Are there more or less diseases caused by protozoa and fungi?
less
Malaria: Plasmodium infects cells in what first?
liver
Malaria: In humans, Plasmodium first infects cells in the _, then goes on to infect _ blood cells.
liver; red
Who usually have no symptoms of trichomoniasis?
males
Malaria: Plasmodium is transmitted from human-to-human by what?
mosquitoes
When do anopheles mosquitoes feed?
night
Are worms involved in ringworm?
no
Do dermatophytes equire living cells or tissues to serve as their hosts?
no
Do dermatophytes invade beyond the surface of the skin, hair strands, or nails?
no
Trichomoniasis: Can T. vaginalis cells survive for extended periods of time outside of a human host.?
no
Trichomoniasis: Can T. vaginalis transform into cysts that would help it survive outside a host?
no
What is the prevention of candidiasis?
none
Candidiasis is an _ _.
opportunistic mycosis
Candidiasis is what kind of disease?
opportunistic mycosis
What is thrush?
oral candidiasis
Candidiasis: C. albicans is a common member of the _, _ , and _ nomal microbiota
oral; gastrointestinal; vaginal
Historically, protozoa that cause disease are referred to as "what", although as you have learned, any microbe that benefits from its host and causes harm to it is a parasite?
parasites
Historically, protozoa that cause disease are referred to as "what"?
parasites
Protozoa that cause disease
parasites
