Inquizitive Ch8

What label does Louise Howe use for jobs commonly assigned to women in service industries? -feminine emotional labor -pink-collar jobs -no-collar jobs -blue-collar jobs

-pink-collar jobs

Identify the academic and professional areas as either disproportionately male or disproportionately female.

Disproportionately male: -computer science professions -enrollment at elite undergraduate institutions Disproportionately female: -arts and humanities undergraduate majors -overall undergraduate college enrollment

What do the examples of "ideal feminine beauty" from the seventeenth and twenty-first centuries show about why these standards change over time?

Standards are closely linked to social class exclusivity

Select the time period on the graph where the discrepancy between male and female college enrollment was the greatest.

-1970-1975

Book editing has changed from a "gentleman's profession" to a predominantly female profession. Place the following events in chronological order.

-Book editing is regarded as noble work, whose mission is the preservation and transmission of culture -The book industry becomes more commercialized -Book editing as a profession declines in autonomy, job security, and prestige -Book editing jobs are increasingly filled by women entering the labor market -Most book editors are women

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about sexual harassment. [] sex-based discrimination is not only about preferential hiring, but also covers sexual harassment. This can take various forms, ranging from inappropriate humor to []. The phrase [] is used to describe sex-based discrimination that is sometimes difficult to prove in court. -sexual assault -unwelcome attention -"gender inequity" -according to the law, -"hostile environment" -it is generally understood that

-according to the law, -sexual assault -"hostile environment"

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence. Barbara Reskin and Patricia Roos argue that changes in a job's [], pay, and [] level lead to changes in the composition. -autonomy -skill -gender

-autonomy -skill -gender

Match each difference to the correct description. -difference in sex -difference in gender -difference in sexuality -of two men in college, one is attracted to men and the other to women -of two women, one wears jeans and boots while the other wears a skirt and heels -of two children, one has XY chromosomes and the other has XX

-difference in sexuality -of two men in college, one is attracted to men and the other to women -difference in gender -of two women, one wears jeans and boots while the other wears a skirt and heels -difference in sex -of two children, one has XY chromosomes and the other has XX

Match each term to the correct definition. -sex -gender -sexuality -a social position that is often treated as if it were associated with biological differences -a set of preferences for romantic and sexual partners -the perceived biological differences thought to distinguish men from women

-gender -a social position that is often treated as if it were associated with biological differences -sexuality -a set of preferences for romantic and sexual partners -sex -the perceived biological differences thought to distinguish men from women

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about aging and sex. Researchers find that older [] have sex more often than older [], due to factors such as the [] of partners and []. -women -gender -diversity -age -medication -sexuality -availability -men

-men -women -availability -medication

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about gender. Gender is [], but this doesn't mean we can ignore it. Gender is a major social [] and has a role in [] our daily experiences and shaping our []. -socially constructed -organizing -illusion -life chances -sexuality -institution -predetermining -biological

-socially constructed -institution -organizing -life chances

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about sex, gender, and society. The [] view of [] is that it is not fixed. It is a set of [] that orders our lives and divides people, behaviors, and institutions into [] categories. -gender -sex -sociological -several -scripts -commonsense -two -laws

-sociological -gender -scripts -two

In Brazil, certain male prostitutes dress like women, alter their bodies to appear more like a woman's, and refer to themselves as "she." What are these men called? -transgender -bunda -nonbinary -travesti

-travesti

Identify whether or not the following descriptions are characteristic of the hijras in India, according to researcher Gayatri Reddy.

Characteristic of Hijras: -most undergo voluntary castration -they often work as prostitutes Not characteristic of Hijras: -they claim to inhabit a third gender category between male and female -they are skilled entrepreneurs -they are believed to confer fertility to newly married couples

How are conflict theory and Talcott Parson's theory of structural functionalism similar in terms of the way they explain gender roles?

Correct answers: -both theories are open to the charge of relying too much on a fixed, binary male/female distinction -both theories explain men's and women's gender roles in economic terms Incorrect answers: -both theories pit men against women in a zero-sum struggle for power -both theories are feminist in nature

Identify the correct and incorrect conclusions about men's and women's earnings based on the figure.

Correct conclusions: -women's earnings as a percentage of men's have begun to level off in recent years -women's earnings are now about 80 percent of men's earnings Incorrect conclusions: -at this point, men's and women's earnings are essentially equal -since 1990, men's median weekly earnings have risen faster than those of women

Identify the effects of virginity pledges.

Effects: -virginity pledges delay the onset of sexual activity -virginity pledges reduce the number of teenage sexual partners Not effects: -virginity pledges reduce the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases -virginity pledges reduce the incidence of unprotected sex

Identify whether or not the following reactions to same-sex attraction are essentialist arguments.

Essentialist arguments: -something may have gone wrong at the biological level to produce same-sex attraction -being born with male parts means you are only a male and preordained to be sexually attracted to women Not essentialist arguments: -although biology establishes a behavioral baseline, people still have a choice as to how they wish to live -same-sex attraction arises as a result of unresolved feelings toward one's mother or father

Identify the factors that likely contribute to men's higher rates of masturbation compared to women's.

Factors: -menopause may affect women's interest in masturbations more than the slower decline in sex hormones for men -older women may be constrained by the sexual and gender norms of their generation -older women may be less likely to tell survey takers that they have masturbated than men are Not factors: -older men are more likely to be married than older women

Identify Paula England's research findings on hook-up culture amongst students.

Findings: -a hook-up is a sexual encounter -hook-ups tend to serve male interests more than female ones Not findings: -a hook-up always includes penetrative sexual intercourse -hook-ups carry a high risk of pregnancy -a hook-up takes place between two people who have no interest in a long-term relationship

Identify the goals that all schools of feminist thought share.

Fundamental goals: -to obtain for women the same level of opportunity and respect enjoyed by men -to make people aware that gender structures relationships Not fundamental goals: -to make people aware that the male/female distinction is a social construction -to create a world in which sex differences do not exist

Advocates for children and adults with intersex conditions want to change the way intersex infants are treated. Identify the major goals of this movement.

Major goals: -to remove the stigma of intersex conditions -to discourage surgery on infants with ambiguous genitalia Not major goals: -to promote tolerance of people who have had, or want, sex reassignment surgery -to encourage acceptance of behavior that crosses traditional gender boundaries

Dalton Conley asked Amos Mac "whether he felt more like a man now than he had before he transitioned." Identify the reasons why this question reflects a binary understanding of gender.

Reasons: -it assumes one's identity changes when the physical body changes -it assumes a single experience of being "male" Not reasons: -it assumes that Mac felt female before his transition -it assumes that other's views of Mac may influence his view of himself

At the beginning of this interview, sociologist Paula England explains how she became interested in hook-up culture amongst college students. Identify the reasons why England started researching hook-up culture.

Reasons: -she was surprised by a student's proposed research topic -she was surprised to learn from her students that they did not do a lot of dating Not reasons: -she had grown concerned about the unhealthy aspects of hook-up culture -she wanted to discover the reasons for the decline of the nuclear family

A the beginning of this interview, sociologist Ashley Mears talks about the role of gender in the modeling business. Identify some reasons why Mears considers modeling an occupation rather than a profession.

Reasons: -the work is unpredictable -the pay is poor -modeling has no organizing body Not reasons: -models tend to get stuck in modeling for longer than they planned -women are discriminated against

How does social constructionism, championed by Candace West and Don H. Zimmerman, differ from structural functionalism, psychoanalytic theory, and conflict theory when it comes to gender roles?

Social constructionism is less deterministic

In 2007, James Damore circulated a memo to his colleagues at Google claiming that women are underrepresented in tech because of "biological causes" between men and women. Which of the following points might a sociologist make against Damore's argument?

Sociological arguments: -employees are more likely to take on the characteristics ascribed to their jobs than to fit into jobs by reason of the job requirements -gender socialization and discrimination both factor into the jobs men and women hold Not sociological arguments: -biological differences are a big factor in who fulfills what jobs, but men and women can learn to do other jobs -all perceived differences between men and women are socially constructed

Identify the true and false statements about how the Great Recession impacted men's and women's employment rates.

True statements: -the Great Recession helped increase equality in men's and women's employment -men's employment was hit hardest by the Great Recession -women's employment is still affected by cuts made during the Great Recession False Statements: -men retained their advantage in employment throughout the Great Recession

Identify the true and false statements about intersex conditions.

True statements: -the World Health Organization has called for a moratorium on surgeries to "correct" intersex conditions -the Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) argues that the medical standards for "normal" baby genitalia are arbitrary False statements: -the Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) was founded to stop intersex conditions from being labeled as disorders -about 0.01 percent of the population has an intersex condition

Identify the true and false statements about gender inequality in college enrollment based on the figure.

True statements: -the college enrollment rate for both men and women has been above 40 percent since the 1970s -women enrolled in college at a higher rate than men in the 1990s -the gap between men's and women's college enrollment rates during the period covered in this figure was greatest in 1970 False statements: -men began enrolling in college at a higher rate than women after 1978

Identify the true and false statements about Marilyn Frye's use of the birdcage metaphor to explain gender oppression.

True statements: -women are trapped like birds in the birdcage -one must look at the whole cage to understand gender oppression -each is one part of gender oppression False statements: -the mechanism used to leave the birdcage is controlled by outside forces

Match each trait to the time period (the 1700s versus the 2000s) in which it was considered a trait of the "ideal man."

2000s: -physical fitness -fully employed -good complexion 1700s: -a fondness for poetry -intelligence -kindness

One of the findings of modern sociology is that sexuality is socially constructed so that what is abnormal in one social framework may be normal in another. Identify the examples that support this finding.

Examples: -Mouth-on-mouth kissing is considered unsanitary and bizarre by certain African and South American tribes -In one New Guinea tribe, performing fellatio is part of a boy's normal rite of passage into manhood Not examples: -Even in cultures where monogamy is an ideal, the ideal is often violated -Although cultures vary in their attitudes toward homosexuality, the percentage of the population that prefers same-sex intercourse tends to be consistently in the low single digits