interpersonal communication Exam 1

COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURE

A culture in which believe that their primary responsibility is to their families, their communities, and their employers

HIGH-POWER-DISTANCE CULTURE

A culture in which certain groups, such as the royal family or the members of the ruling political party, have much greater power than the average citizen

LOW-CONTEXT CULTURE

A culture in which people are expected to be direct and to say what they mean

HIGH-CONTEXT CULTURE

A culture in which people are taught to speak in an indirect, explicit way

LOW-POWER-DISTANCE-CULTURE

A culture in which people believe that no one person or group should have excessive power

MASCULINE CULTURE

A culture in which people cherish traditionally masculine values and prefer sex-specifc roles for women and men

HIGH-POWER-DISTANCE CULTURE

Ex: People in high-power-distance cultures often feel pressure to choose friends and mates from within their social class (MEXICO, BRAZIL

SUPPORTIVE COMMUNICATION

Descriptive messages Focus on the problem Spontaneity Empathy Equality Provisional messages

Role relationships

Functional, casual, interchangeable & limited behavioral interdependence

defensive communication

Evaluative messages Control Strategy Neutrality Superiority Certainty

INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURE

Ex: Children in individualistic cultures are raised hearing messages such as 'Be yourself', 'You're special', and 'there's no one else in the world like you'

The eight principles of interpersonal communication (Continuum)

can range from relatively impersonal to extremely intimate

Negative face

the desire to be autonomous, to have the right to do as we wish

the seven elements of interpersonal (Channels)

the media through which the signals are sent

the seven elements of interpersonal (Ethics)

the morality, the rightness-wrongness aspect of communication behavior

the seven elements of interpersonal (Context)

the physical, social-psychological, temporal, and cultural environment in which the communication takes place

Seven functions of language (Personal)

the use of language issued to express feeling, opinion, and individual identity

Seven functions of language (Representational)

the use of language to convey facts and information

the seven elements of interpersonal (Messages)

the verbal and nonverbal signals that are sent by the source/encoder and received by the receiver/decoder

INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURE

- A culture in which people believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves

FEMININE CULTURE

- A culture in which people cherish traditionally feminine qualities and prefer little differentiation in the roles of women and men

Disparagement

- Engages in hostile behavior; belittles others; views own culture as superior to other cultures

INDULGE AND RESTRAINT

- The extent to which cultures emphasize the gratification of desires and having fun versus the curbing and regulation of pleasures and fun.

Ethnocentrism

- The tendency to see others and their behaviors through your own cultural filters, often as distortions of your own behavior

Male vs. female

- boy relationships vs. girl relationships

Ego-defensive function of prejudice

- holding attitudes that protect our self-esteem or that justify actions that make us feel guilty

Acculturation

- is the process by which you learn the rules and norms of a culture that is different from your native culture and that modifies your original or native culture

Enculturation

- is the process through which you learn the culture into which you're born.

Seven functions of language (Instrumental)

- it used to express people's need or to get things done

Seven functions of language (Informative)

- language is used to make contact with others and form relationships

Prejudice

- preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.

UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION THEORY

- suggests that human beings are uncomfortable with uncertainty and seek the means to predict the trajectory of social interactions.

Seven functions of language (Regulatory)

- this language is used yo tell other what to do

five stages of perception (Memory)

- you store this meaning for later retrieval;

the four characteristics of identity.

-Personal and social -Fixed and dynamic -Interaction with others -Historical, social, and culture identities

SELF-CONCEPT

-Reflected appraisals- 'The looking glass self' -Social comparisons: upward, downward, lateral -Cultural teachings -Self-evaluations

Selective Perception

: Receivers can selectively see and hear based on their needs, motivations, experience, background and other personal characteristics.

politeness theory

A theory holding that perceived politeness leads to relationship development and maintenance and impoliteness leads to deterioration

Nine verbal communication (MEANINGS VARY IN ASSERTIVENESS)

Acting assertively is most often the preferred mode of communication, but attitudes toward assertiveness vary greatly with culture

Nine verbal communication (MESSAGES CAN BE DECEIVE)

Acting with a truth bias is usually appropriate, but realize that in some situations, messages may be false and may be purposely designed to mislead you.

The eight principles of interpersonal communication (Ambiguous)

All messages and all relationships contain some uncertainty, some ambiguity.

Avoidance

Avoids and limits interpersonal interaction with others: prefers to be with own kind

The eight principles of interpersonal communication (Punctuated)

Communication events are continuous transactions divided into causes and effects for convenience

The eight principles of interpersonal communication (Purposeful)

Communication may serve a variety of purposes; for example, to learn, to relate, to help, to influence, to play

Four influences shape nonverbal communication

Culture Relationships Familiarity sex

TYPES OF CONFIRMING RESPONSES

Endorsement, Acknowledgement ,Recognition

LOW-CONTEXT CULTURE

IN a low-context culture, a supervisor might reprimand an irresponsible employee openly, to make an example of the individual (U.S, CAN)

Importance to identity

Identity is the importance that people place in their social group memberships as a feature of their self‐concepts.

DISCONFIRMATION

Ignoring a person's presence and how they communicate

Types of discinfirimg responses

Imprevious, interrupting, irrelevant, tangential, impersonal, ambigous

HIGH-CONTEXT CULTURE

In a high-context culture, however, the supervisor probably wouldn't reprimand the employee publicly for fear that it would put th employee to shame and cause the worker to 'lose face' (N/S Korea)

Unknown Self (Johari Window)

Information about yourself that neither you nor others know

Open Self (Johari Window)

Information about yourself that you and others know

Blind Self (Johari Window)

Information about yourself that you don't know but that others do know

Hidden Self (Johari Window)

Information about yourself that you know but others don't know

Membership esteem

Is the extent to which people believe they are good members of the social groups to which they belong

Five types of decpetion

Lies, equivocation, concealment, understatement, and exaggeration

Nine verbal communication (MEANINGS ARE BOTH DENOTATIVE AND CONNOTATIVE)

Look at both objective meaning and the subjective meaning expressed.

Nine verbal communication (Messages are packaged)

Look for the combinations of verbal and nonverbal messages working together or against each other

Nine verbal communication (MESSAGE MEANING ARE IN PEOPLE)

Look not only to the words used but to the person using the words.

LOW-POWER-DISTANCE-CULTURE

Low-power distance culture usually expect friendships and romantic relationships to be based on love rather than social status (U.S CAN)

The eight principles of interpersonal communication (Inevitable, irreversible, unrepeatable)

Messages are (almost) always being sent, cannot be uncommunicated, and are always unique (one-time) occurrences.

The eight principles of interpersonal communication (Content and relationship)

Messages may refer to the real world, to something external to both speaker and listener (the content), and to the relationships between the parties.

Nine verbal communication (MESSAGES MAY BE METACOMMUNICATION)

Messages may refer to things in the real world or ot the messages itself; both are often needed to achieve effective communication

Nine verbal communication (MESSAGES VARY IN ABSTRACTION)

Messages vary greatly in abstraction, the degree to which they are general or specific

The eight principles of interpersonal communication (Mindfulness)

Mindfulness - interpersonal communication occurs with various levels of awareness and consciousness

Indirect suggestion test

Often jokes, testing the waters- if it doesn't go well, it was just a joke

Value-expressive function of prejudice

People hold certain prejudices because they serve to reinforce aspects of life that are highly valued. Religious attitudes often function in this way

Border Dwellers

People who live between cultures and often experience contradictory cultural patterns. Through travel Through socialization Through an intercultural rela

Public presentation test

Publicly present an advancement in relationship to test partner

Private collective self-esteem

Represents the views people themselves hold about their social groups.

Culture Shock

STAGE ONE: The Honeymoon At first you experience fascination, even enchantment, with the new culture and its people.

Nine verbal communication (MESSAGES VARY IN POLITENESS)

Use messages that reflect positively on others and allow them to be autonomous

Culture Shock

Stage Four: The Adjustment At this final stage, you adjust to and come to enjoy the new culture and the new experiences. You may still experience periodic difficulties and strains, but on the whole, the experience is pleasant.

Culture Shock

Stage Three: The Recovery During this period you gain the skills necessary to function effectively. You learn the language and ways of the new culture. Your feelings of inadequacy subside.

Culture Shock

Stage Two: The Crisis Here, the differences between your own culture and the new setting create problems. Feelings of frustration and inadequacy come to the fore. This is the stage at which you experience the actual shock of the new culture.

CONFIRMATION

Validate person's message and convey acceptance (person-centered)

Positive face

The desire to be viewed positively by others, to be thought of favorably

The eight principles of interpersonal communication (Transactional)

The elements in communication are (1) always changing and (2) interdependent (each influences the other), (3) communication messages depend on the individual for their meaning and effect, and (4) each person is both speaker and listener.

LONG-AND SHORT-TERM ORIENTATION-

The extent to which cultures promote the importance of future rewards versus more immediate rewards.

HIGH-AMBIGUITY-TOLERANT-V-LOW-AMBIGUITY-TOLERANT -

The extent to which individuals within a culture can tolerate uncertainty and live comfortably with ambiguity

COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURE

The motto in collectivistic culture might be 'I am my family and my family is me.' Collectivistic culture include North and South Korea, Japan

Nine verbal communication (MESSAGES CAN BE ONYMOUS OR ANONYMOUS)

The person can be know or unknown

Collective self-esteem

The value and emotional significance attached to the groups to which one belongs.

Extractive strategies

When you "google" the person or do online research on the person to reduce uncertainty about that person

five stages of perception (Recall)

You success this information that you've stored in memory

Primary identities

are those that have the most consistent and enduring impact on our lives, such as race, gender, and nationality.

asking-third-party test

asking boyfriend's friend what is up with him -active strategy

Directness tests

direct interaction with partner

the seven elements of interpersonal (Noise)

disturbance that interfere with the receiver receiving the message sent by the source

close/intimate relationships

emotional attachment, irreplaceability, need fulfillment, affection and social inclusion

Voluntary vs. involuntary

entering a relationship by choice vs. no conscious choice to be in a relationship

Voluntary vs. involuntary

ex. children cannot choose their parents; boy can choose to date girl

Romantic vs. non romantic

ex. friends with benefits vs. married couple

Male vs. female

ex. mother-son dynamic vs. mother-daughter dynamic

Sexual vs. platonic

ex. mother/son vs. boyfriend/girlfriend

Genetically-related vs. nonrelated

ex. twins sisters share genes; sister has a friend not in family

Seven nonverbal communication priciples

interact with verbal messages mange impressions create immedicay help form relationships structure conversation influence and deceive express emotions

the seven elements of interpersonal (Effects)

interpersonal communication can have cognitive, affective, and behavioral effects on others and on yourself

Selective retention

is the inclination for people to be more likely to remember information that closely aligns with their needs, beliefs, interests, and values

Seven functions of language (Imaginative)

language is used to tell stories and jokes, and to create an imaginary environment

Interpersonal relationships

mutual influence, connections (social and or/emotional), reciprocity, unique communication, repeated interactions, & use of maintenance behaviors

Sexual vs. platonic

no sexual content between parties vs. sexual content between parties

Romantic vs. non romantic

people sharing relationships out of need vs people sharing relationships and professing their wants

the seven elements of interpersonal (Source)

receiver: the sender-receiver, the person who both sends and received messages during communication

Interactive Strategies

reducing uncertainties by engaging in conversation

Active Strategies

reducing uncertainties by means other than direct contact

Passive Strategies

reducing uncertainties by unobtrusive observation

Genetically-related vs. nonrelated

relationships based off of shared genes vs. relationships based off of choice

Public collective self‐esteem

represents the beliefs people have about how their social groups are evaluated by others.

Secondary identities

such as college major, occupation, and marital status, are more fluid and more dependent on situation.

Separation tests

testing a partner's level of commitment by observing how they react to a physical separation

Endurance tests

testing another's level of commitment by seeing how much they are willing to do for you

Seven functions of language (Heuristic)

this is when language is used to gain knowledge about the environment

Influencing strategies

to be persuasive, to be in control, to be followed, to be the leader

Credibility strategies

to be seen as competent, of good character, and dynamic

Self-handicapping strategies

to excuse actual or possible future failure

Self-monitoring strategies

to hide faults, to emphasize the positive and minimize the negative

Self-deprecating strategies

to secure help by making yourself seem unable to do the task

Triangle tests

to see whether or not their partners are prone to jealousy

Image-confirming strategies

to seek reassurance of one's self-image; to be recognized for who you are

selective attention

you attend to those things that you anticipate will fulfill your needs or will prove enjoyable

five stages of perception (Interpretation evaluation)

you give these signal some kind of meaning

five stages of perception (Organization)

you put these signals into some kind of organized pattern, but schemata, or scripts

five stages of perception (Stimulation)

your sense organs pick up some signal