interpersonal communication Exam 1
COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURE
A culture in which believe that their primary responsibility is to their families, their communities, and their employers
HIGH-POWER-DISTANCE CULTURE
A culture in which certain groups, such as the royal family or the members of the ruling political party, have much greater power than the average citizen
LOW-CONTEXT CULTURE
A culture in which people are expected to be direct and to say what they mean
HIGH-CONTEXT CULTURE
A culture in which people are taught to speak in an indirect, explicit way
LOW-POWER-DISTANCE-CULTURE
A culture in which people believe that no one person or group should have excessive power
MASCULINE CULTURE
A culture in which people cherish traditionally masculine values and prefer sex-specifc roles for women and men
HIGH-POWER-DISTANCE CULTURE
Ex: People in high-power-distance cultures often feel pressure to choose friends and mates from within their social class (MEXICO, BRAZIL
SUPPORTIVE COMMUNICATION
Descriptive messages Focus on the problem Spontaneity Empathy Equality Provisional messages
Role relationships
Functional, casual, interchangeable & limited behavioral interdependence
defensive communication
Evaluative messages Control Strategy Neutrality Superiority Certainty
INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURE
Ex: Children in individualistic cultures are raised hearing messages such as 'Be yourself', 'You're special', and 'there's no one else in the world like you'
The eight principles of interpersonal communication (Continuum)
can range from relatively impersonal to extremely intimate
Negative face
the desire to be autonomous, to have the right to do as we wish
the seven elements of interpersonal (Channels)
the media through which the signals are sent
the seven elements of interpersonal (Ethics)
the morality, the rightness-wrongness aspect of communication behavior
the seven elements of interpersonal (Context)
the physical, social-psychological, temporal, and cultural environment in which the communication takes place
Seven functions of language (Personal)
the use of language issued to express feeling, opinion, and individual identity
Seven functions of language (Representational)
the use of language to convey facts and information
the seven elements of interpersonal (Messages)
the verbal and nonverbal signals that are sent by the source/encoder and received by the receiver/decoder
INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURE
- A culture in which people believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves
FEMININE CULTURE
- A culture in which people cherish traditionally feminine qualities and prefer little differentiation in the roles of women and men
Disparagement
- Engages in hostile behavior; belittles others; views own culture as superior to other cultures
INDULGE AND RESTRAINT
- The extent to which cultures emphasize the gratification of desires and having fun versus the curbing and regulation of pleasures and fun.
Ethnocentrism
- The tendency to see others and their behaviors through your own cultural filters, often as distortions of your own behavior
Male vs. female
- boy relationships vs. girl relationships
Ego-defensive function of prejudice
- holding attitudes that protect our self-esteem or that justify actions that make us feel guilty
Acculturation
- is the process by which you learn the rules and norms of a culture that is different from your native culture and that modifies your original or native culture
Enculturation
- is the process through which you learn the culture into which you're born.
Seven functions of language (Instrumental)
- it used to express people's need or to get things done
Seven functions of language (Informative)
- language is used to make contact with others and form relationships
Prejudice
- preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.
UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION THEORY
- suggests that human beings are uncomfortable with uncertainty and seek the means to predict the trajectory of social interactions.
Seven functions of language (Regulatory)
- this language is used yo tell other what to do
five stages of perception (Memory)
- you store this meaning for later retrieval;
the four characteristics of identity.
-Personal and social -Fixed and dynamic -Interaction with others -Historical, social, and culture identities
SELF-CONCEPT
-Reflected appraisals- 'The looking glass self' -Social comparisons: upward, downward, lateral -Cultural teachings -Self-evaluations
Selective Perception
: Receivers can selectively see and hear based on their needs, motivations, experience, background and other personal characteristics.
politeness theory
A theory holding that perceived politeness leads to relationship development and maintenance and impoliteness leads to deterioration
Nine verbal communication (MEANINGS VARY IN ASSERTIVENESS)
Acting assertively is most often the preferred mode of communication, but attitudes toward assertiveness vary greatly with culture
Nine verbal communication (MESSAGES CAN BE DECEIVE)
Acting with a truth bias is usually appropriate, but realize that in some situations, messages may be false and may be purposely designed to mislead you.
The eight principles of interpersonal communication (Ambiguous)
All messages and all relationships contain some uncertainty, some ambiguity.
Avoidance
Avoids and limits interpersonal interaction with others: prefers to be with own kind
The eight principles of interpersonal communication (Punctuated)
Communication events are continuous transactions divided into causes and effects for convenience
The eight principles of interpersonal communication (Purposeful)
Communication may serve a variety of purposes; for example, to learn, to relate, to help, to influence, to play
Four influences shape nonverbal communication
Culture Relationships Familiarity sex
TYPES OF CONFIRMING RESPONSES
Endorsement, Acknowledgement ,Recognition
LOW-CONTEXT CULTURE
IN a low-context culture, a supervisor might reprimand an irresponsible employee openly, to make an example of the individual (U.S, CAN)
Importance to identity
Identity is the importance that people place in their social group memberships as a feature of their self‐concepts.
DISCONFIRMATION
Ignoring a person's presence and how they communicate
Types of discinfirimg responses
Imprevious, interrupting, irrelevant, tangential, impersonal, ambigous
HIGH-CONTEXT CULTURE
In a high-context culture, however, the supervisor probably wouldn't reprimand the employee publicly for fear that it would put th employee to shame and cause the worker to 'lose face' (N/S Korea)
Unknown Self (Johari Window)
Information about yourself that neither you nor others know
Open Self (Johari Window)
Information about yourself that you and others know
Blind Self (Johari Window)
Information about yourself that you don't know but that others do know
Hidden Self (Johari Window)
Information about yourself that you know but others don't know
Membership esteem
Is the extent to which people believe they are good members of the social groups to which they belong
Five types of decpetion
Lies, equivocation, concealment, understatement, and exaggeration
Nine verbal communication (MEANINGS ARE BOTH DENOTATIVE AND CONNOTATIVE)
Look at both objective meaning and the subjective meaning expressed.
Nine verbal communication (Messages are packaged)
Look for the combinations of verbal and nonverbal messages working together or against each other
Nine verbal communication (MESSAGE MEANING ARE IN PEOPLE)
Look not only to the words used but to the person using the words.
LOW-POWER-DISTANCE-CULTURE
Low-power distance culture usually expect friendships and romantic relationships to be based on love rather than social status (U.S CAN)
The eight principles of interpersonal communication (Inevitable, irreversible, unrepeatable)
Messages are (almost) always being sent, cannot be uncommunicated, and are always unique (one-time) occurrences.
The eight principles of interpersonal communication (Content and relationship)
Messages may refer to the real world, to something external to both speaker and listener (the content), and to the relationships between the parties.
Nine verbal communication (MESSAGES MAY BE METACOMMUNICATION)
Messages may refer to things in the real world or ot the messages itself; both are often needed to achieve effective communication
Nine verbal communication (MESSAGES VARY IN ABSTRACTION)
Messages vary greatly in abstraction, the degree to which they are general or specific
The eight principles of interpersonal communication (Mindfulness)
Mindfulness - interpersonal communication occurs with various levels of awareness and consciousness
Indirect suggestion test
Often jokes, testing the waters- if it doesn't go well, it was just a joke
Value-expressive function of prejudice
People hold certain prejudices because they serve to reinforce aspects of life that are highly valued. Religious attitudes often function in this way
Border Dwellers
People who live between cultures and often experience contradictory cultural patterns. Through travel Through socialization Through an intercultural rela
Public presentation test
Publicly present an advancement in relationship to test partner
Private collective self-esteem
Represents the views people themselves hold about their social groups.
Culture Shock
STAGE ONE: The Honeymoon At first you experience fascination, even enchantment, with the new culture and its people.
Nine verbal communication (MESSAGES VARY IN POLITENESS)
Use messages that reflect positively on others and allow them to be autonomous
Culture Shock
Stage Four: The Adjustment At this final stage, you adjust to and come to enjoy the new culture and the new experiences. You may still experience periodic difficulties and strains, but on the whole, the experience is pleasant.
Culture Shock
Stage Three: The Recovery During this period you gain the skills necessary to function effectively. You learn the language and ways of the new culture. Your feelings of inadequacy subside.
Culture Shock
Stage Two: The Crisis Here, the differences between your own culture and the new setting create problems. Feelings of frustration and inadequacy come to the fore. This is the stage at which you experience the actual shock of the new culture.
CONFIRMATION
Validate person's message and convey acceptance (person-centered)
Positive face
The desire to be viewed positively by others, to be thought of favorably
The eight principles of interpersonal communication (Transactional)
The elements in communication are (1) always changing and (2) interdependent (each influences the other), (3) communication messages depend on the individual for their meaning and effect, and (4) each person is both speaker and listener.
LONG-AND SHORT-TERM ORIENTATION-
The extent to which cultures promote the importance of future rewards versus more immediate rewards.
HIGH-AMBIGUITY-TOLERANT-V-LOW-AMBIGUITY-TOLERANT -
The extent to which individuals within a culture can tolerate uncertainty and live comfortably with ambiguity
COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURE
The motto in collectivistic culture might be 'I am my family and my family is me.' Collectivistic culture include North and South Korea, Japan
Nine verbal communication (MESSAGES CAN BE ONYMOUS OR ANONYMOUS)
The person can be know or unknown
Collective self-esteem
The value and emotional significance attached to the groups to which one belongs.
Extractive strategies
When you "google" the person or do online research on the person to reduce uncertainty about that person
five stages of perception (Recall)
You success this information that you've stored in memory
Primary identities
are those that have the most consistent and enduring impact on our lives, such as race, gender, and nationality.
asking-third-party test
asking boyfriend's friend what is up with him -active strategy
Directness tests
direct interaction with partner
the seven elements of interpersonal (Noise)
disturbance that interfere with the receiver receiving the message sent by the source
close/intimate relationships
emotional attachment, irreplaceability, need fulfillment, affection and social inclusion
Voluntary vs. involuntary
entering a relationship by choice vs. no conscious choice to be in a relationship
Voluntary vs. involuntary
ex. children cannot choose their parents; boy can choose to date girl
Romantic vs. non romantic
ex. friends with benefits vs. married couple
Male vs. female
ex. mother-son dynamic vs. mother-daughter dynamic
Sexual vs. platonic
ex. mother/son vs. boyfriend/girlfriend
Genetically-related vs. nonrelated
ex. twins sisters share genes; sister has a friend not in family
Seven nonverbal communication priciples
interact with verbal messages mange impressions create immedicay help form relationships structure conversation influence and deceive express emotions
the seven elements of interpersonal (Effects)
interpersonal communication can have cognitive, affective, and behavioral effects on others and on yourself
Selective retention
is the inclination for people to be more likely to remember information that closely aligns with their needs, beliefs, interests, and values
Seven functions of language (Imaginative)
language is used to tell stories and jokes, and to create an imaginary environment
Interpersonal relationships
mutual influence, connections (social and or/emotional), reciprocity, unique communication, repeated interactions, & use of maintenance behaviors
Sexual vs. platonic
no sexual content between parties vs. sexual content between parties
Romantic vs. non romantic
people sharing relationships out of need vs people sharing relationships and professing their wants
the seven elements of interpersonal (Source)
receiver: the sender-receiver, the person who both sends and received messages during communication
Interactive Strategies
reducing uncertainties by engaging in conversation
Active Strategies
reducing uncertainties by means other than direct contact
Passive Strategies
reducing uncertainties by unobtrusive observation
Genetically-related vs. nonrelated
relationships based off of shared genes vs. relationships based off of choice
Public collective self‐esteem
represents the beliefs people have about how their social groups are evaluated by others.
Secondary identities
such as college major, occupation, and marital status, are more fluid and more dependent on situation.
Separation tests
testing a partner's level of commitment by observing how they react to a physical separation
Endurance tests
testing another's level of commitment by seeing how much they are willing to do for you
Seven functions of language (Heuristic)
this is when language is used to gain knowledge about the environment
Influencing strategies
to be persuasive, to be in control, to be followed, to be the leader
Credibility strategies
to be seen as competent, of good character, and dynamic
Self-handicapping strategies
to excuse actual or possible future failure
Self-monitoring strategies
to hide faults, to emphasize the positive and minimize the negative
Self-deprecating strategies
to secure help by making yourself seem unable to do the task
Triangle tests
to see whether or not their partners are prone to jealousy
Image-confirming strategies
to seek reassurance of one's self-image; to be recognized for who you are
selective attention
you attend to those things that you anticipate will fulfill your needs or will prove enjoyable
five stages of perception (Interpretation evaluation)
you give these signal some kind of meaning
five stages of perception (Organization)
you put these signals into some kind of organized pattern, but schemata, or scripts
five stages of perception (Stimulation)
your sense organs pick up some signal