Intro Psy - ONLINE quiz

Generalization is a reaction to _____. differences

Excitatory conditioning is.. It is an ability of a CS to increase the probability or magnitude of a given behavior

If Alice lives near a cattle plant, she probably doesn't notice the neighborhood smell that visitors to her house complain about. What idea explains this phenomenon?

Sensory adaptation

This learning procedure utilizes reinforcement to guide a response in closer and closer approximations to a desired behavior:

Shaping

The sudden reappearance of a response after a period of extinction is known as:

Spontaneous recovery

Let's say that we are teaching a dog to sit up and beg. We want it to do this only when we say 'Beg', therefore we reward the dog only when it responds after we have commanded it. If the dog sits up and begs when we haven't commanded it, we ignore it. Teaching the dog to beg only when asked is an example of..

Stimulus control 'Bringing a behavior under stimulus control' means teaching the subject to emit that behavior only when a certain stimulus- in this case, the command 'Beg'- is present.

In John Watson's famous experiment, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, but he also demonstrated a fear of other furry, white objects. This is an example of:

Stimulus generalization

In operant conditioning, what is the tendency for a response to happen only when a particular stimulus is present? Stimulus discrimination

Students get a grade for a quiz that's given once a week. What is this an example of? Fixed-interval reinforcement schedule

In classical conditioning -Pavlov the stimulus to be conditioned a bell is paired with an unconditioned stimulus -reinforcer such as food.

The two are paired again and again, until the subject is 'conditioned' to expect food when hearing a bell. -subject gets the food when it hears the bell, no matter what other behaviors it exhibits.

You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it.

This example is classical conditioning because nausea is an automatic response. The flu sickness is the US. The nausea is the UR. The new food is the CS. The nausea to the new food is the CR.

A professor has a policy of exempting students from the final exam if they maintain perfect attendance during the quarter. His students' attendance increases dramatically.

This example is operant conditioning because attendance is a voluntary behavior. The exemption from the final exam is a negative reinforcement because something is taken away that increases the behavior (attendance).

Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt.

This example is operant conditioning because buckling a seat belt is voluntary. The flashing light is a positive punishment. The consequence is given . The behavior of not buckling the seat belt decreases.

Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue to get better in your second year.

This example is operant conditioning because school performance is a voluntary behavior. The credit card is a positive reinforcement because it is given and it increases the behavior.

A lion in a circus learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a food treat.

This example is operant conditioning because standing on a chair and jumping through a hoop are voluntary behaviors. The food treat is a positive reinforcement because it is given and it increases the behavior.

You check the coin return slot on a pay telephone and find a quarter. You find yourself checking other telephones over the next few days.

This is an example of operant conditioning because checking the coin return slot is a voluntary behavior. The quarter would be a positive reinforcement because it was given and led to an increase in the behavior.

The best description for UCS is..

a stimulus that automatically elicits a response

Which of the following is true of learning?

a) Learning is relatively permanent. b) Learning involves a change in behavior. c) Learning occurs through experience. d) All of the above

As light enters the eye, it first passes through a lubricating tear film that coats the ______________.

cornea

Generalization is a reaction to _____.

differences

The child may expect playfulness only from dogs that look like hers. This refers to..

discrimination

If the UCS is subsequently omitted, the CR will experience

extinction

What must be properly focused onto the retina, and the surface of the retina must be flat, smooth, and in good working order to produce a clear image?

light

Punishment is the _____ of reinforcement.

opposite

This is a bundle of nerve fibers which carries visual information from the eye to the brain

optic nerve

If the doctor always tells a child that "it won't hurt, when in fact it sometimes does, the child has no danger or safety signals and may become terribly anxious whenever in the doctor's office. This implies..

predictability is also important for emotional reactions

After light travels through the______________, it must pass through the lens. The human lens, much like the lens of a camera, is responsible for focusing light.

pupil

Excitatory conditioning is..

t is an ability of a CS to increase the probability or magnitude of a given behavior.

For classical conditioning, which of the following statement is true?

the CS must be a reliable predictor of the UCS. there must be a higher probability that the UCS will occur when the CS has been presented than when it has not

What is a CER, by definition?an emotional response like anxiety or happiness, set off by a CS

A CER is a conditional (or "conditioned") emotional response. Like any example of classical conditioning, the response will be set off by a CS (conditional stimulus). In the case of the CER, the response which is "set off" is related to emotions.

Skinner box is also known as.. Operant chamber

A hungry cat is placed in a cage whose door is held fast by a simple latch and a piece of fish is placed just outside the cage. If the cat has learned to open the latch to obtain food and repeats that behavior, it is known as.. law of effect

To what does the term "positive" refer, in the term "positive reinforcement"?the application or addition of a stimulus to a situation

A positive reinforcement is a stimulus which, when applied after a behavior, makes the behavior more frequent or probable in the future.

A student sometimes got A's on his midterm exams last year when he used his green pen to write the exams. Now he always takes his lucky green pens to exams. How did the student's superstitious behavior arise? Operant conditioning

A scalloped response pattern, in which responses are slow at the beginning of a time period and then faster just before reinforcement happens, is typical of which type of reinforcement schedule? Fixed interval

Which of the following would be a secondary reinforcer for a rat?The opportunity to escape a shock by pressing a lever

A secondary reinforcer is one that has gained 'reinforcement value' by pairing with a primary reinforcer- in other words, a learned reinforcer. In this case, the rat has learned that pressing the lever will avoid a shock. A rat does not have to learn in order to be reinforced by food, water or sex.

An often-heard phrase in operant conditioning is 'the ABC's of behavior.' What does A refer to?An often-heard phrase in operant conditioning is 'the ABC's of behavior.' What does A refer to?

An antecedent is what occurs just before a behavior is emitted. For example, telling a dog 'Sit.'

What is a formal definition of "operant"?a class of behaviors with an equivalent effect on the environment

An operant is defined by its effect on the environment. For example, a bar-press is considered the "same operant" whether a rat presses the bar with its front foot, its nose, or its hind foot.

What is a punishment?

An unpleasant event or stimulus.

What is a reinforcer?

Any event that strengthens or increases a response.

The semicircular canals are involved in which of the following?

Balance

How can something intended as a punisher actually function as a reinforcer?if frequency of the "punished" behavior goes up

By definition, a stimulus which makes the behavior it follows more frequent is a reinforcer, even if it is intended as a punisher. For example, the "punishment trap" involves parents inadvertantly reinforcing bad behavior by attempting to punish it. If children are sufficiently starved for attention, any attention is reinforcing, even if it is intended as punishment.

What learning process did B.F. Skinner describe?

Classical Conditioning

What is the procedure called in which reinforcement is used to guide a response closer and closer to a desired response? Shaping

Classical conditioning usually works best if which of the following occurs? The CS is presented just before the UCS

The experiments in classical conditioning were originally developed by Ivan Pavlov after accidentally stumbling on the phenomenon. True

Conditioning could be considered synonymous with learning in that a conditioned response occurs only after it has been learned. True

An often-heard phrase in operant conditioning is 'the ABC's of behavior.' What does B refer to?Behavior

Continuing the above example, behavior would be the dog sitting.

It is a change in the electrical activity of the skin that occurs during emotional stress.

GSR

Learning may be defined as a ______ change in behavior that occurs as the result of experience. relatively permanent

Habituation involves learning about a _____. single stimulus

The likelihood that you bring your date chocolate on Valentine's Day will decrease if he or she gets mad at you for offering the caloric gift. This shows.. omission training

If leaving your apartment removes you from an unpleasant environment, then the time you spend away from your apartment will increase referring to.. negative reinforcement

Which is correct about sensitization? A. It is a type of nonassociative learning. B. There is increase in a behavioral response. C. It typically occurs when noxious or fearful stimuli are presented. D. all of the above

If the UCS is subsequently omitted, the CR will experience extinction

How can escape learning be converted into avoidance learning?by giving the animal a warning signal

If the animal receives a warning before an aversive stimulus, the animal has a chance to avoid the stimulus by performing some behavior, such as running away. This is avoidance conditioning or avoidance learning.

In the original classical conditioning experiments, the salivation after being presented with food is considered an unconditioned response. True

In Operant conditioning, the response comes after the consequence. False

Every time your dog urinates on the carpet, you smack him with a rolled-up newspaper. You do this every day for two weeks, several times a day. Are you punishing the dog? no

In operant conditioning terms, punishment decreases behavior. If the behavior doesn't decrease, then punishment isn't occurring. If the dog is still wetting the floor after two weeks of slapping, it may be being abused, but it isn't being punished.

How is operant conditioning different from classical conditioning? In operant conditioning, reinforcement is presented only when the subject responds.

In operant conditioning, the reinforcement is presented only when the subject responds in the desired manner to a stimulus.

B. F. Skinner is considered the father of behaviorism. False

In the original classical conditioning experiments, the sound of the bell is considered the conditioned response.False

In Pavlov's experiment, ___ is considered an unconditioned response. salivation

It is a change in the electrical activity of the skin that occurs during emotional stress. GSR

Which is correct about sensitization?

It is a type of nonassociative learning. There is increase in a behavioral response. It typically occurs when noxious or fearful stimuli are presented.

Every time your child does a math problem correctly, you give him a piece of candy. Is this positive reinforcement?Not enough data

It's only positive reinforcement if, as a result of the candy, the child gets more problems correct!

Who is famous for saying, "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors."

John Watson

What is a cue requiring the use of both eyes that helps to estimate the distance of a nearby object?

Retinal disparity

What does perceptual set do?

Makes it likely that people will see things they assume to be true Affects people's everyday experiences Influences the way people see a reversible figure

Touch receptors are stimulated by which of the following?

Mechanical energy Chemical energy Thermal energy

What is a monocular cue that helps to determine the distance of a distant object?

Motion parallax

With respect to taste aversion, which of the following is true? If taste is paired with other unconditioned stimuli, conditioning doesn't occur

Nausea paired with most other conditioned stimuli doesn't produce aversion to those stimuli The pairing of taste and nausea produces conditioning even when there is a delay of several hours between the conditioned stimulus of the taste and the unconditioned stimulus of nausea

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?Isolating a dog that snaps

Negative punishment is TAKING AWAY something from a situation that decreases the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future. In this case, we isolate the dog and take away his capacity to interact, decreasing the biting behavior.

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?Giving a child money for doing his chores

Negative reinforcement is TAKING AWAY something in a situation that has the effect of increasing the likelihood of a behavior. In this case, taking away the collar pressure increases the likelihood that the dog will walk nicely next time. Negative reinforcement is NOT the same as punishment!

Positive reinforcement refers to adding something positive in order to increase the probability of a behavior occurring. True

Negative reinforcement refers to the adding of something negative in order to reduce the probability of a behavior occurring. False

What are feature detectors?

Neurons that respond to specific features of the environment

Slot machines work well because they are based on a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. True

Not using a candy machine again after losing money one time represents a major problem with variable interval schedules of reinforcement. False

While Ivan Pavlov is famous for his contributions to psychology, he was actually a:

Physiologist

What theory explains how people discriminate high-pitched sounds with a frequency greater than 5000 Hz?

Place theory

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?Writing the name of a misbehaving student on the chalkboard

Positive punishment is ADDING something to a situation that decreases the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future. In this case, writing the child's name decreases future misbehavior. Study hall usually involves taking away time and turning it into the study hall, thus the student has something removed, rather than added.

Innate reinforcers such as food and water that diminish a biological need are known as:

Primary Reinforcers

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer for humans?Food.

Primary reinforcers are reinforcers that do not require conditioning or learning in order to reinforce behavior. We don't have to learn to desire food. All of the other reinforcers require learning in order to be 'enjoyable.'

If the doctor always tells a child that "it won't hurt, when in fact it sometimes does, the child has no danger or safety signals and may become terribly anxious whenever in the doctor's office. This implies.. predictability is also important for emotional reactions

Punishment is the _____ of reinforcement. opposite

When the dog is trained to catch a ball, you can give the animal a food reinforcer each time it approaches the ball until finally the dog mouths and grabs the ball referring to.. shaping

Reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of responses. fixed ratio

Negative reinforcement increases the strength or frequency of a response by __________ an aversive stimulus.

Removing

What does perceptual constancy enable people to recognize?

That a bus approaching on the street isn't getting bigger

A tone which predicts a puff of air elicits an eyeblink. What is the puff of air? UCS

The UCS or unconditional stimulus is the stimulus which naturally or automatically stimulates a biological response. The puff of air automatically elicits a blink, so it is a UCS.

What does the pitch of a sound depend on?

The amplitude and frequency of a sound wave

It reflects the preservation of the original CS-UCS association after extinction training. spontaneous recovery

The best description for UCS is.. a stimulus that automatically elicits a response

For classical conditioning, which of the following statement is true? there must be a higher probability that the UCS will occur when the CS has been presented than when it has not

The child may expect playfulness only from dogs that look like hers. This refers to.. discrimination

An often-heard phrase in operant conditioning is 'the ABC's of behavior.' What does C refer to?Consequence

The consequence is what happens after the behavior- either a reinforcer or a punisher. In this case, we give the dog a treat, thus reinforcing the likelihood that the dog will sit when it hears the word 'sit.'

An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.

The drug is the US. The accelerated heart rate is the UR. The small room is the CS. The accelerated heart rate to the room is the CR.

Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.

The hot water is the US The jumping back is the UR The toilet flush is the CS The jumping back to the flush alone is the CR

John Watson conducted an experiment with a boy named Albert in which he paired a white rat with a loud, startling noise. Albert now becomes startled at the sight of the white rat.

The loud noise is the US. The startle is the UR. The white rat is the CS. The startle response to the white rat is the CR.

Your hands are cold so you put your gloves on. In the future, you are more likely to put gloves on when it's cold.

This is an example of operant conditioning because putting gloves on is a voluntary behavior. The consequence is a negative reinforcement because the coldness is taken away and the behavior of putting on gloves increases.

You had a car crash; now all cars scare you. ------------ is occurring. generalization

To generalize is to respond the same way to different stimuli. If different cars all scare you, generalization is occurring.

The lens can change its shape to focus on nearby and distant objects.

True

In classical conditioning, the natural and unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is known as the:

Unconditioned Response

In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the food was the:

Unconditioned Stimulus

Which of B.F. Skinner's schedules of reinforcement is the most difficult to extinguish? (Hint: Gambling utilizes this reinforcement schedule).

Variable Interval

An employee receives a reward for his work, but the reinforcement is only awarded for the first response after a specified period of time. This schedule produces a high rate of response near the end of the specified time period, with a drop in response after the reward has been given. What type of reinforcement schedule is being used?

Variable Interval Schedule

What is a reinforcer? Anything that follows a behavior and increases the frequency of a behavior.Reinforcers 'reinforce' or strengthen behavior.

What is a punishment?Anything that decreases the frequency of a behavior.In order to function as a punisher, a stimulus must cause a given behavior to decrease in frequency. In psychological terms, if the behavior doesn't decrease, the stimulus isn't a punishment!

1. What kind of reinforcement should you use if you want to a response to last without reinforcement long after it's been learned through operant conditioning? Intermittent

What is the tendency to respond to a new stimulus as if it's the original conditioned stimulus? Stimulus generalization

Negative reinforcement..increases the rate of behavior

Yes. Negative reinforcement is a form of reinforcement. It increases the frequency or probabilty of a behavior which it follows. It does this by taking away an aversive stimulus -hence the word "negative" which refers to removal of a stimulus.

What is Pavlovian conditioning, in a nutshell? an anticipatory biological response

Yes...in every case, classical conditioning involves an biological response which is triggered earlier than it would have been without conditioning. Pavlov's dog, for example, started salivating before meat powder was puffed into its mouth. In effect, it "anticipated" the meat powder when given a signal.

What is true of differential reinforcement, but not true of shaping -the method of successive approximations ? the desired response already occurs

in differential reinforcment, a response is singled out from others and reinforced. This implies that the desired response is already occurring, although possibly at a low frequency. -If it is not occurring at all, shaping is the appropriate procedure

Learning may be defined as a ______ change in behavior that occurs as the result of experience.

relatively permanent

This is a thin, light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye and acts much like film in a camera

retina

In Pavlov's experiment, ___ is considered an unconditioned response.

salivation

Habituation involves learning about a _____.

single stimulus

It reflects the preservation of the original CS-UCS association after extinction training.

spontaneous recovery