Intro to Criminal Justice
Which level of law enforcement is responsible for the "nuts and bolts" of law enforcement work and have duties such as crowd and traffic control and the resolution of minor conflicts?
Local
Which legislation guaranteed minorities and woman access to employment in the field of Law Enforcement?
The 1964 Civil Rights Act and its amendments
The requirement that a person claiming self-defense prove that he or she took reasonable steps to avoid the conflict that resulted in the use of deadly force is known as:
The duty to retreat
What theories hypothesized that criminals are simply a product of their genes and that criminals can be identified by their physical characteristics?
Trait Theories
Which theory holds that deviant behavior is more likely in communities where social institutions such as the family, schools, and the criminal justice system fail to exert control over the population?
Social Disorganization Theory
What type of law is enacted by a legislative body?
Statutory Law
Which tool or database provides the best understanding of the actual amount of unreported crime that occurs in the country?
National Victimization Survey
Which American city was the first law enforcement agency to bring both day and night watchmen under the control of a single police chief?
New York
_________ is the category of crime that broadly implies a conspiratorial and illegal relationship among any number of persons engaged in unlawful acts such as violence, corruption, and intimidation for economic gain.
Organized Crime
The State Department of Corrections promulgates rules and regulations regarding how and where arrestees can be detained. This is an example of what type of law?
Administrative Law
__________ is a hiring or promotion policy favoring groups such as women, African Americans, or Hispanics.
Affirmative Action
Which of the following is not one of the four major categories of violent crime? a. drug trafficking b. sexual assault c. murder d. robbery
A
Which of the following crimes would fall under the category of violent crime? a. Larceny b. Robbery c. Burglary d. Prostitution
B
What is the most commonly used punishment in the United States?
Probation
__________ refers to the act of committing another crime.
Recidivism
The underlying value of the _________ model is to punish and repress criminal behavior.
Crime Control
Brain scanning has been able to identify functional abnormalities and physical deformities in the brain that correlate with violent behavior. Which of the following has been associated with aggressive behavior? a. smaller-than-average amygdala b. larger-than-average amygdala c. decreased oxygen flow d. high activity in the anterior cingulate cortex
A
Choose the requirement below needed in order for duress to qualify as a defense. a. The threat must be of serious bodily harm or death. b. The defendant can be involved in the situation with limited fault or guilt. c. The defendant made a mistake of law. d. The police officer tricked the defendant into wrongdoing.
A
Which model of the criminal justice system holds that the majority of citizens share the same values and beliefs, and the criminal law occurs as a codification of penalties for those acts that contradict our shared values?
Consensus
What source of law is largely the basis for overturning criminal convictions?
Constitutional Law
_________ means that two variables vary together.
Correlation
According to the text, how much revenue is generated by private security annually?
$350 billion
What percentage of the prison population is female?
7%
According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, self-control is developed by age _________.
10
In 2012, about ________ of police officers were women.
11.9%
During early American criminal law, how old did an offender have to be to be tried as an adult?
14
Private security employment accounts for how many jobs in the U.S.?
2 million
In the United States, which statement is most true about the practices of the police? a. There are more annual arrests for vagrancy, public drunkenness and other non-violent crimes than for all violent crimes combined b. There are more annual arrests for property crimes than for public disorder crimes c. There are fewer annual arrests for vagrancy, public drunkenness and other non-violent crimes than compared to arrests for violent crimes d. A large part of police work centers on preventing police corruption
A
Of the choices below, which is not a way in which crime data is presented by the UCR? a. crime rate per 1,000 people b. number of crimes reported c. percent of changes in rate of crime over time d. crime rate per 100,000 people
A
Which is not typical of crimes that are misdemeanors? a. misdemeanors usually include the penalty of imprisonment b. misdemeanors are divided into different classes of seriousness c. misdemeanors, more often than felonies, carry no jail time d. misdemeanors almost never carry the penalty of imprisonment
A
Which of the following is NOT one of the six basic elements of a crime? a. physical injury b. actus reus c. mens rea d. concurrence
A
Which of the following is not an aspect of professionalizing the police that was suggested by August Vollmer? a. more crowd control devices and practices b. the use of technology c. the use of science d. training police through universities
A
Which of the following is not listed by the text as a major issue in criminal justice today? a. Increasing violent and property crime rates. b. Homeland Security c. Falling violent and property crime rates. d. Street Gangs
A
Which of the following is the Latin term for the body of the crime or the essential elements of a crime? a. Corpus delicti b. Amicus curiae c. stare decisis d. mala prohibitum
A
Which term best describes a form of government in which a written constitution provides for a division of powers between a central government and several regional governments? a. federalism b. feudalism c. totalitarianism d. democracy
A
According to the text, our country's criminal justice system has just over 1,163,300 federal, state, and local law enforcement employees. What percentage of the total law enforcement employees does local law enforcement account for?
Approximately 76.4%
According to the text, which of the following statements most accurately describes the minimum educational requirements for those applying for entry level police positions? a. Today 30 % of all local police departments require at least a four year college degree for entry level applicants. b. Today 82 % of all local police departments require at least a high school diploma for entry level applicants. c. Today 80 % of all local police departments require at least a four year college degree for entry level applicants. d. Today 90 % of all local police departments require at least a two year college degree for entry level applicants.
B
Of the choices below, which is associated with the reform era of policing? a. It occurred between 1840 and 1930 b. Included the professional model which emphasized centralized police organizations, increased use of technology, and a limitation of police discretion through regulations and guidelines. c. Police officers received their jobs as a result of political connections, not because of any particular skills or knowledge. d. Bribery was common, as police would use their close proximity to the people to request "favors," which went into the police officers' own pockets or into the coffers of the local political party as "contributions
B
Several factors have contributed to the growth in private security. Choose the factor below not included in the Hallcrest Report II on private security. a. Society becoming increasingly fearful of crime b. Increasing dissatisfaction with municipal police c. Cuts in state and local budgets d. The problem of crime in the workplace
B
The FBI Uniform Crime Report is divided into Part I and Part II offenses. Which of the following is included in Part I offenses? a. Embezzlement b. Motor Vehicle Theft c. Fraud d. Counterfeiting
B
Which of the following is considered an inchoate offense? a. sexual assault b. attempted murder c. robbery d. larceny
B
Which of the following is not a test when considering if the defendant should be found innocent by reason of insanity? a. Irresistible-Impulse test b. Warren rule c. Substantial capacity test d. M'Naughten rule
B
Which of the following is not one of the basic requirements to becoming a police officer? a. meet weight and eyesight requirements b. be at least 18 years of age c. not have been convicted of a felony d. be a U.S. citizen
B
Which of the following is not one of the four specific goals of the criminal justice system? a. to protect society b. to provide financial compensation for all victims of crime c. to determine when an offense has occurred and punish the offender d. to rehabilitate offenders
B
Which of the following is not one of the levels of law enforcement in the United States? a. state b. private c. local d. federal
B
Which of the following is not one of the powers granted to states by the U.S. Constitution? a. appointing state judges b. coining money c. regulating state sales tax d. creating state laws
B
_________ is the ability to identify a person based on his or her unique physical characteristics, such as fingerprints or facial configuration.
Biometrics
All but one of the theories listed below have been used by experts to explain drug use. a. Social Disorganization Theory b. Learning Theory c. Controlled Substance Theory d. Control Theory
C
Which court case established the exclusionary rule? a. Terry vs. Ohio b. Miranda vs. Arizona c. Mapp vs. Ohio d. In re Gault
C
Which is not an action that police can perform in order to "preserve the peace"? a. Order people to disperse from a lawful gathering b. Arrest people though no crime has been committed c. Suspend the Constitution d. Use threats or coercion to make people stop a given behavior
C
Which of the following is not one of the categories of rights given to crime victims? a. the right to be heard b. the right to be informed c. the right to restitution d. the right to be present
C
Which of the following statements concerning the FBI Uniform Crime Report (UCR) is correct? a. The FBI collects crime data for the UCR only from city police departments who serve populations is 100,000 or greater. b. The FBI provides the UCR crime data on Part I crimes on a bi-annual basis and Part II crimes on an annual basis. c. The FBI annual Unified Crime Report incorporates crime data from 18,300 police agencies representing 95% of the US population. d. The FBI's annual Uniform Crime Report incorporates crime data from 17,500 police agencies representing 95% of the US population and from the National Crime Victims Survey.
C
Which of the following statements regarding the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is correct? a. The NCVS conducts annual survey of approximately 30 % of the US population. Participants are interviewed once a year concerning their experiences with crime during the prior year. b. The National Crime Victimization Survey uses surveys from arrestees of serious crimes to provide data, which determines the UCR national crime rate per 100,000 persons. c. NCVS conducts an annual survey of about 92,000 households with nearly 163,000 occupants over twelve years of age. Participants are interviewed twice a year over the course of three years concerning their experiences with crimes in the prior six months. d. The National Crime Victimization Survey includes data from the Drug Use Forecasting Program to provide accurate measure crime victims of Part I crimes.
C
Which of the following would be an example of a mala prohibita crime? a. murder b. identity theft c. prostitution d. sexual assault
C
Women are most likely to be victimized by: a. other women b. strangers c. intimate partners d. children
C
Which type of law sets legal precedents based upon judicial review (court decisions) regarding laws and how they were applied in a specific case?
Case
Freedom of speech, the right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment, and the right to be free from self-incrimination, are all considered:
Civil Liberties
In response to several fatal accidents involving teenage drivers, a state enacts legislation requiring all vehicles operated by teenagers to have stickers placed on the license plates for easy identification by the police. Those opposed to the law claim it targets an entire group of society who due to their age lack the economic and political influence to represent their interests. Of the choices below which model of the criminal justice system?
Conflict
What is the name of the model in which the content of criminal law is determined by the groups that hold economic, social, and political power in the community?
Conflict
The scientific study of crime and the causes of criminal behavior is:
Criminology
According to routine activity theory, which of the following is NOT one of the requirements for crime to occur? a. a likely offender b. a suitable target c. the absence of a capable guardian d. a firearm
D
According to the text, which of the following is part of step 3 (Adjudication) of the Criminal Justice Process? a. Sentencing b. Criminal Investigation c. Grand Jury d. Arraignment
D
What does the defense need to prove for a successful entrapment defense? a. The defendant only committed the act due to self-defense b. The defendant thought that they had to commit the act c. The defendant only committed the act out of fear d. The defendant was induced by a public official to commit a criminal act, which he/she was not predisposed to committing.
D
Which choice offers the best explanation of the origin of conflict theory? a. The FBI Counter-intelligence program helped to assassinate leaders of Black, Latinom and American Indian organizations. b. After the fall of Saigon, the Pentagon organized to prevent public opinion from turning against another war. c. The FBI Counter-intelligence program helped to assassinate leaders of Black, Latinom and American Indian organizations. d. In the 1960s, professors, writers, journalists, students and other activists could not believe that a society that could put men on the moon could not also eliminate poverty and pollution depression.
D
Which of the following agencies is not under the jurisdiction of the Department of Justice? a. FBI b. ATF c. DEA d. ICE
D
Which of the following groups of people is more likely to be the victim of a crime? a. residents of urban areas b. low income c. past victims d. all of these
D
Which of the following is a criticism of the National Crime Victimization Survey? a. It measures unreported crime. b. It only considers females as victims of rape. c. It only counts the most serious crime in a criminal episode. d. Responses can be distorted.
D
Which of the following is a principle of an integrated definition of crime? a. Crime is punishable by informal sanctions that bring about the loss of personal freedom. b. Crime is considered an offense against an individual, not society as a whole. c. Crime is considered punishable under criminal law, as determined by a minority of a society d. Crime is considered punishable under criminal law, as determined by the majority of a society or, in some cases, a powerful minority.
D
Which of the following is not one of the four responsibilities of police, as described by Egon Bittner? a. to enforce laws b. to provide services c. to prevent crime d. to apprehend criminals
D
Which of the following is one of the two basic functions of criminal law? a. to enforce all private and public rights b. to adhere to due process rights c. Both a and b are correct d. to maintain social order by protecting citizens from harm
D
Which of the following is the burden of proof to determine responsibility in a civil court case? a. Probable Cause b. Reasonable Suspicion c. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt d. Preponderance of the evidence
D
Which of the following refers to crimes/offenses that do not require intent to be criminal acts? a. inchoate offenses b. mala in se crimes c. hate crimes d. strict liability offenses
D
Which of the following rights are listed in the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution? a. the right to bear arms b. the government must bring grand jury indictments again defendants c. the right against compelled self-incrimination d. the right to counsel.
D
Which statement is most accurate? a. Involuntary manslaughter is a killing with intent but without malice b. Voluntary manslaughter is a killing without intent or malice c. Voluntary manslaughter is a killing without intent but with malice d. Involuntary manslaughter is a killing without intent or malice
D
Since the early 1990s, the crime rate has been:
Decreasing
Behavior that does not conform to the norms of a given community or society is:
Deviance
A police officer is detailed to enforce a snow removal ordinance violation. Subsequent to arriving on the scene, the officer confirms that the residence is in violation of not clearing snow and ice from the sidewalks on the property. The officer locates the homeowner who is an 85 year old recent widow. She is physically incapable of clearing the sidewalk herself and has limited income. Rather than issuing a complaint summons for the ordinance violation, he arranges for local scouts to assist with the snow removal. The officer in this scenario exercised his:
Discretion
What principle empowers individual actors in the criminal justice system to make decisions to enforce laws based on their personal judgment instead of following strict adherence to written rules or law?
Discretion
The Oklahoma City bombings, carried out by Timothy McVeigh, who was an American citizen, would be considered:
Domestic Terrorism
_________ is the suspicion that minority law enforcement officers face from both their white colleagues and members of the minority community to which they belong.
Double Marginality
A focus on making sure that an individual's rights are being protected and that no innocent people are being found guilty is part of the _________ model.
Due Process
_________ is a system of moral principles that governs a person's perception of right and wrong.
Ethics
The National Crime Information Center (NCIC) provides a database of fingerprint information and offers assistance in identifying victims of fires plane crashes and disasters along with help finding missing persons. The NCIC is part of which federal agency?
FBI
__________ are crimes that are punishable by death or by imprisonment in a federal or state prison for longer than one year.
Felonies
After completing the police academy, new police recruits go through:
Field Training
Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects offenders from double jeopardy?
Fifth
Which two amendments include a due process clause?
Fifth and Fourteenth
The only state that does not have a state law enforcement agency is:
Hawaii
Which type of policing uses past crime patterns to predict when and where crime will occur in the future?
Intelligence-led
Which theory posits that delinquents and criminals must be taught both the practical and emotional skills necessary to partake in illegal activity?
Learning
Which level of law enforcement has the broadest authority to apprehend criminal suspects, maintain order, and provide services to the community?
Municipal police organizations
What type of law serves as the basis for most crimes?
Statutory Law
The random use or threat of violence to achieve political goals is:
Terrorism
What is the cabinet-level federal agency responsible for coordinating efforts to protect the United States against international and domestic terrorism?
The Department of Homeland Security
What federal agency was created in 1865 and is responsible for combating currency counterfeiters?
The U.S. Secret Service
Maintaining the local jail is typically the responsibility of:
The county sheriff
A(n) __________ is an explanation of a happening or a circumstance that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning.
Theory
The belief that women have been hired or promoted to fulfill diversity requirements and have not earned their positions is:
Tokenism
Subsequent to the Homeland Security Act, many Federal Agencies were consolidated under the Department of Homeland Security. Which of the following agencies has the chief responsibility for addressing illegal immigration?
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
