Intro to Ethics - Final

Cultural relativist claims

- there is no universal truth in ethics - we should adopt an attitude of tolerance toward other cultures - different societies have different moral codes except Western values are generally superior to non-western values

James Rachels' view

-In order to make moral progress, we have to make judgments about better or worse practices. -Some actions that conforms to the code of one's culture may still be wrong

According to Kant, morality requires us to

Act only on maxims that we can also will to become universal laws.

Which of the following best represents Dan W. Brock's argument?

Allowing active euthanasia will increase a patient self-determination and well being

Kant claims that the moral law is given to each person by one's own will. This ideas allows us to see ourselves as

Autonomous beings and free beings

Why does disagreement among the gods for Euthyphro claim that piety is loved by the gods?

Because it entails that some things are both pious and impious at the same time

Plato's dialogues, besides corrupting the youth, what else is Socrates charged with?

Being in impious

Polemarchus' respective account of justice

Benefiting friends and harming enemies

Is a fetus a person? What answer does Judith Jarvis Thomson give to this question through the violinist analogy?

Even if a fetus is a person, abortion is permissable

According to Benedict, morality depends on an objective and absolute moral truth

False

According to Glaucon in Book 2 of the Republic, most people think justice is desirable for its own sake

False

According to Rachels, the idea that humanity has achieved moral progress in some areas is a myth

False

In Euthyphro, Euthuphro was at the court to prosecute someone who harmed his father

False

In his Utilitarianism, Mill claims there is something more important than the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain

False

In simple Utilitarian ethics, there is no significant moral difference between actively killing someone and passively allowing someone to die.

False

Mill agrees with Bentham that natural rights all kinds of pleasure of equally valuable

False

Mill agrees with Bentham that natural rights are "nonsense on stilts."

False

The case in which the Supreme court ruled the executions could resume in United States is

Gregg vs. Georgia

Jonathan Bennet examines the relationship between sympathy and morality in different moral agents. Match each character with Bennet's evaluation of their moral situation

Heinrich Himmler- He chose to act on the basis of his morality rather than his sympathy

What is Polemarchus' account of justice, based on Book 1 of Republic?

Help your friends and harm your enemies

What is the magical power the ring of Gyges confers on its wearer?

It makes them invisible

Which of the following is true about the greatest principle?

It promotes the maximization of net sum of happiness of all

What is the overarching theme of Plato's Republic?

Justice

In Book 1 of the Republic, Socrates refutes the definition of justice offered by Thrasymachus. What was Thrasymachus' definition of justice?

Justice is whatever is best for the stronger

In Book 2 of Republic, what does Socrates argue about justice?

Justice is worthwhile to pursue for its own sake

Cultural relativists would accept

Morality is determined by the culture of a society There are some universal standards of what is morally right

According to the argument Glaucon presents in Book 2 of the Republic, which of the following statement is true?

Most people would act justly only unwillingly

Which is the claim that Glaucon makes by telling the story known as "the Ring of Gyges" in Book 2 of Republic?

Most people would act justly only unwillingly

Kant believes that an act possesses "genuine moral worth" when it involves doing the right thing for the right reasons. What can be an example of such an action?

Nick always keeps his words because it is morally required action

Thrasymachus respective account of justice

Nothing other than advantage of the stronger

According to Ruth Benedict, a normal action is:

One that falls well within the limits of expected behavior in a particular society

The Kwakiutl

Potlatch: aboriginal culture in North America - gift-giving or destroying in order to glorify oneself or one's family -fighting with property -death was an affront to be wiped out by the death of another person

The socratic method generally refuted his interlocuter (The one who is questioned) Until Socrates leads him to

Puzzlement, perplexity, a definite answer. Except for aporia

Consider a trolley case where a runaway trolley is heading to five people. Be a reason you would switch tracks are the bystander standing next to a lever?

Saving lives here is the better choice, even at the cost of one person's death

Which of the following statement correctly represents Rachels' view?

Some actions that conform to the code of one's culture may still be wrong

Which of the following best describes Thrasymachus?

Sophist

Cephalus' respective account of justice

Speaking the truth

In the case of George who is considering a job offer at a lab that develops chemical and biological warfare, what would be a simple utilitarian answer?

Take the job

Which of the primitive tribes is used as an example to show those general characteristics that make an individual a good person in our society would make the person abnormal another society?

The Dobu, "the paranoid tribe.", obsessed with black magic, 'unusual' attitude to cooperation or sharing Reo Fortune's case studies in the Sorcerers of Dobu(1932)

Thomson provides analogies in her article. Which one of the following is intended to establish that pregnancy through consensual sex does not obligate the mother to carry to them?

The People seed analogy

Socrates' respective account of justice

The advantage of all, especially for the weaker

In Book 1 of Republic to which craft does Thrasymachus compare the art of ruling?

The art of shepherding

If I say, "abortion is immoral," what does this mean according to cultural relativists?

The dominant ideals of my society disapproves of abortion

According to Immanuel Kant, the moral worth of an action depends on:

The motive behind the action

Which of the following statement fails to correctly describe the ending of Euthyphro?

The speakers of the dialogue find a definite answer as to what piety means

The Eskimos

They believe in Inuit marriage which is a belief that once a couple has their first baby, they're automatically considered married

In Bernard Williams' case of Jim, Jim is torn between his desire to save as many lives as possible and his opposition to killing someone.

True

In the Republic, Socrates claims that even among a group of bad people, they have to be just to each other to succeed at what they commonly try to achieve.

True

In the Republic, Socrates states that the art of ruling can be compared to the art of medicine

True

In Aristotle's view, how do we become morally virtuous?

We acquire virtues through habituation

Which of the following is correct description of Aristotelian ethics?

We are morally responsible for whether we are virtuous or vicious

Which of the following statements is true according to James Rachels?

What appears to be fundamental disagreements about moral principles is, in fact mere disagreements about facts

Marquis claims that his account of the wrongness of killing establishes that:

abortion is mostly impermissable

According to Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, happiness is:

activity of the soul in according with virtue

According to James Rachels, the cultural differences argument:

draws a conclusion that does not follow from the argument's premise

In Plato's Euthyphro, Socrates rejects Euthyphro's first account of piety that it is punishing the wrongdoer because

it is merely an example of pious acts

Some people argue that deliberately intending a patient's death may be permissable because life

may be a burden

Aristotle says that there are two kinds of human virtues. He divides the virtues into

moral virtues and intellectual virtues

In Book 1 of Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle says that if we ask what the highest good (summer bonus) of human action is:

nearly everyone agree that it is happiness

Allowing someone to die by withholding something that would prolong life is called

passive euthanasia

John Stuart Mill defines "happiness" as

pleasure and absence of pain

The doctrine that people should be punished simply because they deserve it and that the punishment should be proportional to the crime is known as

retributivism

According to Bernard Williams, the utilitarian must regard Jim's feelings of moral uncertainty as

selfish emotional discomforts

When faced with the criticism that ultilitarianism is doctrine worthy of swine, Mill responds that:

some pleasures of "higher" quality than others and thus more valuable

Hugo Adam Bedau believes that

the death penalty is a good deterrent

"If I say "stealing is bad," what does this mean to cultural relativists?

the dominant ideal of my culture disapproves of stealing

Socrates rejects Euthyphro's account of piety as things that are loved by the gods for the reason that

the gods quarrel

In Karen Ann Quilan's case, the New Jersey Supreme Court recognized:

the right to refuse life-sustaining treatments

When faced with objection that utilitarianism is a doctrine worthy of swine, Mill responds that:

we are capable of pursuing an activity that gives us pleasure of higher quality

John Stuart Mill claims that in deciding how to act

we should always calculate the expected consequences of our action we should promote the overall wellbeing of our society

Even if we reject cultural relativism, Rachels argues we may still learn from it that:

we should keep an open mind

In Book 1 of Republic, what does Cephalus say about the true benefit of being wealthy

you don't have to be indebted to cheat others