Intro to General Psychology Midterm

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________.

-1 to 1

The spinal cord is functionally organized in ____ segments, corresponding with the vertebrae.

30

Earning a doctoral degree in psychology is a lengthy process, usually taking between _______ years of graduate study.

5-6

According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about ________.

A traumatic life experience

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?

A. -.90

The _________ gland secretes epinephrine.

A. Adrenal

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ___________ psychologist.

A. Biological

Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the _____________ form.

A. Informed consent

An action potential involves Na+ moving _________ the cell and K+ moving _________ the cell.

A. Inside; outside

When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________.

Acrostic

In 1920, Cecil Sumner was the first _______________________ to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States.

African American

Who proposed observational learning?

Albert Bandura

Some researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with a single research participant. Instead, they use existing records to answer various research questions. This type of research approach is known as ____________________.

Archival research

_____________________ occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.

Associative learning

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

_____________________ is encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, and is usually done without any conscious awareness.

Automatic processing

The _______________________ controls our internal organs and glands and is generally considered to be outside the realm of voluntary control.

Autonomic nervous system

Who is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs?

C. Abraham Maslow

A(n) _________ facilitates or mimics the activity of a given neurotransmitter system.

C. Agonist

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of _______________

C. Attrition

___________ is the field of study that focuses on genes and their expression.

C. Epigenetics

One would need at least a(n) ____________ degree to serve as a school psychologist.

C. Master's

_______________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments.

C. Naturalistic observation

Researchers must ____________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined.

C. Operationalize

If your __________________ is activated, you will feel relatively at ease.

C. Parasympathetic nervous system

An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n)___________

C. Personality

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in_________

C. Philosophy

The ___________ secretes messenger hormones that direct the function of the rest of the endocrine glands.

C. Pituitary

The major limitation of case studies is __________________

C. The inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population

A person's participation in a research project must be ____________

C. Voluntary

Damage to the ____________ disrupts one's ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one's ability to produce words intact.

C. Wernicke's Area

A scientific hypothesis is________________, or capable of being shown to be incorrect.

Falsifiable

Bandura conducted research on children's aggression with a ___________ doll.

Five-foot inflatable doll (the Bobo doll)

A factory worker getting paid for every x number of items manufactured is an example of a _________________________schedule?

Fixed ratio

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Fixed ratio

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________.

Flashbulb memory

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

Flashbulb memory

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

Forensic psychologist

Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy?

Freud and Rogers

__________________________ shows changes in brain activity over time by tracking blood flow and oxygen levels.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

As William James saw it, psychology's purpose was to study the function of behavior in the world, and as such, his perspective was known as ___________.

Functionalism

In the scientific context, deductive reasoning begins with a ________________ that is then used to reach logical conclusions about the real world.

Generalization

A difference in ___________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.

Genetics

German psychologists immigrated to the United States in the early 20th century to escape Nazi Germany. These men are credited with introducing psychologists in the United States to various __________ principles.

Gestalt

The___________ contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum, and is located at the back of the head and looks like an extension of the spinal cord.

Hindbrain

When someone has two copies of the same allele, they are said to be ______________ for that allele.

Homozygous

_____________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

Humanism

The scientific study of any aspect of the world uses the scientific method to acquire knowledge. To apply the scientific method, a researcher with a question about how or why something happens will propose a tentative explanation, called a ___________, to explain the phenomenon.

Hypothesis

_______________________ or false correlations, occur when people believe that relationships exist between two things when no such relationship exists.

Illusory correlations

_________________ are memories that are not part of our consciousness. They are memories formed from behaviors.

Implicit memories

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter.

Independent variable

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ___________.

Perceivable and measurable

Correlational research can find a relationship between two variables, but the only way a researcher can claim that the relationship between the variables is cause and effect is to ____________________________.

Perform an experiment

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of _____________.

Personality

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4 yr college, then he would probably need a ___________ degree in psychology.

PhD

__________________ on the other hand, refers to the individual's inherited physical characteristics, which are a combination of genetic and environmental influences.

Phenotype

The _________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.

Pituitary

The __________________ occurs when people's expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation. In other words, simply expecting something to happen can actually make it happen.

Placebo effect

We should strive to ______________ with the information we encounter by exercising a degree of healthy skepticism.

Think critically

________ is another name for short-term memory.

Working memory

The operant conditioning chamber (aka ___________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning.

A. Skinner

The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is _______________

A. The honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

Acoustic

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

Acquisition

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly _________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure.

B. 2/3

Humans have _________ pairs of chromosomes.

B. 23

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): _______________

B. Case study

Scientific knowledge is _____________

B. Empirical

____________ are defined as observable realities.

B. Facts

_________ refers to a person's genetic makeup, while _____________ refers to a person's physical characteristics.

B. Genotype; phenotype

__________ is to animal research as ... is to human research.

B. IACUC; IRB

The ______________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ... represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter.

B. Independent variable;dependent variable

_____________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time.

B. Longitudinal research

A(n) _________ uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissues.

B. MRI

Which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components.

B. Max Wertheimer

Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the _____________.

B. Myelin sheath

The __________ secretes hormones that regulate the body's fluid levels.

B. Pituitary

The _________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills.

B. PsyD

Our ability to make our legs move as we walk across the room is controlled by the __________ nervous system.

B. Somatic

Psyche is a Greek word meaning__________

B. Soul

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________.

Blocking

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

Case study

The ______________________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.

Cerebellum

The _____________________, which is the outer surface of the brain, is associated with higher level processes such as consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language, and memory.

Cerebral cortex

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ____________, which are composed of long strands of ___________.

Chromosomes; DNA

In_________the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

Classical conditioning

Two forms of associative learning are______and______.

Classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Which processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse?

Collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

Richard Atkinson's and Richard Shiffrin's model of human memory is based on the belief that we process memories in the same way that a _______________ processes information.

Computer

A __________________________ involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain.

Computerized tomography (CT) scan

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were____________.

Conditioned responses

A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

Confounding variable

While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a ______________________, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest.

Confounding variable

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

Construction; reconstruction

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called______________.

Construction; reconstruction

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called ____________________________.

Continuous reinforcement

______________________________ is a discipline that focuses on emotional, social, vocational, and health related outcomes in individuals who are considered psychologically healthy.

Counseling psychology

In ______________________, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time.

Cross-sectional research

Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed?

D. All of the above

Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ______________

D. Archival research

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school?

D. Bachelor's degree

Sympathetic activation is associated with _______________.

D. Both A and C

The central nervous system is comprised of _______________.

D. Brain and spinal cord

The __________ receive(s) incoming signals from other neurons.

D. Dendrites

The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are:

D. Glucagon and insulin

A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) ____________ psychologist.

D. I-O

A(n) _________ is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence of DNA.

D. Mutation

Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ____________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment.

D. Placebo

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n)_______

D. Proposed explanation

_______________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study.

D. Random sampling

Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam?

D. Students who watch more TV perform more poorly on their exams

Which of the following is not a structure of the forebrain?

D. Substantia nigra

A(n) _____________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form.

D. Survey

Scientific hypotheses are ____________ and falsifiable.

D. Testable

The ______________ is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell, goes before being sent to other areas of the brain for further processing.

D. Thalamus

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ___________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.

D. Unconditional positive regard

A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories _________________

D. were not testable

One weakness in the field of cross-cultural psychology is that in looking for differences in psychological attributes across cultures, there remains a need to go beyond simple _____________________________.

Descriptive Statistics

A major advantage of case studies is ________.

Detailed information

A _________________ is essentially a long research paper or bundled published articles describing research that was conducted as a part of the candidate's doctoral training.

Dissertation

What is an example of stimulus discrimination?

Dogs that can discriminate between sound frequencies - interpreting the one they were trained on

________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.

Egocentric bias

What imaging techniques collect information about brain functioning?

Electroencephalography (EEG)

We get information into our brains through a process called ___________ which is the input of information into the memory system.

Encoding

______________________ is when memory loss happens before the actual memory process begins.

Encoding failure

The three functions of memory are ________.

Encoding, storage, retrieval

This physical trace of memory is known as the ________.

Engram

Based on Karl Lashley's creation of lesions on the brains of animal and their reaction, he formulated the _______________________.

Equipotentiality hypothesis

The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________.

Essentially limitless

One drawback of _________________________ is that the traits that we possess now evolved under environmental and social conditions far back in human history, and we have a poor understanding of what these conditions were.

Evolutionary Psychology

____________________ has to do with the storage of facts and events we personally experienced.

Explicit (declarative) memory

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

Explicit memory

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of _______

Extinction

When studying personality traits, someone who is quiet, reserved, and withdrawn will score low on the ___________ trait.

Extroversion

Unlike deductive reasoning, conclusions drawn from _______________________ may or may not be correct, regardless of the observations on which they are based.

Inductive reasoning

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of human being?

Infant sucking on a nipple

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

Instincts

________ reviews research that is conducted using human participants.

Institutional Review Board

Wilhelm Wundt used ____________ (he called it "internal perception"), a process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature that a scientist observed.

Introspection

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they___________.

Kicked and threw the doll

A sample is a subset of individuals selected from a _____________, which is the overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in.

Larger population

The ___________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves.

Longitudinal fissure

The self-referencing effect refers to ________.

Making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you

The ___________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron.

Membrane potential

The difference in charge across the membrane is called the _______________________, and provides energy for the electrical signal in a neuron.

Membrane potential

According to the ______________________, after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event.

Misinformation effect paradigm

Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are ________.

Mnemonic devices

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a____________.

Model

Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?

Money

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?

Partial reinforcement

__________is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

Negative punishment

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the __________ trait.

Neuroticism

Specific _______________________ such as epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and acetylcholine are involved with the process of memory.

Neurotransmitters

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n)___________.

Neutral stimulus

The major downside of naturalistic observation is that they are often difficult to set up and control. Another potential problem in observational research is __________________.

Observer bias

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that _________.

Occurs as a result of experience

In ________________________, organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence.

Operant conditioning

A negative correlation means that the experimental variables move in ______________. directions.

Opposite

Peter is interested in pursuing a ___________ training program with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after he receives his PhD, which will allow him to further develop his research on adolescent suicide and broaden his research skills under the supervision of CDC researchers.

Post-doctoral

___________________happens when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.

Proactive interference

Bandura's aggression experiments showed that we watch and learn, and that this learning can have both _____________ and __________ effects.

Prosocial; antisocial

Recently, the study of personality has taken on a more _________________ approach.

Quantitative

Once an electrical signal of a neuron is delivered, excess neurotransmitters in the synapse drift away, are broken down into inactive fragments, or are reabsorbed in a process known as __________________.

Re-uptake

___________is what we most often think about when we talk about memory retrieval: it means you can access information without cues.

Recall

_________________ are a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment.

Reflexes

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

Rehearsal

___________________ means you are increasing a behavior, and punishment means you are decreasing a behavior.

Reinforcement

________________refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.

Reliability

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

Retrograde; anterograde

What is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

Salivation in the presence of food

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as the _______________.

Scientific method

A _________________ has no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer.

Secondary reinforcer

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as _____________________.

Semantic encoding

A neuron's outer surface is made up of a ____________________________.

Semipermeable membrane

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is__________.

Shaping

________________is a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory; sometimes it is called working memory.

Short term memory

___________________ is a genetic condition in which red blood cells, which are normally round, take on a crescent-like shape.

Sickle-cell anemia

Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality?

Sigmund Freud

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

Social and cultural factors may influence the results, not age

Bandura and other learning researchers proposed a brand of behaviorism called ________________________________.

Social learning theory

___________________ was an American social psychologist who is most famous for research that he conducted on obedience.

Stanley Milgram

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates______________.

Stimulus generalization

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

Stimulus generalization

When an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus, it is called ______________________.

Stimulus generalization

Create an ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism, and Humanism

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?

Temporal lobe

What are the areas of the frontal lobe of the brain?

The brain's main motor centers (motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, Broca's area)

Extinction occurs when__________.

The conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

The value of ____________________ is usually represented by the letter r.

The correlation coefficient

What are the structures of the limbic system?

The hippocampus, the amygdala, and the hypothalamus

Char heard from her friends that marijuana use can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is _____________.

Thinking critically

____________________ experiments with rats demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

Tolman's

A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s).

Two

A negative correlation means ________.

Two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

Type of play; No play

Sigmund Freud theorized that many of his patients' problems arose from the ________________.

Unconscious mind

Psychologists focus their attention on __________________________, as well as the cognitive (mental) and physiological (body) processes that underlie behavior.

Understanding behavior

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Variable interval

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

Variable ratio

In a ______________________________, the number of responses needed for a reward varies.

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

If you observed a person being punished, you would be less motivated to copy their behavior. This is called ________________.

Vicarious punishment

Some studies suggest that _____________television shows, movies, and video games may have antisocial effects on viewers.

Violent

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

Your first day of school