Introduction to Mass Communication media literacy and culture Chapter 7

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Issues-dominance of profit over artistry

-cultural homogenization -infringement of artistic freedom -promotion overshadows the music

1922

1 million radios in American homes

Things about radio

1. Radio is local 2. Radio is fragmented 3. Radio is specialized: -format: a radio station's particular sound or programming content -playlist: predetermined sequence of selected records to be played by a disc jockey 4. radio is personal 5. radio is mobile

Facts about media

1. Radio was the first electronic mass medium 2. It was the first broadcast medium 3. It was the young people's media 4. Radio is personal 5. Radio is mobile

1906(2)

American lee DeFrost invents the audion tube- a vacuum tube that improved and amplified wireless signals

1903

Canadian Reginald Fessenden invents the liquid barretter-the first audio device permitting reception of wireless voices

1912

Congress passed the Radio Act, required wireless operators be licensed by the Secretary of Commerce and labour. -The act put the government in power of broadcasting and operators were angry and took the complaint to court. The operators won.

1910

Congress passed the Wireless Ship Act, required all ships using U.S. ports and carrying more than 50 passengers have a working wireless and operator.

DARS

Digital audio radio service-direct home or automobile delivery of audio by satellite

DMX

Digital music express-home delivery of audio by cable

In-band-on-channel

Digital radio technology that uses digital compression to shrink digital and analog signals, allowing both to occupy the same frequency

1887

Emile Berliner, German, develops the gramophone and sophisticated microphone (his company RCA Victor Records)

1906

First public broadcast of voices and music

FM

Frequency modulation has a wider signal allowing a better broadcast of stereo and fidelity to the original sound

trustee model

In broadcast regulation, the idea that broadcasters serve as the public's trustees or fiduciaries

Gugliemo Marconi (Irish)

Is known as the father of sound. italy wasn't interested in his work so he turned to Great Britain for financial support.

Terrestrial Digital Radio

Land-based digital radio relying on digital compression technology to simultaneously transmit analog and one or more digital signals using existing spectrum space

1899

Marconi successful transmits across the English Channel

1901

Marconi successfully transmits across the Atlantic

1921

RCA-Radio corporation of america was formed. Combination of American Marconi, General Electric, American Telephone & Telegraph and Westinghouse.

1927

Radio Act, restored order. Authorized broadcasters to use channels but not own them. The Federal Radio Commission (FRC) was established.

to know

Radio airwaves became chaotic until WWI when the US government ordered the immediate closing of all stations. The government took over the patents for all radio during the war and returned them when it ended.

to know (2)

The Great Depression actually boosted radio sales and it's ad revenues. Television screwed radio over. Radio now had to change its approach

Trends

The MTV impact, syndication, DMX, DARS

Web Radio

The delivery of radio over the internet directly to individual listeners

Myspace.com

The internet and the future of the recording industry

1877

Thomas Edison patents his talking machine

modem

a device that translates digital computer information into an analog form so it can be transmitted through telephone lines

The majors a. SONY BMG b. Warner Music Group c. Universal Music Group d. EMI Records

a- co-owned by Japan's Sony and Germany's Bertlesmann. Its labels include Columbia, Epic, RCA and Arista. b. Warner Music Group is owned by Edgar Bronfman- labels include Atlantic, Electra and Warner Brothers c. UMG-owned by French conglomerate Vivendi universal. Controls label MCA d. 9% owned by England's EMI group. Controls labels such as BMI, Capitol and Def Jam Records.

AM

amplitude modulation

spectrum scarcity

broadcast spectrum space is limited, so not everyone who wants to broadcast can; those who are granted licenses must accept regulation. It also ensures power

billings

dollars earned from the sale of airtime

MP3

file compression software that permits streaming of digital audio and video data

BitTorrent

file-sharing software that allows users to create "swarms" of data as they simultaneously download and upload bits of a piece of content

1922 (2)

first commercial accepted. 10-minute commercial sold for $50 advertising led to the establishment of networks

open source software

freely download software

affiliates

groups of stations

Copyright

identifying and granting ownership of a given piece of expression to protect the creators' financial interest in it

catalogue albums

in record retailing, albums more than 3-years-old

recent catalogue albums

in record retailing, albums out for more than 15 months to 3 years.

LPFM

low power FM-10 to 100-watt nonprofit community radio stations with a reach of only a few miles 2005- Local Community Radio Act

1919

more than 2 million gramophones and 107 million recordings sold.

duopoly

one person or company owning and managing multiple radio stations in a single market

O&O's

owned and operated

P2P

peer-to-peer software that permits direct Internet-based communication or collaboration between two or more persona computers while bypassing centralized servers

Bitcasters

radio station that can be accessed only over the World Wide Web

Podcasting

recording and downloading of audio files stored on servers

Digital recording

recording based on conversion of sound into 1s and 0s logged into millisecond intervals in a computerized translation process

covered

recording of one artist's music by another

deregulation

relaxation of ownership and other rules for radio and television

The response

ring tones

Syndication

sale of radio or television content to station on a market-by-market basis

Piracy

the illegal recording of and sale of copyrighted material

Streaming

the simultaneous downloading and accessing (playing) of digital audio or video data

The MTV impact

video killed the radio star.


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