Introduction to Mass Communication media literacy and culture Chapter 7
Issues-dominance of profit over artistry
-cultural homogenization -infringement of artistic freedom -promotion overshadows the music
1922
1 million radios in American homes
Things about radio
1. Radio is local 2. Radio is fragmented 3. Radio is specialized: -format: a radio station's particular sound or programming content -playlist: predetermined sequence of selected records to be played by a disc jockey 4. radio is personal 5. radio is mobile
Facts about media
1. Radio was the first electronic mass medium 2. It was the first broadcast medium 3. It was the young people's media 4. Radio is personal 5. Radio is mobile
1906(2)
American lee DeFrost invents the audion tube- a vacuum tube that improved and amplified wireless signals
1903
Canadian Reginald Fessenden invents the liquid barretter-the first audio device permitting reception of wireless voices
1912
Congress passed the Radio Act, required wireless operators be licensed by the Secretary of Commerce and labour. -The act put the government in power of broadcasting and operators were angry and took the complaint to court. The operators won.
1910
Congress passed the Wireless Ship Act, required all ships using U.S. ports and carrying more than 50 passengers have a working wireless and operator.
DARS
Digital audio radio service-direct home or automobile delivery of audio by satellite
DMX
Digital music express-home delivery of audio by cable
In-band-on-channel
Digital radio technology that uses digital compression to shrink digital and analog signals, allowing both to occupy the same frequency
1887
Emile Berliner, German, develops the gramophone and sophisticated microphone (his company RCA Victor Records)
1906
First public broadcast of voices and music
FM
Frequency modulation has a wider signal allowing a better broadcast of stereo and fidelity to the original sound
trustee model
In broadcast regulation, the idea that broadcasters serve as the public's trustees or fiduciaries
Gugliemo Marconi (Irish)
Is known as the father of sound. italy wasn't interested in his work so he turned to Great Britain for financial support.
Terrestrial Digital Radio
Land-based digital radio relying on digital compression technology to simultaneously transmit analog and one or more digital signals using existing spectrum space
1899
Marconi successful transmits across the English Channel
1901
Marconi successfully transmits across the Atlantic
1921
RCA-Radio corporation of america was formed. Combination of American Marconi, General Electric, American Telephone & Telegraph and Westinghouse.
1927
Radio Act, restored order. Authorized broadcasters to use channels but not own them. The Federal Radio Commission (FRC) was established.
to know
Radio airwaves became chaotic until WWI when the US government ordered the immediate closing of all stations. The government took over the patents for all radio during the war and returned them when it ended.
to know (2)
The Great Depression actually boosted radio sales and it's ad revenues. Television screwed radio over. Radio now had to change its approach
Trends
The MTV impact, syndication, DMX, DARS
Web Radio
The delivery of radio over the internet directly to individual listeners
Myspace.com
The internet and the future of the recording industry
1877
Thomas Edison patents his talking machine
modem
a device that translates digital computer information into an analog form so it can be transmitted through telephone lines
The majors a. SONY BMG b. Warner Music Group c. Universal Music Group d. EMI Records
a- co-owned by Japan's Sony and Germany's Bertlesmann. Its labels include Columbia, Epic, RCA and Arista. b. Warner Music Group is owned by Edgar Bronfman- labels include Atlantic, Electra and Warner Brothers c. UMG-owned by French conglomerate Vivendi universal. Controls label MCA d. 9% owned by England's EMI group. Controls labels such as BMI, Capitol and Def Jam Records.
AM
amplitude modulation
spectrum scarcity
broadcast spectrum space is limited, so not everyone who wants to broadcast can; those who are granted licenses must accept regulation. It also ensures power
billings
dollars earned from the sale of airtime
MP3
file compression software that permits streaming of digital audio and video data
BitTorrent
file-sharing software that allows users to create "swarms" of data as they simultaneously download and upload bits of a piece of content
1922 (2)
first commercial accepted. 10-minute commercial sold for $50 advertising led to the establishment of networks
open source software
freely download software
affiliates
groups of stations
Copyright
identifying and granting ownership of a given piece of expression to protect the creators' financial interest in it
catalogue albums
in record retailing, albums more than 3-years-old
recent catalogue albums
in record retailing, albums out for more than 15 months to 3 years.
LPFM
low power FM-10 to 100-watt nonprofit community radio stations with a reach of only a few miles 2005- Local Community Radio Act
1919
more than 2 million gramophones and 107 million recordings sold.
duopoly
one person or company owning and managing multiple radio stations in a single market
O&O's
owned and operated
P2P
peer-to-peer software that permits direct Internet-based communication or collaboration between two or more persona computers while bypassing centralized servers
Bitcasters
radio station that can be accessed only over the World Wide Web
Podcasting
recording and downloading of audio files stored on servers
Digital recording
recording based on conversion of sound into 1s and 0s logged into millisecond intervals in a computerized translation process
covered
recording of one artist's music by another
deregulation
relaxation of ownership and other rules for radio and television
The response
ring tones
Syndication
sale of radio or television content to station on a market-by-market basis
Piracy
the illegal recording of and sale of copyrighted material
Streaming
the simultaneous downloading and accessing (playing) of digital audio or video data
The MTV impact
video killed the radio star.
